Synthesis and 2D-QSAR Study of Active Benzofuran-Based Vasodilators

Nagy M Khalifa; Aladdin M Srour; Somaia S Abd El-Karim; Dalia O Saleh; Mohamed A Al-Omar

doi:10.3390/molecules22111820

. 2017 Oct 26;22(11):1820. doi: 10.3390/molecules22111820

Synthesis and 2D-QSAR Study of Active Benzofuran-Based Vasodilators

Nagy M Khalifa ^1,², Aladdin M Srour ^2,^*,^†, Somaia S Abd El-Karim ^2,^†, Dalia O Saleh ^3,^†, Mohamed A Al-Omar ¹

PMCID: PMC6150240 PMID: 29072621

Abstract

A new series of 2-alkyloxy-pyridine-3-carbonitrile-benzofuran hybrids (4a–x) was synthesized. All the new derivatives were examined via the standard technique for their vasodilation activity. Some of the investigated compounds exhibited a remarkable activity, with compounds 4w, 4e, 4r, 4s, 4f and 4g believed to be the most active hits in this study with IC₅₀ values 0.223, 0.253, 0.254, 0.268, 0.267 and 0.275 mM, respectively, compared with amiodarone hydrochloride, the reference standard used (IC50 = 0.300 mM). CODESSA PRO was employed to obtain a statistically significant 2-Dimensional Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (2D-QSAR) model describing the bioactivity of the newly synthesized analogs (N = 24, n = 4, R² = 0.816, R²_cvOO = 0.731, R²_cvMO = 0.772, F = 21.103, s² = 6.191 × 10⁻⁸).

Keywords: benzofuran, vasodilation activity, 2D-QSAR, amiodarone hydrochloride

1. Introduction

Hypertension is the most common cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disorder representing the major risk factor for endothelial dysfunctions [1,2]. Worldwide, one of every three adults is reported to have high blood pressure, which is responsible for half of the mortalities related to stroke and heart disease [2,3]. Under hypertensive conditions, many functional organs can suffer irreparable lesions [4,5]. Essential hypertension is a common trait caused by many factors and it increases the risk of cardiovascular (heart attacks), cerebrovascular (stroke), peripheral artery, rheumatic heart, congenital heart, heart failure and renal diseases [6,7,8]. A benzofuran-containing compound, amiodarone, is one of the most therapeutically important antiarrhythmic drugs for various types of cardiac dysrhythmias [9,10] (Figure 1). Though the responsible pharmacological mechanisms of amiodarone’s antiarrhythmic effects are not settled [11], it has an extreme effect on various ionic currents [12], as well as sodium, calcium and potassium fluxes. These actions are interrelated in a complex way, but are of prime importance for its activity. Amiodarone also possesses coronary and peripheral vasodilator properties [11]—this appears to be mainly due to a release of nitric oxide (NO). Moreover, it expands the precompressed in vivo human hand veins through the activation of NO synthase and blockade of α-adrenergic mechanisms as a venodilator [13,14], and amiodarone’s analog KB130015 (Figure 1) activates the BK_Ca channels, which relaxes vascular smooth muscle cells. KB130015 is a novel BK_Ca activator—its efficacy is based on the subunit composition of the channel complex [15]. Dronedarone as well as KB130015 (Figure 1) is a noniodinated congener of amiodarone that has been developed and approved by FDA (Food and Drug Administration) to avoid the limiting iodine-associated adverse effects of the commercially used amiodarone. Additionally, dronedarone displays antiadrenergic properties, atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation [16]. Consequently, the stimulation of coronary dilation by dronedarone involving a dual mechanism, putative Ca²⁺ channels inhibition and stimulation of NO synthase pathway [16,17]. Benzofurans are naturally existing scaffolds [18], associated with a broad range of chemotherapeutic properties [19,20,21,22,23,24,25]. Nicotinate esters are very interesting vasodilatory active heterocycles [26,27], also, many nicotinate analogs such as, micinicate, hepronicate and inositol nicotinate are of significant vasodilating activity [28], (Figure 1).

Structures of some active vasodilating agents.

In the present study, we designed and synthesized some novel hybrids of pyridine-3-carbonitriles and benzofuran-pyrazole functions, attributed to the fact that, pyridine-3-carbonitriles are interesting agents in developing new active hits due to the recognition of bioisosterism with the nicotinate analogs where the acid/ester function is just replaced by a cyano group [28]. Furthermore, it is known that the benzofuran-pyrazole hybrid is of considerable vasorelaxant interest [29], this may due to the belief that the aliphatic secondary amine side chain of amiodarone might be responsible for its vasodilation activity [30,31]. Thus, the insertion of a pyrazole ring system in this scaffold may widen new pharmacological active hits with higher potency and fewer side effects. In addition, studying the two-dimensional quantitative structure activity relationships (2D-QSAR) for the newly synthesized analogs explored the controlling factors governing the observed pharmacological properties as well as validated of the observed activity of the new chemical entities.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Chemistry

The assumed synthetic approach to obtain target derivatives is illustrated in (Scheme 1). Treating 2-acetylbenzofuran, the key starting compound in this study, with phenyl hydrazine afforded the corresponding semihydrazone derivative which undergo formylation via Vilsmeier–Haack reaction to give 3-(benzofuran-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde (1) [32]. The formed carbaldehyde 1 was treated with malononitrile in refluxing ethanol to give 2-((3-(benzofuran-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-methylene)malononitrile (2). Adopting the reported procedure [32], the required 2-alkyloxy-pyridine-3-carbonitrile derivatives 4a–x were synthesized via the condensation reaction of aromatic ketones 3a–l with ylidenemalononitrile 2 and sodium alkoxide of the corresponding alcohol (Scheme 1). As a representative example, the IR spectrum of compound 4a shows a strong stretching vibration band at ν = 2213 cm⁻¹ for nitrile group. ¹H-NMR spectrum of 4a exhibits a characteristic signal at δ = 4.23 ppm refering to the methoxide group, while the pyridinyl H-5 appeared as singlet peak at δ = 8.42 ppm. ¹³C-NMR spectrum of 4a reveals the presence of a methoxide carbon at δ = 54.7 ppm, pyridinyl C-3, C-5 and nitrile carbon signals appeared at δ = 93.5, 105.8, and 114.6 ppm, respectively. Mass spectrum (EI) of 4a reveals the molecular ion peak 482.27 with relative intensity value 30.7%. The established structures of all new chemical entities 4a–x were certified by their microanalyses and spectral data (IR, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR and EI-MS).

