Table 1.

Accumulation of plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) in response to the use of ultrasonication (US) or its combined effect with ultraviolet radiations (UV) or methyl jasmonate (MJ)/salicylic acid (SA).

PSMs	Cell Culture/Produces	Treatment (US, US + MJ/SA)	Treatment Time (min)	Induced by	References
Saponins	Panax ginseng	35.5 KHz (82 mW/cm3)	1–4	∼1.8-fold	[22]
Shikonin	Lithospermum erythrorhizon	38.5 KHz (113.9 mW/cm3)	1–8	∼1.7-fold	[23]
Taxol	Taxus tree	38.5–40 KHz (3.5–55.6 mW/cm3)	2	2-fold	[21,31]
		US + MJ 60 mM	2	2.5-fold	[31]
		US + SA 50 mg/L	2	8-fold	[21]
	Corylus avellana	40 kHz (4.91 W/cm2)	2–10	2-fold	[33]
		US + SA 50 mg/L	3	14-fold
Carotenoids	Daucus carota	35 KHz (4W/cm2)	10–30	1.5-fold	[37]
	Malus juice	25 KHz (2W/cm2)	60	∼1.4-fold	[38]
Resveratrol	Vitis fruit skin	40 kHz	5	8-fold	[14]
	Vitis leaves	40 kHz	15	1.9-fold
	Vitis fruit juice	40 kHz	5	1.5-fold	[20]
	Arachis hypogaea kernel	20–25 KHz (25–120 mW/cm3)	2–8	∼319-fold	[18,19,48]
		US + 254 nm UV	(2–8) + (10–30)	∼211-fold	[19,41,48]
	Arachis hypogaea sprout	100 KHz	20	∼3.34-fold	[50]
Piceid	Arachis hypogaea kernel	20 KHz (25–75 mW/cm3)	2–8	∼213-fold	[19]
		US + UV	(12 + 10)	2.5-fold	[42]
Total stilbenes	Arachis hypogaea kernel	20 KHz (25–75 mW/cm3)	2–8	∼97-fold	[19]
Total phenolics	Arachis hypogaea kernel	39.2 mW/cm3	4	2.2-fold	[42]
		US + UV	(4 + 10)	1.5-fold
	Panax ginseng	38.5 kHz (14 to 61 mW/cm3)	2	5-fold	[45]
	Daucus carota	24 kHz	5	∼2.3-fold	[43]
	Lactuca sativa	25 kHz	1–3	∼1.4-fold	[44]
	Taxus tree	40 KHz	2	2-fold	[21]
		US + SA 50 mg/L	2	2.5-fod
	Corylus avellana	40 kHz (4.91 W/cm2)	3	1.2-fold	[33]
p-Coumaric acid	Arachis hypogaea kernel	40 mW/cm3	8	4-fold	[41]
		US + UV	(8 + 10)	7-fold
Ferulic acid		40 mW/cm3	12	14-fold
		US + UV	(8 + 10)	24-fold
Caffeic acid		US + UV	(8 + 10)	4.2-fold
Daidzein	Genista tinctoria	35 KHz (0.1 mW/cm3)	5	2-fold	[56]