Table 3.

Toxicity of essential oils components against Anopheles sp. larvae.

Components of EO	Species	LC50 (mg/L)	LC90 (mg/L)	Reference
Monoterpene hydrocarbons
(+)-Limonene	An. gambiae s.s.	270.3	NI	[71]
Limonene	An. stephensi	8.8	17.6	[72]
α-Pinene	An. subpictus	32.1	62.8	[73]
Terpinolene	An. gambiae s.s.	404.71	NI	[71]
Camphor	An. anthropophagus	129.7	192.4	[42]
Carvacrol	An. subpictus	21.1	41.9	[65]
Carvone	An. stephensi	19.3	37.1	[72]
(−)-Carvone epoxide	Anopheles gambiae s.s.	124.7	NI	[71]
cis-Carveol	An. stephensi	28.5	59.2	[72]
Eucalyptol	An. anthropophagus	>200	NI	[42]
(−)-Hydroxycarvone	An. gambiae s.s.	1172.2	NI	[71]
(−)-Isopulegol (2)	An. gambiae s.s.	49.4	NI	[71]
(+)-Limonene epoxide	An. gambiae s.s.	200.8	NI	[71]
(−)-Perillyl alcohol	An. gambiae s.s.	18.4	NI	[71]
Piperitenone oxide	An. stephensi	25.8	NI	[57]
Terpine-4-ol	An. anthropophagus	76.7	139.4	[42]
Terpinen-4-ol	An. gambiae s.s.	337.7	NI	[71]
Terpinen-4-ol	An. subpictus	43.3	84.1	[65]
Thymol	An. stephensi	48.88	NI	[68]
Thymol	An. subpictus	22.06	40.0	[48]
Sesquiterpenes
α-Humulene	An. subpictus	6.19	12.0	[65]
β-Caryophyllene	An. subpictus	41.66	84.9	[65]
β-Elemene	An. subpictus	10.26	20.0	[65]
Caryophyllene	An. anthropophagus	>200		[42]
Germacrene D	An. anthropophagus	49.81	106.2	[42]
α-Cadinol	An. subpictus	10.27	20.4	[74]
Ar-turmerone	An. quadrimaculatus	2.8	7.0	[50]
Caryophyllene oxide	An. anthropophagus	49.46	115.4	[42]
Germacrene D-4-ol	An. subpictus	6.12	12.1	[74]
Phenylpropenes
Eugenol	An. subpictus	25.45	50.6	[65]
Others
Curcumin	An. quadrimaculatus	32.5	74.6	[50]
Desmethoxycurcumin	An. quadrimaculatus	29.7	66.7	[50]

LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ are the lethal concentrations that kill 50% and 90%, 95% and 99% of larvae, respectively.