2.2. Biological Evaluation

2.2.1. Vasodilation Properties

Vasodilation properties of the synthesized 2-alkyloxy-pyridine-3-carbonitrile derivatives 4a–x were inspected applying the separated thoracic aortic rings of mice pre-contracted by norepinephrine hydrochloride according to the standard method [33] using amiodarone hydrochloride as a standard reference. The observed data (Table 1), (Figures S1 and S2 of Supplementary Materials) reveal that most the new chemical entities reveal remarkable vasodilation properties. Meanwhile, compounds 4w, 4e, 4r, 4s, 4f and 4g exhibit significant activity (IC₅₀, is the required concentration for 50% lessening of maximal norepinephrine. HCl induced contracture = 0.223, 0.253, 0.254, 0.268, 0.267 and 0.275 mM, respectively), that seems more potent than the used reference standard in the present study (IC₅₀ = 0.300 mM). The 2D-QSAR study was initiated to recognize the observed bioactivities and concluding the most important factors that manage the pharmacological properties. Currently, throughout the observed vasodilator activities of the new chemical entities, few Structure activity relationship (SAR) rules could be achieved, the presence of a methoxy group at the 2-position of 3-pyridinecarbonitriles enhances the vasodilation activity more than the ethoxy group, as shown in all of the tested analogs. Compounds 4k and 4q (IC₅₀ = 0.428, 0.321 mM, respectively) are exceptions. Benzimidazole ring systems attached to pyridine-C₅ seems appropriate for designing vasodilation active hits (IC₅₀ = 0.223, 0.299 mM) compared with the corresponding substituted phenyl ring systems or other heterocycles. Thus, the combination of benzimidazole, pyridine and benzofuran has the potential to be developed into potent vasorelaxant active targets.

Table 1.

Vasodilatory activity IC₅₀ (mM) in rat thoracic aortic rings.

Entry	Compound	R	R′	Potency (IC₅₀), mM
1	4a	Ph	Me	0.281
2	4b	Ph	Et	0.343
3	4c	4-ClC₆H₄	Me	0.295
4	4d	4-ClC₆H₄	Et	0.397
5	4e	4-BrC₆H₄	Me	0.253
6	4f	4-BrC₆H₄	Et	0.267
7	4g	4-FC₆H₄	Me	0.275
8	4h	4-FC₆H₄	Et	0.330
9	4i	4-H₃CC₆H₄	Me	0.330
10	4j	4-H₃CC₆H₄	Et	0.452
11	4k	4-H₃COC₆H₄	Me	0.322
12	41	4-H₃COC₆H₄	Et	0.291
13	4m	1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalen-6-yl	Me	0.286
14	4n	1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalen-6-yl	Et	0.337
15	4o	2-Pyrrolyl	Me	0.356
16	4p	2-Pyrrolyl	Et	0.400
17	4q	2-Furanyl	Me	0.321
18	4r	2-Furanyl	Et	0.254
19	4s	2-Thienyl	Me	0.268
20	4t	2-Thienyl	Et	0.298
21	4u	2-Pyridinyl	Me	0.333
22	4v	2-Pyridinyl	Et	0.370
23	4w	1-Methyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl	Me	0.223
24	4x	1-Methyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl	Et	0.299
25	Amiodarone.HCl	-	-	0.300

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To validate and understand the observed pharmacological activities and to detect the factors that control the activities, the 2D-QSAR study was initiated via the CODESSA PRO package. Molecular descriptors of the 2D-QSAR correlating the chemical structure(s) and property values expressed as 1/IC₅₀ µM are presented in Table 2, arranged on their level of significance (t-criterion). The descriptors were acquired using the BMLR (Best Multiple Linear Regression) method. The first descriptor controlling the BMLR-QSAR model based on its t-criterion value (t = 7.789) is maximum e–e repulsion for bond C–O which is a semiempirical descriptor. Electron–electron repulsion between two given atoms is determined by Equation (1) [34].

E_{e e} (A B) = \sum_{μ, ν \in A} \sum_{λ, σ \in B} P_{μ ν} P_{λ σ} 〈 μ ν | λ σ 〉

(1)

where, A stands for a given atomic species, B is another atomic species P_μ_ν, P_λσ is density matrix elements over atomic basis {μνλσ}, $〈 μ ν | λ σ 〉$ is the electron repulsion integrals on atomic basis {μνλσ}. The second important descriptor controlling the BMLR-QSAR model (t = −3.637) is surface-weighted charged partial-negative charged surface area (WNSA1) weighted PNSA (PNSA1 × TMSA/1000) (MOPAC PC) (charge-related descriptor). Surface-weighted charged partial negative-charged surface area (WNSA1) is calculated by Equation (2) [34].

W N S A 1 = \frac{P N S A 1 \cdot T M S A}{1000}

(2)

where, PNSA1 stands for partial negatively charged molecular surface area, TMSA for total molecular surface area. The third descriptor controlling BMLR-QSAR model (t = −5.670) is the fractional hydrogen bonding acceptor ability of the molecule FHACA1, which is also a charge-related descriptor determined by Equation (3) [34].

F H A C A 1 = \frac{H A C A 1}{T M S A}

(3)

where, HACA1 is hydrogen bonding acceptor ability, TMSA is the total molecular surface area. The fourth descriptor controlling BMLR-QSAR model (t = −6.241) is a semiempirical descriptor, maximum e–n attraction for bond C–N, is determined by Equation (4) [34].

E_{n e} (A B) = \sum_{B} \sum_{μ, ν \in A} P_{μ ν} 〈 μ | \frac{Z_{B}}{R_{i B}} | ν 〉

(4)

where, A stands for a given atomic species, B is another atomic species P_μ_ν is density matrix elements over atomic basis {μν}, Z_B for charge of atomic nucleus B, R_iB for distance between the electron and atomic nucleus B, $〈 μ | \frac{Z_{B}}{R_{i B}} | ν 〉$ for electron–nuclear attraction integrals on atomic basis {μν}. The correlation between the observed and predicted vasodilation activities is represented in Figure 2. The descriptor values for each respective compound are exhibited in Table S1 of Supplementary Material.

Table 2.

Descriptors of the BMLR-QSAR model for the vasodilatory active compounds.

Entry	ID	Coefficient	s	t	Descriptor
N = 24, n= 4, R² = 0.816, R²_cvOO = 0.731, R²_cvMO = 0.772, F = 21.103, s² = 6.191 × 10⁻⁸
1	0	1.464	0.244	6.009	Intercept
2	D₁	0.0004	4.751 × 10⁻⁵	7.789	Max. e–e repulsion for bond C–O
3	D₂	−7.1825 × 10⁻⁶	1.975 × 10⁻⁶	−3.637	WNSA-1 Weighted PNSA (PNSA1*TMSA/1000) (MOPAC PC)
4	D₃	−0.255	0.045	−5.670	FHACA Fractional HACA (HACA1/TMSA) (MOPAC PC)
5	D₄	−0.0043	0.001	−6.241	Max. e–n attraction for bond C–N
1/IC₅₀ (μM) = 1.464 + (0.0004 × D₁) − [(7.1825 × 10⁻⁶) × D₂] − (0.255 × D₃) − (0.0043 × D₃)

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BMLR-QSAR model plot of correlations, the yellow dots are representing the observed vs. predicted vasodilatory active agents for all compounds, while the blue dot is represent an outlier compound (compound 4j).

