Table 2.

Multivariate logistic regression testing the association between sample characteristics and opioid prescribing to children aged 0 to 17 years in the United States, from 2003 to 2014. Source: Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys 2003–2014.^*

	Adjusted Odds Ratioα	[95% Confidence Interval]	p-value
Child race and ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic	reference
Black, non-Hispanic	0.60	0.50–0.72	<.0001
Hispanic	0.50	0.42–0.60	<.0001
American Indian/Alaska Native	0.75	0.44–1.30	0.31
Asian/Pacific Islander	0.30	0.21–0.46	<0.001
Age category
<6 years	reference
6–11 years	1.13	0.95–1.37	0.184
12–17 years	3.14	2.65–3.71	<.0001
Sex
Male	reference
Female	1.07	0.94–1.22	0.27
Insurance
Any private	reference
Public only	0.95	0.82–1.09	0.46
Uninsured	0.43	0.30–0.62	<.0001
Region
Northeast	reference
Midwest	1.41	1.11–1.77	<.005
South	1.65	1.31–2.07	<.0001
West	1.71	1.33–2.22	<.0001
Physical Health
Excellent	reference
Very good	1.43	1.18–1.75	<.0001
Good	1.62	1.32–2.00	<.0001
Fair	2.14	1.44–3.18	<.0001
Poor	1.62	1.90–3.33	0.190
Mental Health
Excellent	reference
Very good	0.76	0.64–0.92	0.004
Good	0.76	0.61–0.96	0.02
Fair	0.65	0.41–1.03	0.07
Poor	0.45	0.23–0.90	0.03
Period
2003–2005	reference
2006–2008	0.85	0.72–1.00	0.06
2009–2011	0.95	0.80–1.12	0.54
2012–2014	0.91	0.74–1.11	0.36
Outpatient visits	1.02	1.02–1.03	<.0001
Prescribed medications	1.03	1.03–1.04	<.0001

^*The sample contains 113,929 participants, which are weighted to represent 72 million children present in the United States annually

^αOdds ratios adjusted for all characteristics appearing in this table: race& ethnicity, age, sex, insurance, region, physical health, mental health, period.