Table 3.
Components of EO | Species | LC50 (mg/L) | LC90 (mg/L) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Monoterpene hydrocarbons | ||||
(+)-Limonene | An. gambiae s.s. | 270.3 | NI | [71] |
Limonene | An. stephensi | 8.8 | 17.6 | [72] |
α-Pinene | An. subpictus | 32.1 | 62.8 | [73] |
Terpinolene | An. gambiae s.s. | 404.71 | NI | [71] |
Camphor | An. anthropophagus | 129.7 | 192.4 | [42] |
Carvacrol | An. subpictus | 21.1 | 41.9 | [65] |
Carvone | An. stephensi | 19.3 | 37.1 | [72] |
(−)-Carvone epoxide | Anopheles gambiae s.s. | 124.7 | NI | [71] |
cis-Carveol | An. stephensi | 28.5 | 59.2 | [72] |
Eucalyptol | An. anthropophagus | >200 | NI | [42] |
(−)-Hydroxycarvone | An. gambiae s.s. | 1172.2 | NI | [71] |
(−)-Isopulegol (2) | An. gambiae s.s. | 49.4 | NI | [71] |
(+)-Limonene epoxide | An. gambiae s.s. | 200.8 | NI | [71] |
(−)-Perillyl alcohol | An. gambiae s.s. | 18.4 | NI | [71] |
Piperitenone oxide | An. stephensi | 25.8 | NI | [57] |
Terpine-4-ol | An. anthropophagus | 76.7 | 139.4 | [42] |
Terpinen-4-ol | An. gambiae s.s. | 337.7 | NI | [71] |
Terpinen-4-ol | An. subpictus | 43.3 | 84.1 | [65] |
Thymol | An. stephensi | 48.88 | NI | [68] |
Thymol | An. subpictus | 22.06 | 40.0 | [48] |
Sesquiterpenes | ||||
α-Humulene | An. subpictus | 6.19 | 12.0 | [65] |
β-Caryophyllene | An. subpictus | 41.66 | 84.9 | [65] |
β-Elemene | An. subpictus | 10.26 | 20.0 | [65] |
Caryophyllene | An. anthropophagus | >200 | [42] | |
Germacrene D | An. anthropophagus | 49.81 | 106.2 | [42] |
α-Cadinol | An. subpictus | 10.27 | 20.4 | [74] |
Ar-turmerone | An. quadrimaculatus | 2.8 | 7.0 | [50] |
Caryophyllene oxide | An. anthropophagus | 49.46 | 115.4 | [42] |
Germacrene D-4-ol | An. subpictus | 6.12 | 12.1 | [74] |
Phenylpropenes | ||||
Eugenol | An. subpictus | 25.45 | 50.6 | [65] |
Others | ||||
Curcumin | An. quadrimaculatus | 32.5 | 74.6 | [50] |
Desmethoxycurcumin | An. quadrimaculatus | 29.7 | 66.7 | [50] |
LC50 and LC90 are the lethal concentrations that kill 50% and 90%, 95% and 99% of larvae, respectively.