The reliability and statistical relevance of the attained BMLR-QSAR model is examined by internal validation technique, which is an appropriate technique due to the limited data points of the present study [35,36,37]. Internal validation is applied by the CODESSA PRO employing both Leave One Out (LOO), which involves developing a number of models with one example omitted at a time, and Leave Many Out (LMO) that develops a number of models with many data points omitted at a time (up to 20% of the total data points). The observed correlations attributed to the internal validation techniques are R²_cvOO = 0.731, R²_cvMO = 0.772. Both of them are significantly correlated with the R²value of the attained QSAR model (R² = 0.816). Standard deviation of the regressions (s² = 6.191 × 10⁻⁸) and Fisher test value (F = 21.103) are also statistical parameters supporting the QSAR model. The predicted/estimated IC₅₀ values of the new chemical entities according to the achieved BMLR-QSAR model are displayed in Table 3. The obtained results revealed that the most potent analogue among all the tested hybrids, compound 4w, shows error value (difference between estimated and observed IC₅₀ values) = −0.4. Additionally, the high potent analogues synthesized 4a–i, relative to the standard reference, amiodarone hydrochloride (IC₅₀ = 300 µM), also exhibited estimated bioproperties matched with their observed potencies (IC₅₀ = 253–397 µM, 253–392 µM, corresponding to the observed and predicted values respectively, error = 0–−40). Compound 4j is the only exception with high error value = 83 with (IC₅₀ = 452, 369 µM, for observed and predicted bio-data, respectively). This compound is exhibited as an outlier (Figure 2) and shows the lowest vasodilation properties among all the synthesized hybrids. From all the above, it can be concluded that the achieved BMLR-QSAR model is statistically significant and also supported by the matched correlations due to the observed and predicted bio-observations. Success of this study can be attributed to the homogeneity of chemical structural entities. Additionally, the achieved model can be adopted for optimizing hits of high potency relative to the standard reference used based on the hybrid design mentioned in the present study.

Table 3.

Observed and estimated/predicated values of the vasodilatory active compounds according to the BMLR-QSAR model.

Entry	Compd.	R	R′	Observed IC₅₀, μM	Estimated IC₅₀, μM	Error
1	4a	Ph	Me	281	276	5
2	4b	Ph	Et	343	363	−20
3	4c	4-ClC₆H₄	Me	295	272	23
4	4d	4-ClC₆H₄	Et	397	392	5
5	4e	4-BrC₆H₄	Me	253	253	0
6	4f	4-BrC₆H₄	Et	267	307	−40
7	4g	4-FC₆H₄	Me	275	303	−28
8	4h	4-FC₆H₄	Et	330	354	−24
9	4i	4-H₃CC₆H₄	Me	330	299	31
10	4j	4-H₃CC₆H₄	Et	452	369	83
11	4k	4-H₃COC₆H₄	Me	322	337	−15
12	41	4-H₃COC₆H₄	Et	291	307	−16
13	4m	1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalen-6-yl	Me	286	265	21
14	4n	1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalen-6-yl	Et	337	344	−7
15	4o	2-Pyrrolyl	Me	268	286	−18
16	4p	2-Pyrrolyl	Et	298	311	−13
17	4q	2-Furanyl	Me	321	310	11
18	4r	2-Furanyl	Et	254	257	−3
19	4s	2-Thienyl	Me	356	328	28
20	4t	2-Thienyl	Et	400	386	14
21	4u	2-Pyridinyl	Me	333	336	−3
22	4v	2-Pyridinyl	Et	370	369	1
23	4w	1-Methyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl	Me	223	227	−4
24	4x	1-Methyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl	Et	299	285	14

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2.2.2. Toxicological Bioassay

The most potent hits in this study, compounds (4a, c, e, f, g, l, m, r, s,t, w and 4x), were tested at 1000 mg kg⁻¹ (mouse body weight), with no toxic symptoms or mortality rates being observed after 24 h post-administrations elucidating the safe behavior of the used doses. Thus, the present study recommended that the benzofuran-containing compounds may have the potential to be developed into potent vasodilatory active agents.

3. Experimental Section

3.1. General Information

Melting points were recorded on a Stuart SMP30 melting point apparatus. IR spectra (KBr) were recorded on a JASCO 6100 spectrophotometer, JASCO, Easton, USA. NMR spectra were recorded on a JEOL AS 500 (DMSO-d₆, ¹H: 500 MHz, ¹³C: 125 MHz) spectrometer, JEOL USA, Inc. (Pleasanton, CA, USA). Chemical shifts (δ_H) are reported relative to Tetramethylsilane (TMS) as the internal standard. All coupling constant (J) values are given in hertz. Chemical shifts (δ_c) are reported relative to CDCl₃ as internal standards. Mass spectra were recorded on a Shimadzu GCMS-QP 1000 EX (EI, 70 eV) spectrometer, Shimadzu corporation, Kyoto, Japan. Elemental microanalyses were performed by using a Vario Elemental analyzer, Elementar Analysensysteme GmbH, Langenselbold, Germany. 2-Acetylbenzofuran [38], 3-(benzofuran-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde (1) [32] and 2-((3-(benzofuran-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methylene)malononitrile (1) [32] were prepared according to the previously reported procedures.

3.1.1. Synthesis of 2-((3-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methylene)malononitrile (2)

The formed carbaldehyde 1 (2.88 g, 10 mmol) was stirred in ethanol at room temperature (25–30 °C) for 6 h with malononitrile (0.66 g, 10 mmol) in the presence of few drops of piperidine, the formed precipitate was filtered, dried and recrystallized from n-butanol, to afford 2.54 g of compound 2 (75% yield).

3.1.2. Synthesis of 2-Alkoxy-4-(3-(benzofuran-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-6-phenylpyridine-3-carbonitriles (4a–x)

General Procedure

A mixture of equimolar amounts of 2 (3.36 g, 10 mmol) and methyl aryl ketones 3a–l (10 mmol), in the appropriate alcohol (20 mL) containing sodium (0.46 g, 20 mmol) was stirred at room temperature (25–30 °C) for the proper time controlled by Thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The solid separated was collected, washed with water and crystallized from n-butanol to afford the title compounds 4a–x.

4-(3-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-methoxy-6-phenylpyridine-3-carbonitrile (4a): yield 1.86 g (39.7%), m.p. 198–200 °C. IR: ν_max/cm⁻¹ 2213 (C≡N), 1588, 1543 (C=N, C=C). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 4.23 (s, 3H), 7.08 (s, 1H), 7.25–7.29 (m, 4H), 7.39–8.04 (m, 6H), 7.09 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H), 8.04 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H), 8.38 (s, 1H), 8.42 (s, 1H). ¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 54.7 93.5, 105.7, 105.8, 111.6, 111.7, 114.6, 119.8, 120.0, 121.4, 123.3, 125.1, 126.7, 127.4, 127.8, 127.9, 128.4, 128.6, 128.7, 129.0, 129.7, 130.6, 139.3, 154.9, 155.1, 157.8, 165.0. MS: m/z (%) 468.31 (M, 0.47). Anal. for C₃₀H₂₀N₄O₂ (468.51); Calcd. C, 76.91; H, 4.30; N, 11.96. Found: C, 76.84; H, 4.26; N, 11.87.

4-(3-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-ethoxy-6-phenylpyridine-3-carbonitrile (4b): yield 1.84 g (39%), m.p. 186–188 °C. IR: ν_max/cm⁻¹: 2215 (C≡N), 1590, 1541 (C=N, C=C). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 1.55 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 3H), 4.69 (q, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.05 (s, 1H), 7.20–7.53 (m, 10 H), 7.81–8.10 (m, 4 H), 8.40 (s, 1H), 8.50 (s, 1H). ¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 14.8, 63.5, 93.6, 105.8, 111.6, 114.3, 116.1, 118.1, 119.0, 120.0, 121.4, 123.3, 125.1, 127.3, 127.8, 128.6, 128.7, 128.9, 129.7, 132.5, 135.4, 138.5, 140.0, 143.0, 147.3, 148.9, 155.1, 157.7, 164.8. MS: m/z (%) 482.25 (M, 20.34). Anal. for C₃₁H₂₂N₄O₂ (482.53); Calcd. C, 77.16; H, 4.60; N, 11.61. Found: C, 77.05; H, 4.57; N, 11.72.

