Canker and decline diseases caused by soil- and airborne Phytophthora species in forests and woodlands

. 2018 Apr 30;40:182–220. doi: 10.3767/persoonia.2018.40.08

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Fig. 3 — Oak decline symptoms caused by *Phytophthora* spp. a. Extensive dieback and mortality of *Quercus suber* trees caused by *P. cinnamomi* in Portugal; b. progressive dieback and wilting of a mature *Q. suber* caused by *P. cinnamomi* and *P. quercina* in Sardinia (Italy); c. sudden death of a *Q. ilex* due to *P. cinnamomi* in a savannah-like ecosystem in Spain; d. *Q. robur* trees in Germany showing chlorosis, thinning and dieback of crowns, abundant proliferation of epicormic shoots, and mortality due to severe fine root destructions caused by *P. plurivora* and *P. quercina*; e. bleeding collar lesion with flame-shaped staining of the underlying xylem caused by *P. cinnamomi* on a mature *Q. suber* in Sardinia; f. root and collar rot caused by *P. cinnamomi* on a young *Q. suber* in a forest plantation in Sardinia; g, h. small woody roots of a mature *Q. suber* in Italy showing severe losses of fine roots and lateral roots and black necrotic lesions due to *P. cinnamomi* infections; i. small woody root of a mature *Q. robur* in Germany with severe losses of lateral roots and a callusing bark canker caused by *P. plurivora* and *P. quercina*. — Photos: a–d, i: T. Jung; e–h: B. Scanu.

Fig. 3.