. 2017 Nov 11;22(11):1951. doi: 10.3390/molecules22111951

Table 1.

Overview of PNA-based biosensors for the detection of RNA or DNA cancer biomarkers.

Target	Transduced Signal	LOD	Detection in Human Serum or Plasma	Reference
miR-21, miR-96 and miR-125b	Fluorescence	<1 pM	No	[31]
miR-21, miR-96 and miR-125b	Fluorescence	10 pM	No	[32]
miR-18a	Fluorescence	-	No	[33]
miR-21	Fluorescence	10 nM	No	[34]
miR-21	QCM	400 pM	Yes	[35]
miR-126, miR-182 and miR-152	Optical (Lateral flow test strip)	0.6 fM	No	[36]
miR-145	Electrochemical (Impedimetric and square-wave voltammetry)	0.37 fM	No	[37]
miR let-7a, let-7b, let-7c	Electrochemical (Impedimetric)	0.50 fM	No	[38]
miR let-7b, let-7c and miR 21	Electric (Graphene field-effect transistor)	<10 fM	Yes	[39]
E542K, E545K, methylation in PIK3CA gene	Optical (Localized surface plasmon resonance)	50 fM	Yes	[40]
HPV type 16 DNA, HPV types 18, 31 and 33	Electrochemical (Square-wave voltammetry)	4nM	No	[41]
DNA HPV type 16, type 18, type 31, and type 33	Electrochemical (Impedimetric)	2.3 nM	No	[42]
BRAF and KRAS DNA mutations	Electrochemical	1 fg μL⁻¹	Yes	[43]
BRAF and KRAS DNA mutations	Electrochemical	1 fg μL⁻¹	Yes	[44]