4-(3-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-6-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-methoxypyridine-3-carbonitrile (4c): yield 2.04 g (40.5%), m.p. 259–261 °C. IR: ν_max/cm⁻¹ 2214 (C≡N), 1588, 1542 (C=N, C=C). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 4.14 (s, 3H), 7.08 (s, 1H), 7.20–7.58 (m, 9H), 7.92 (s, 1H), 8.0 (d, J = 8 Hz, 2H), 8.12 (d, J = 8 Hz, 2H), 9.1 (s, 1H). MS: m/z (%) 502.11 (M, 0.47). Anal. for C₃₀H₁₉ClN₄O₂ (502.95); Calcd. C, 71.64; H, 3.81; N, 11.14. Found: C, 71.56; H, 3.78; N, 11.18.

4-(3-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-6-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-ethoxypyridine-3-carbonitrile (4d): yield 2.27 g (40.4%), m.p. 199–201 °C. IR: ν_max/cm⁻¹ 2219 (C≡N), 1588, 1541 (C=N, C=C). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 1.54 (t, J = 6.7 Hz, 3H), 4.67 (q, J = 6.7 Hz, 2H), 7.08 (s, 1H), 7.35–7.53 (m, 10H), 7.81–7.84 (m, 4H), 8.43 (s, 1H). ¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 14.6, 63.5, 93.8, 105.9, 111.5, 114.1, 116.0, 117.5, 119.9, 121.5, 123.4, 125.2, 127.9, 128.4, 128.6, 129.0, 129.2, 129.8, 135.8, 136.7, 139.2, 148.9, 149.0, 154.9, 156.4, 164.7. MS: m/z (%) 516.30, 518.30 (M, M+2, 1.95, 0.68). Anal. for C₃₁H₂₁ClN₄O₂ (516.98); Calcd. C, 72.02; H, 4.09; N, 10.84. Found: C, 72.14; H, 4.14; N, 10.78.

4-(3-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-6-(4-bromophenyl)-2-methoxypyridine-3-carbonitrile (4e): yield 2.14 g (39%), m.p. 273–275 °C. IR: ν_max/cm⁻¹ 2217 (C≡N), 1585, 1542 (C=N, C=C). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 4.14 (s, 3H), 7.09 (s, 1H), 7.20–7.73 (m, 10H), 7.96–7.16 (m, 4H), 9.10 (s, 1H). MS: m/z (%) 546.16 (M, 3.22). Anal. for C₃₀H₁₉BrN₄O₂ (547.40): Calcd. C, 65.82; H, 3.50; N, 10.24. Found: C, 65.94; H, 3.38; N, 10.17.

4-(3-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-6-(4-bromophenyl)-2-ethoxypyridine-3-carbonitrile (4f): yield 1.94 g (34.6%), m.p. 207–209 °C. IR: ν_max/cm⁻¹ 2219 (C≡N), 1588, 1540 (C=N, C=C). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 1.54 (t, J = 6.7 Hz, 3H), 4.67 (q, J = 6.7 Hz, 2H), 7.09 (s, 1H), 7.20–7.52 (m, 10H), 7.77–7.81 (m, 4H), 8.44 (s, 1H). ¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 14.6, 63.6, 93.9, 105.9, 111.5, 114.1, 115.7, 117.5, 120.0, 121.5, 123.4, 125.2, 127.9, 128.4, 128.8, 129.0, 129.8, 132.2, 136.3, 139.3, 142.4, 147.4, 148.9, 154.9, 156.5, 164.8. MS: m/z (%) 560.40 (M, 0.24). Anal. for C₃₁H₂₁BrN₄O₂ (561.43); Calcd. C, 66.32; H, 3.77; N, 9.98. Found: C, 66.54; H, 3.84; N, 9.82.

4-(3-(benzofuran-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-6-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-methoxypyridine-3-carbonitrile (4g): yield 1.96 g (40.3%), m.p. 237–239 °C. IR: ν_max/cm⁻¹ 2215 (C≡N), 1590, 1543 (C=N, C=C). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 4.22 (s, 3H), 7.07 (s, 1H), 7.25–7.53 (m, 10H), 7.81–7.93 (m, 4H), 8.44 (s, 1H).MS: m/z (%) 486.31 (M, 1.90). Anal. for C₃₀H₁₉FN₄O₂ (486.5); Calcd. C, 74.06; H, 3.94; N, 11.52. Found: C, 73.95; H, 3.88; N, 11.48.

4-(3-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-ethoxy-6-(4-fluorophenyl)pyridine-3-carbonitrile (4h): yield 2.12 g (42.4%), m.p. 204–206 °C. IR: ν_max/cm⁻¹ 2218 (C≡N), 1592, 1543 (C=N, C=C). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 1.53 (t, J = 7 Hz, 3H), 4.67 (q, J = 7 Hz, 2H), 7.08 (s, 1H), 7.39–7.54 (m, 10 H), 7.81–7.83 (m, 4H), 8.44 (s, 1H). ¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 14.6, 63.6, 93.5, 105.9, 111.5, 115.9, 116.1, 120.0, 121.4, 123.4, 125.1, 127.9, 129.0, 129.3, 129.4, 129.8, 139.3, 142.4, 147.4, 148.9, 154.9, 156.6, 163.3, 164.8, 165.3. MS: m/z (%) 500.36 (M, 2.71). Anal. for C₃₁H₂₁FN₄O₂ (500.52); Calcd. C, 74.39; H, 4.23; N, 11.19. Found: C, 74.45; H, 4.18; N, 11.14.

4-(3-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-methoxy-6-p-tolylpyridine-3-carbonitrile (4i): yield 2.3 g (47.7%), m.p. 258–260 °C. IR: ν_max/cm⁻¹ 2218 (C≡N), 1588, 1541 (C=N, C=C). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 2.39 (s, 3H), 4.22 (s, 3H), 7.06 (s, 1H), 7.22–7.52 (m, 10H), 7.58–7.86 (m, 4H), 8.41 (s, 1H). ¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 21.5, 54.7, 93.1, 105.8, 111.6, 114.2, 115.9, 117.6, 120.1, 121.4, 123.3, 125.1, 127.3, 127.9, 128.4, 129.0, 129.7, 134.5, 139.3, 141.0, 147.2, 148.9, 154.5, 157.9, 165.0. MS: m/z (%) 482.27 (M, 30.7). Anal. for C₃₁H₂₂N₄O₂ (482.53): Calcd. C, 77.16; H, 4.60; N, 11.61. Found: C, 77.29; H, 4.42; N, 11.51.

