Canker and decline diseases caused by soil- and airborne Phytophthora species in forests and woodlands

. 2018 Apr 30;40:182–220. doi: 10.3767/persoonia.2018.40.08

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Fig. 13 — Needle cast and defoliation caused by *Phytophthora pinifolia* on *Pinus radiata* in the Valdivian region of Chile. a. Mature plantation with extensive red-brown discolouration of infected foliage; b. mature plantation with largely defoliated crowns due to massive needle infections by *P. pinifolia*; c. extensive defoliation of mature crowns resulting from the progressive browning and shedding of infected needles which started at the lowest branches and spared only the youngest needles; d. recently killed tree with severe defoliation; e. dying young tree in a dense stand with greyish discolouration of infected needles; f. upper crown typically showing transparency due to shedding of older infected needles, pale-green discolouration of freshly infected needles and uninfected, dark-green young needles; g. needle showing typical black bands (translucent areas; arrow) within the pale-green to greyish area of infected tissue. — Photos: a–f: T. Jung; g: A. Durán.

Fig. 13.