4-(3-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-ethoxy-6-p-tolylpyridine-3-carbonitrile (4j): yield 1.92 g (38.7%), m.p. 202–204 °C. IR: ν_max/cm⁻¹ 2215 (C≡N), 1598, 1543 (C=N, C=C). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 1.54 (t, J = 6 Hz, 3H), 2.39 (s, 3H), 4.69 (q, J = 6 Hz, 2H), 7.05 (s, 1H), 7.20–7.56 (m, 10H), 7.81–7.85 (m, 4H), 8.41 (s, 1H). ¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 14.7, 21.5, 63.4, 93.2, 105.8, 111.6, 114.0, 116.0, 117.7, 120.0, 121.4, 123.3, 125.1, 127.3, 127.8, 128.4, 129.0, 129.7, 134.6, 139.3, 141.0, 143.0, 147.2, 149.0, 154.9, 157.8, 164.7. MS: m/z (%) 496.22 (M, 5.52). Anal. for C₃₂H₂₄N₄O₂ (496.56): Calcd. C, 77.40; H, 4.87; N, 11.28. Found: C, 77.52; H, 4.76; N, 11.34.

4-(3-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-methoxy-6-(4-methoxyphenyl)pyridine-3-carbonitrile (4k): yield 1.86 g (37.3%), m.p. 256–258 °C. IR: ν_max/cm⁻¹ 2213 (C≡N), 1588, 1543 (C=N, C=C). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 3.80 (s, 3H), 4.13 (s, 3H), 7.04 (s, 1H), 7.20–7.62 (m, 10H), 7.88–8.20 (m, 4H), 9.08 (s, 1H).MS: m/z (%) 498.38 (M, 100). Anal. for C₃₁H₂₂N₄O₃ (498.53); Calcd. C, 74.69; H, 4.45; N, 11.24. Found: C, 74.66; H, 4.38; N, 11.29.

4-(3-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-ethoxy-6-(4-methoxyphenyl)pyridine-3-carbonitrile (4l): yield 2.14 g (41.7%), m.p. 168–170 °C. IR: ν_max/cm⁻¹ 2219 (C≡N), 1589, 1543 (C=N, C=C). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 1.54 (t, J = 7 Hz, 3H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 4.67 (q, J = 7 Hz, 2H), 6.90 (s, 1H), 7.05 (s, 1H), 7.45–7.52 (m, 9H), 7.81–7.90 (m, 4H), 8.40 (s, 1H). ¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 14.7, 55.5, 63.4, 92.6, 105.8, 111.6, 113.4, 114.3, 117.8, 120, 121.4, 123.3, 125.1, 127.8, 128.4, 128.9, 129, 129.7, 139.3, 142.4, 147.1, 149, 154.9, 157.4, 161.7, 164.7. MS: m/z (%) 512 (M, 22.4). Anal. for C₃₂H₂₄N₄O₃ (512.56); Calcd. C, 74.99; H, 4.72; N, 10.93. Found: C, 74.91; H, 4.71; N, 10.89.

4-(3-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-6-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-6-yl)-2-methoxypyridine-3-carbonitrile (4m): yield 1.78 g (34%), m.p. 255–257 °C. IR: ν_max/cm⁻¹ 2221 (C≡N), 1591, 1555 (C=N, C=C). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 1.58 (s, 2H), 1.79 (s, 2H), 2.69 (s, 2H), 2.78 (s, 2H), 4.22 (s, 3H), 7.06 (s, 1H), 7.24–7.58 (m, 10H), 7.81–7.83 (m, 4H), 8.43 (s, 1H). ¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 23.1, 29.6, 54.6, 92.8, 105.9, 111.6, 114.3, 119.9, 121.4, 123.0, 124.5, 125.1, 127.8, 128.1, 128.4, 128.9, 129.7, 129.9, 137.3, 155.0, 158.2, 165.0. Anal. for C₃₄H₂₆N₄O₂ (522.6); Calcd. C, 78.14; H, 5.01; N, 10.72. Found: C, 73.69; H, 4.14; N, 15.56.

4-(3-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-ethoxy-6-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-6-yl)pyridine-3-carbonitrile (4n): Yield 2.16 g (40.3%), m.p. 213–215 °C. IR: ν_max/cm⁻¹ 2213 (C≡N), 1585, 1542 (C=N, C=C). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 1.54 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 3H), 1.78 (s, 4H), 2.69 (s, 2H), 2.78 (s, 2H), 4.68 (q, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.05 (s, 1H), 7.12–7.56 (m, 11H), 7.81 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 8.42 (s, 1H). ¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 14.7, 23.1, 23.2, 29.6, 29.6 63.4, 92.9, 105.9, 111.6, 114.0, 116.0, 118.0, 120.0, 121.4, 123.3, 124.5, 125.1, 127.8, 128.1, 128.9, 129.7, 129.8, 135.0, 137.8, 140.3, 148.5, 149.5, 155.0, 158.2, 164.8. MS: m/z (%) 536.31 (M, 100). Anal. for C₃₅H₂₈N₄O₂ (536.62); Calcd. C, 78.34; H, 5.26; N, 10.44. Found: C, 78.52; H, 5.14; N, 10.57.

4-(3-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-methoxy-6-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)pyridine-3-carbonitrile (4o): yield 1.86 g (40.6%), m.p. 187–189 °C. IR: ν_max/cm⁻¹ 2218 (C≡N), 1587, 1539 (C=N, C=C). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 3.97 (s, 3H), 7.06 (s, 1H), 7.29–7.55 (m, 10H), 7.59–7.82 (m, 2H), 8.45 (s, 1H), 9.05 (s, 1H). ¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 54.5, 102.0, 106.3, 111.6, 115.4, 117.0, 120.0, 121.7, 123.6, 125.4, 128.2, 128.4, 129.8, 129.9, 138.9, 139.1, 145.7, 148.9, 155.3, 162.4. MS: m/z (%) 457.25 (M, 1.93). Anal. for C₂₈H₁₉N₅O₂ (457.48); Calcd. C, 73.51; H, 4.19; N, 15.31. Found: C, 73.69; H, 4.14; N, 15.56.

4-(3-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-ethoxy-6-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)pyridine-3-carbonitrile (4p): yield 1.84 g (39%), m.p. 208–210 °C. IR: ν_max/cm⁻¹ 2217 (C≡N), 1588, 1538 (C=N, C=C). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 1.53 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 3H), 4.64 (q, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.05 (s, 1H), 7.20–7.30 (m, 4H), 7.46–7.54 (m, 8H), 7.81 (d, 2H), 8.40 (s, 1H). ¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 14.6, 63.8, 93.0, 105.8, 111.6, 112.7, 120.1, 121.4, 123.3, 125.1, 127.1, 127.9, 128.6, 129.0, 129.7, 130.0, 139.3, 142.4, 143.4, 147.2, 148.8, 152.9, 154.9, 164.7. MS: m/z (%) 471.37 (M, 100). Anal. for C₂₉H₂₁N₅O₂ (471.51); Calcd. C, 73.87; H, 4.49; N, 14.85. Found: C, 73.75; H, 4.43; N, 14.88.

4-(3-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-6-(furan-2-yl)-2-methoxypyridine-3-carbonitrile (4q): yield 1.88 g (41%), m.p. 246–248 °C. IR: ν_max/cm⁻¹ 2217 (C≡N), 1588, 1538 (C=N, C=C). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 4.21 (s, 3H), 6.54 (s, 1H), 7.05 (s, 1H), 7.20–7.53 (m, 10H), 7.80 (d, 2H), 8.35 (s, 1H). ¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 54.7, 93.3, 105.7, 111.6, 112.3, 112.6, 117.4, 120.0, 121.4, 123.2, 125.0, 127.9, 128.4, 129.0, 129.7, 139.3, 142.4, 145.1, 147.6, 148.7, 149.3, 152.5, 154.9, 165.1. MS: m/z (%) 458.21 (M, 100). Anal. for C₂₈H₁₈N₄O₃ (458.47); Calcd. C, 73.35; H, 3.96; N, 12.22. Found: C, 71.22; H, 4.14; N, 11.49.

4-(3-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-ethoxy-6-(furan-2-yl)pyridine-3-carbonitrile (4r): Yield 2.14 g (45.3%), m.p. 174–176 °C. IR: ν_max/cm⁻¹ 2216 (C≡N), 1590, 1521 (C=N, C=C). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 1.51 (t, J = 7 Hz, 3H), 4.62 (q, J = 7 Hz, 2H), 6.53 (s, 1H), 7.00 (s, 1H), 7.15–7.30 (m, 3H), 7.39–7.55 (m, 7H), 7.81 (d, 2H), 8.35 (s, 1H). Anal. for C₂₉H₂₀N₄O₃ (472.49); Calcd. C, 73.72; H, 4.27; N, 11.86. Found: C, 73.65; H, 4.29; N, 11.83.

4-(3-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-methoxy-6-(thiophen-2-yl)pyridine-3-carbonitrile (4s): yield 1.58 g (33.3%), m.p. 232–234 °C. IR: ν_max/cm⁻¹ 2211 (C≡N), 1629, 1523 (C=N, C=C). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 4.19 (s, 3H), 7.06 (s, 1H), 7.25–7.52 (m, 11H), 7.81 (d, 2H), 8.40 (s, 1H). ¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 54.8, 92.9, 105.8, 111.6, 112.9, 120.1, 121.4, 123.3, 127.2, 127.9, 128.6, 129.1, 129.7, 130.1, 139.3, 142.4, 143.2, 148.8, 153.0, 154.9, 165.0. MS: m/z (%) 474.18 (M, 100). Anal. for C₂₈H₁₈N₄O₂S (474.53); Calcd. C, 70.87; H, 3.82; N, 11.81. Found: C, 70.79; H, 3.74; N, 11.74.

4-(3-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-ethoxy-6-(thiophen-2-yl)pyridine-3-carbonitrile (4t): Yield 2.06 g (42.2%), m.p. 202–204 °C. IR: ν_max/cm⁻¹ 2217 (C≡N), 1591, 1546 (C=N, C=C). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 1.52 (t, J = 7 Hz, 3H), 4.63 (q, J = 7 Hz, 2H), 6.35 (s, 1H), 6.65 (s, 1H), 7.26–7.52 (m, 3H), 7.64–7.83 (m, 7H), 8.25 (d, J = 8 Hz, 2H), 8.36 (s, 1H), 9.65 (s, 1H). ¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 14.6. 63.8, 93.0, 105.8, 111.6, 112.7, 115.5, 117.5, 120.1, 121.4, 123.4, 125.1, 127.1, 127.9, 128.6, 129.0, 129.7, 130.0, 139.3, 142.4, 143.4, 147.2, 148.8, 153.0, 155.0, 165.0. MS: m/z (%) 488.34 (M, 100). Anal. for C₂₉H₂₀N₄O₂S (488.56); Calcd. C, 71.29; H, 4.13; N, 11.47. Found: C, 71.22; H, 4.14; N, 11.49.

4-(3-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-methoxy-6-(pyridin-2-yl)pyridine-3-carbonitrile (4u): Yield 1.85 g (39.4%), m.p. 275–277 °C. IR: ν_max/cm⁻¹ 2218 (C≡N), 1588, 1545 (C=N, C=C). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 4.18 (s, 3H), 7.09 (s, 1H), 7.25–7.62 (m, 10H), 7.98 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 2H), 8.26 (s, 1H), 8.66 (s, 1H), 9.15 (s, 1H).MS: m/z (%) 469.39 (M, 100). Anal. for C₂₉H₁₉N₅O₂ (469.49); Calcd. C, 74.19; H, 4.08; N, 14.92. Found: C, 74.24; H, 4.15; N, 14.86.

4-(3-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-ethoxy-6-(pyridin-2-yl)pyridine-3-carbonitrile (4v): yield 1.75 g (36.2%), m.p. 204–206 °C. IR: ν_max/cm⁻¹ 2219 (C≡N), 1589, 1543 (C=N, C=C). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 1.55 (t, J = 6.7 Hz, 3H), 4.69 (q, J = 6.7 Hz, 2H), 7.03 (s, 1H), 7.19–7.53 (m, 13H), 7.82 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 8.27–8.35 (m, 2H), 8.65 (s, 1H). ¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 14.6, 63.7, 95.8, 104.9, 105.5, 111.6, 119.8, 120.0, 121.3, 123.1, 124.8, 128.9, 129.7, 137.0, 139.4, 142.5, 142.6, 148.1, 149.6, 154.3, 156.5, 164.6. MS: m/z (%) 483.25 (M, 100). Anal. for C₃₀H₂₁N₅O₂ (483.52); Calcd. C, 74.52; H, 4.38; N, 14.48. Found: C, 74.36; H, 4.24; N, 11.56.

4-(3-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-methoxy-6-(1-methyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-2-yl)pyridine-3-carbonitrile (4w): yield 2.05 g (39.2%), m.p. 295–297 °C. IR: ν_max/cm⁻¹ 2214 (C≡N), 1586, 1538 (C=N, C=C). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 4.18 (s, 3H), 4.35 (s, 3H), 7.14 (s, 1H), 7.27–8.01 (m, 13H), 8.26 (s, 1H), 9.16 (s, 1H).MS: m/z (%) 522.1 (M, 20.5). Anal. for C₃₂H₂₂N₆O₂ (522.56); Calcd. C, 73.55; H, 4.24; N, 16.08. Found: C, 73.49; H, 4.22; N, 16.13.

4-(3-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-ethoxy-6-(1-methyl-1H-benzo[d]-imidazol-2-yl)pyridine-3-carbonitrile (4x): yield 2.12 g (39.5%), m.p. 247–249 °C. IR: ν_max/cm⁻¹ 2218 (C≡N), 1587, 1539 (C=N, C=C). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 1.56 (t, J = 7 Hz, 3H), 4.36 (q, J = 7 Hz, 2H), 4.64 (s, 3H), 7.1 (s, 1H), 7.20–7.53 (m, 11H, Ar–H), 7.77, 7.83 (dd, 2H, J = 7.65, J = 7.65, Ar–H), 8.33 (s, 1H), 8.39 (s, 1H). ¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 14.6, 33.2, 64.1, 95.9, 105.4, 110.1, 111.7, 118.7, 120.0, 120.6, 121.4, 123.1, 123.3, 124.4, 124.8, 127.8, 128.9, 129.7, 137.5, 139.3, 142.5, 142.7, 148.1, 148.3, 148.9, 150.7, 155.0, 164.3. MS: m/z (%) 536.44 (M, 100). Anal. for C₃₃H₂₄N₆O₂ (536.58); Calcd. C, 73.87; H, 4.51; N, 15.66. Found: C, 73.91; H, 4.45; N, 15.58.

3.2. Vasodilation Activity Screening

The vasodilation activity screening procedures were carried out according to the standard reported techniques [35] by testing the effects of the synthesized 2-alkoxy-4-aryl-6-(benzofuran-2-yl)-3-pyridinecarbonitriles 4a–x on isolated thoracic aortic rings of male Wistar rats (250–350 g). After light ether anesthesia, the rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. The aortae were immediately excised, freed of extraneous tissues and prepared for isometric tension recording. Aorta was cut into (3–5 mm width) rings and each ring was placed in a vertical chamber “10 mL jacketed automatic multi-chamber organ bath system (Model no. ML870B6/C, Panlab, Spain)” filled with Krebs solution composed of (in mM): NaCl, 118.0; KCl, 4.7; NaHCO₃, 25.0; CaCl₂, 1.8; NaH₂PO₄, 1.2; MgSO₄, 1.2; glucose, 11.0 and oxygenated with carbogen gas (95% O₂/5% CO₂) at 37 ± 0.5 °C. Each aortic ring was mounted between two stainless steel hooks passed through its lumen. The lower hook was fixed between two plates, while the upper one was attached to a force displacement transducer (Model no. MLT0201, Panlab, Spain) connected to an amplifier (PowerLab, AD Instruments Pty., Ltd. Victoria, Australia), which is connected to a computer. The chart for Windows (v 3.4) software was used to record and elaborate data. Preparations were stabilized under 2 g resting tension during 2 h and then the contracture response to norepinephrine hydrochloride (10⁻⁶ M) was measured before and after exposure to increasing concentrations of the tested synthesized compounds. The tested compounds were dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) as stock solution (10 mL of 0.005 M). Control experiments were performed in the presence of DMSO alone, at the same concentrations as those used with the derivatives tested, which demonstrated that the solvent did not affect the contractile response of isolated aorta. The observed vasodilation activity screening data are reported and the potency (IC₅₀, concentration necessary for 50% reduction of maximal norepinephrine hydrochloride induced contracture) was calculated in three successful replicates and the observed vasodilation activity data expressed as IC₅₀ has determined mathematically from the dose response curve of each tested compound (Table 1), (Figures S1 and S2 of Supplementary Materials) and the potency (IC₅₀, concentration necessary for 50% reduction of maximal norepinephrine hydrochloride-induced contracture) was determined. This experiment was carried out in according to recommendations in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the National Institutes of Health (NIH publication No. 85–23, revised 1996) and under regulations of the Animal Care and Use of National Research Centre in Egypt.

2D-QSAR Study

The QSAR study was undertaken using comprehensive descriptors for structural and statistical analysis (CODESSA PRO) software employing the synthesized compounds 4a–x of the present study (Table 3). Geometry of the compounds was optimized using molecular mechanics force field (MM⁺) followed by the semiempirical AM1 method implemented in the HyperChem 8.0 package. The structures were fully optimized without fixing any parameters, thus bringing all geometric variables to their equilibrium values. The energy minimization protocol employed the Polake–Ribiere conjugated gradient algorithm. Convergence to a local minimum was achieved when the energy gradient was ≤0.01 kcal/mol. The Restricted Hartree–Fock (RHF) method was used in spin-pairing for the two semiempirical tools [39,40,41,42,43,44]. The resulting output files were exported to CODESSA PRO that includes MOPAC capability for final geometry optimization. CODESSA PRO calculated 797 molecular descriptors including constitutional, topological, geometrical, charge-related, semiempirical, thermodynamic, molecular-type, atomic-type and bond-type descriptors for the exported 24 bioactive benzofuran-based hybrids 4a–x, which were used in the present study. Different mathematical transformations of the experimentally observed property/activity (IC₅₀, µM, which is the concentration necessary for 50% reduction of maximal norepinephrine hydrochloride induced contracture) of the training set compounds were utilized for the present QSAR modeling determination including property (IC₅₀, µM), 1/property, log(property) and 1/log(property) values in searching for the best QSAR models. Best multilinear regression (BMLR) was utilized, which is a stepwise search for the best n-parameter regression equations (where, n stands for the number of descriptors used), based on the highest R² (squared correlation coefficient), R²_cvOO (squared cross-validation “leave one-out, LOO” coefficient), R²_cvMO (squared cross-validation “leave many-out, LMO” coefficient), F (Fisher statistical significance criteria) values, and s² (standard deviation). The QSAR models, with up to four descriptor models describing the bioactivity of the vasodilatory active agents were generated (obeying the thumb rule of 6:1, which is the ratio between the data points and the number of QSAR descriptor models). Statistical characteristics of the QSAR models are presented in Table 2. The established QSAR model is statistically significant. The descriptors are sorted in descending order of the respective values of the Student’s t-criterion, which is a widely accepted measure of statistical significance of individual parameters in multiple linear regressions. Figure 2 exhibits the QSAR multilinear model plot of correlation representing the observed vs. predicted 1/IC₅₀ values for vasodilatory active agents. The scattered plots are uniformly distributed, covering ranges, Observed 0.00221–0.00448; Predicted 0.00255–0.004411/IC₅₀ units.

3.3. Toxicological Bioassay

Toxicological bioassay of the most promising vasodilatory active compounds (4a, c, e, f, g, l, m, r, s, t, w and 4x) was determined using the standard reported method in mice [45]. Albino mice weighing 25–30 g were divided in 13 groups of 6 mice each. Administrations of the tested compounds dissolved in saline solution (0.9%) by the aid of few drops of Tween 80 were given intraperitoneally in 1000 mg kg⁻¹ (mouse body weight). The control group was given saline solution only with few drops of Tween 80. The toxic symptoms and mortality rates were recorded 24 h post-administration in each group.

4. Conclusions

The required 2-alkyloxy-pyridine-3-carbonitrile hybrids (4a–x) were designed and synthesized via the condensation reaction of aromatic ketones 3a‒l with 2-((3-(benzofuran-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methylene)malononitrile (2) in the presence of sufficient amount of sodium alkoxide in the corresponding alcohol. The compounds have evaluated for their vasodilation activity adopting the standard technique “using isolated thoracic aortic rings of rats precontracted with norepinephrine hydrochloride”. Some compounds revealed a noteworthy activity, with compounds 4w, 4e, 4r, 4s, 4f and 4g believed to be the most active hits in this study. “IC₅₀, concentration necessary for 50% reduction of maximal norepinephrine hydrochloride induced contracture = 223, 253, 254, 268, 267 and 275 µM, respectively”, compared with amiodarone hydrochloride, the reference standard used (IC₅₀ = 300 μM). The CODESSA PRO program was utilized to achieve a statistically significant 2D-QSAR model describing the bioactivity of the newly synthesized analogues 4a–x, and afforded an excellent predictive and statistically vital four-crucial 4 descriptor model (R² = 0.816, R²_observed = 0.731, R²_pridicted = 0.772). It is obvious that the 2D-QSAR study supported the attained model, so the applicability of benzofuran-based hybrids incorporating the 3-pyridinecarbonitrile function have potential to be developed into vasorelaxant active agents.

Acknowledgments

The project was financially supported by King Saud University, Vice Deanship of Research Chairs. The project was also financially supported by National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt, under project No. 110-10-312.

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary materials are available online.

Click here for additional data file.^{(5.2MB, pdf)}

Author Contributions

The listed authors contributed to this work as described in the following. A.M.S. and S.S.A.E.-k. carried out the synthetic work, interpreted the results and prepared the manuscript; N.M.K. and M.A.A.-O. interpreted the results and cooperated in the preparation of the manuscript, and D.O.S. carried and interpreted the results of the biological activities. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest

Footnotes

Sample Availability: Samples of which all the compounds are available from the authors.

References

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Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

Click here for additional data file.^{(5.2MB, pdf)}

[B1-molecules-22-01820] 1.Garovic V.D., Hayman S.R. Hypertension in pregnancy: An emerging risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Nat. Clin. Pract. Nephrol. 2007;3:613–622. doi: 10.1038/ncpneph0623. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B2-molecules-22-01820] 2.Kummerle A.E., Raimundo J.M., Leal C.M., Da Silva G.S., Balliano T.L., Pereira M.A., De Simone C.A., Sudo R.T., Zapata-Sudo G., Fraga C.A., et al. Studies towards the identification of putative bioactive conformation of potent vasodilator arylidene N-acylhydrazone derivatives. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2009;44:4004–4009. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.04.044. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B3-molecules-22-01820] 3.World Health Organization Media Centre. [(accessed on 14 February 2016)]; Available online: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2012/world_health_statistics_20120516/en/4004-4009.

[B4-molecules-22-01820] 4.Da Silva V.J., Viana P.C., Alves R.M., Salgado H.C., Montano N., Fazan R.J. Antihypertensive action of amiodarone in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension. 2001;38:597–601. doi: 10.1161/hy09t1.096187. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B5-molecules-22-01820] 5.Almeida M.R., Lima E.O., da Silva V.J., Campos M.G., Antunes L.M., Salman A.K., Dias F.L. Genotoxic studies in hypertensive and normotensive rats treated with amiodarone. Mutat. Res. 2008;657:155–159. doi: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2008.09.005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B6-molecules-22-01820] 6.World Health Organization Cardiovascular Disease. [(accessed on 22 March 2016)]; Available online: http://www.who.int/topics/cardiovascular_diseases/en/

[B7-molecules-22-01820] 7.Kashyap M.K., Yadav V., Sherawat B.S., Jain S., Kumari S., Khullar M., Sharma P.C., Nath R. Different antioxidants status, total antioxidant power and free radicals in essential hypertension. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 2005;277:89–99. doi: 10.1007/s11010-005-5424-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B8-molecules-22-01820] 8.Wang R., Shamloul R., Wang X., Meng Q., Wu L. Sustained normalization of high blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats by implanted hemin pump. Hypertension. 2006;48:685–692. doi: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000239673.80332.2f. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B9-molecules-22-01820] 9.Carlsson B., Singh B.N., Temciuc M., Nilsson S., Li Y.-L., Mellin C., Malm J. Synthesis and preliminary characterization of a novel antiarrhythmic compound (KB130015) with an improved toxicity profile compared with amiodarone. J. Med. Chem. 2002;45:623–630. doi: 10.1021/jm001126+. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B10-molecules-22-01820] 10.Mubagwa K., Macianskiene R., Viappiani S., Gendviliene V., Carlsson B., Brandts B. KB130015, a new amiodarone derivative with multiple effects on cardiac ion channels. Cardiovasc. Drug Rev. 2003;21:216–235. doi: 10.1111/j.1527-3466.2003.tb00117.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B11-molecules-22-01820] 11.Guiraudou P., CosnierPucheu S.C., Gayraud R., Gautier P., Roccon A., Herbert J.M., Nisato D. Involvement of nitric oxide in amiodarone- and dronedarone-induced coronary vasodilation in guinea pig heart. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2004;496:119–127. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.05.046. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B12-molecules-22-01820] 12.Kodama I., Kamiya K., Toyama J. Amiodarone: Ionic and cellular mechanisms of action of the most promising class III agent. Am. J. Cardiol. 1999;84:20–28. doi: 10.1016/S0002-9149(99)00698-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B13-molecules-22-01820] 13.Grossmann M., Dobrev D., Kirch W. Amiodarone causes endothelium-dependent vasodilation in human hand veins in vivo. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 1998;64:302–311. doi: 10.1016/S0009-9236(98)90179-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

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3a; R = Ph	4a; R = Ph
3b; R = 4-ClC₆H₄	4b; R = Ph
3c; R = 4-BrC₆H₄	4c; R = 4-ClC₆H₄
3d; R = 4-FC₆H₄	4d; R = 4-ClC₆H₄
3e; R = 4-H₃CC₆H₄	4e; R = 4-BrC₆H₄
3f; R = 4-H₃COC₆H₄	4f; R = 4-BrC₆H₄
3g; R = 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalen-6-yl	4g; R = 4-FC₆H₄
3h; R = 2-Pyrrolyl	4h; R = 4-FC₆H₄
3i; R = 2-Furanyl	4i; R = 4-H₃CC₆H₄
3j; R = 2-Thienyl	4j; R = 4-H₃CC₆H₄
3k; R = 2-Pyridinyl	4k; R = 4-H₃COC₆H₄
3l; R = 1-Methyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl	4l; R = 4-H₃COC₆H₄
	4m; R = 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalen-6-yl, R′ = Me
	4n; R = 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalen-6-yl, R′ = Et
	4o; R = 2-Pyrrolyl, R′ = Me
	4p; R = 2- Pyrrolyl, R′ = Et
	4q; R = 2-Furanyl, R′ = Me
	4r; R = 2-Furanyl, R′ = Et
	4s; R = 2-Thienyl, R′ = Me
	4t; R = 2-Thienyl, R′ = Et
	4u; R = 2-Pyridinyl, R′ = Me
	4v; R = 2-Pyridinyl, R′ = Et
	4w;R = 1-Methyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl, R′ = Me
	4x; R = 1-Methyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl, R′ = Et

PERMALINK

Synthesis and 2D-QSAR Study of Active Benzofuran-Based Vasodilators

Nagy M Khalifa

Aladdin M Srour

Somaia S Abd El-Karim

Dalia O Saleh

Mohamed A Al-Omar

Abstract

1. Introduction

Figure 1.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Chemistry

Scheme 1.

2.2. Biological Evaluation

2.2.1. Vasodilation Properties

Table 1.

Table 2.

Figure 2.

Table 3.

2.2.2. Toxicological Bioassay

3. Experimental Section

3.1. General Information

3.1.1. Synthesis of 2-((3-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methylene)malononitrile (2)

3.1.2. Synthesis of 2-Alkoxy-4-(3-(benzofuran-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-6-phenylpyridine-3-carbonitriles (4a–x)

General Procedure

3.2. Vasodilation Activity Screening

2D-QSAR Study

3.3. Toxicological Bioassay

4. Conclusions

Acknowledgments

Supplementary Materials

Author Contributions

Conflicts of Interest

Footnotes

References

Associated Data

Supplementary Materials

ACTIONS

PERMALINK

RESOURCES

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