Abstract
The development of future generations of Ni-base superalloys will depend on a systematic understanding of how each alloying element affects the fundamental properties of Ni-base superalloys, particularly with respect to their creep behavior. First, this article presents the temperature-dependent data of all factors entering into dilute impurity diffusion for 26 Ni-X alloy systems, including atomic jump frequencies, thermodynamic parameters, and diffusivity plots. Second, this article presents the data used to calculate the relative creep rate ratios showing the effect of each of the 26 alloying elements, X, on the dilute Ni-X alloy. The dataset refers to “A comprehensive first-principles study of solute elements in dilute Ni alloys: Diffusion coefficients and their implications to tailor creep rate” by Hargather et al. [1].
Specifications table
| Subject area | Materials Science |
| More specific subject area | Ni-base superalloys |
| Type of data | Tables, figures |
| How data was acquired | Density functional theory calculations using |
| Vienna Ab-initio Simulation Package (VASP) | |
| Data format | Analyzed |
| Experimental factors | Not applicable |
| Experimental features | Not applicable |
| Data source location | State College, PA, USA |
| Data accessibility | All data is available in this article |
Value of the data
-
•
Future Ni alloys or Ni-base superalloys can be designed using the diffusion coefficient and relative creep rate ratio data from this systematic study for 26 Ni-X alloy systems.
-
•
A less-computationally expensive but accurate method for calculating all factors entering into dilute solute diffusion as a function of temperature is demonstrated.
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•
The diffusion coefficient data could be useful for future development or validation of CALPHAD-style diffusion mobility databases.
1. Computational methodology
Dilute solute diffusion coefficients as a function of temperature were calculated in the present work using density functional theory within the confines of the 5-frequency model [2], [3]. 26 solute atoms were studied in the present work: Al, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hf, Ir, Mn, Mo, Nb, Os, Pd, Pt, Re, Rh, Ru, Sc, Si, Ta, Tc, Ti, V, W, Y, Zn, and Zr.
Total energy calculations are carried out for a 32-atom supercell using the plane wave density functional code, Vienna ab-initio Simulation Package (VASP) [4]. A constant plane wave energy cutoff of 350 eV is used for all calculations, which is 1.3 times the default plane wave energy cutoff of nickel and larger than plane wave energy cutoff of all other solute atoms considered. A Monkhorst-Pack k-mesh scheme is used for all calculations, with a sampling of 8 × 8 × 8 for each system studied. For relaxation during the VASP calculations, the Methfessel-Paxton smearing method [5] is used for the calculation of forces acting on the atoms, and a final static calculation is performed after each relaxation using the linear tetrahedron method with Blöchl׳s [6] correction for an accurate total energy calculation. Total electronic energy is converged to be at least eV/atom. Due to the ferromagnetism of nickel up until its Curie point, [7], all calculations are performed in the present work within the spin polarized approximation. Further details of diffusion and computational theory can be found in the main article by Hargather et al. [1].
2. Data
2.1. 0 K results
Fig. 1 shows the effect of having one solute atom and no vacancies present in the 32-atom Ni supercell at 0 K on the following properties: equilibrium volume , bulk modulus, , first derivative of bulk modulus with respect to pressure, , and spin magnetic moment, . These results are shown without the effect of zero point vibrational energy.
Fig. 1.
EOS calculated equilibrium properties for the ps (X) at 0 K without the effect of zero point vibrational energy. The (a) equilibrium volume , (b) bulk modulus, , (c) first derivative of bulk modulus with respect to pressure, , and (d) spin magnetic moment are plotted as a function of atomic number along different rows in the periodic table.
2.2. Atomic jump frequencies and thermodynamic parameters for all X systems
The data in this section presents all factors relating to dilute solute diffusion as a function of temperature for all X systems studied in the present work. Data is presented at T=700 K and T=1700 K. A detailed explanation of each of the jump frequencies and importance of the thermodynamic parameters can be found in the main article by Hargather et al. [1]. Table 1 gives the Gibbs energy of migration for each jump in the 5-frequency model for each of the 26 solutes in a Ni host lattice at the designated temperatures.
Table 1.
Gibbs energy of migration, for each of the five jump frequencies for dilute solute diffusion of all X systems studied in the present work.
| Solute | Temp, (K) | (eV) | (eV) | (eV) | (eV) | (eV) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Al | T=700 K | 1.12 | 1.36 | 0.79 | 1.29 | 1.11 |
| T=1700 K | 1.07 | 1.43 | 0.86 | 1.34 | 1.19 | |
| Co | T=700 | 1.12 | 1.24 | 1.38 | 1.23 | 1.27 |
| T=1700 | 1.07 | 1.27 | 1.41 | 1.27 | 1.32 | |
| Cr | T=700 | 1.12 | 1.18 | 1.30 | 1.20 | 1.27 |
| T=1700 | 1.07 | 1.25 | 1.20 | 1.19 | 1.32 | |
| Cu | T=700 K | 1.12 | 1.27 | 0.98 | 1.25 | 1.17 |
| T=1700 K | 1.07 | 1.34 | 1.04 | 1.31 | 1.24 | |
| Fe | T=700 | 1.12 | 1.29 | 1.20 | 1.23 | 1.25 |
| T=1700 | 1.07 | 1.33 | 1.26 | 1.27 | 1.32 | |
| Hf | T=700 | 1.12 | 1.73 | 0.40 | 1.36 | 0.79 |
| T=1700 | 1.07 | 1.75 | 0.51 | 1.40 | 0.92 | |
| Ir | T=700 | 1.12 | 1.41 | 1.72 | 1.07 | 1.17 |
| T=1700 | 1.07 | 1.46 | 1.77 | 1.14 | 1.25 | |
| Mn | T=700 | 1.12 | 1.24 | 0.95 | 1.35 | 1.27 |
| T=1700 | 1.07 | 2.02 | 1.72 | 2.23 | 1.45 | |
| Mo | T=700 | 1.12 | 1.44 | 1.31 | 1.15 | 1.07 |
| T=1700 | 1.07 | 1.48 | 1.37 | 1.20 | 1.18 | |
| Nb | T=700 | 1.12 | 1.58 | 0.76 | 1.24 | 0.92 |
| T=1700 | 1.07 | 1.60 | 0.85 | 1.27 | 1.03 | |
| Os | T=700 | 1.12 | 1.38 | 1.89 | 1.06 | 1.21 |
| T=1700 | 1.07 | 1.42 | 1.95 | 1.14 | 1.32 | |
| Pd | T=700 | 1.12 | 1.44 | 1.11 | 1.19 | 1.04 |
| T=1700 | 1.07 | 1.49 | 1.18 | 1.25 | 1.13 | |
| Pt | T=700 | 1.12 | 1.43 | 1.37 | 1.13 | 1.07 |
| T=1700 | 1.07 | 1.47 | 1.42 | 1.18 | 1.15 | |
| Re | T=700 | 1.12 | 1.38 | 1.89 | 1.09 | 1.18 |
| T=1700 | 1.07 | 1.44 | 1.97 | 1.16 | 1.31 | |
| Rh | T=700 | 1.12 | 1.41 | 1.40 | 1.13 | 1.14 |
| T=1700 | 1.07 | 1.44 | 1.43 | 1.18 | 1.21 | |
| Ru | T=700 | 1.12 | 1.39 | 1.51 | 1.09 | 1.16 |
| T=1700 | 1.07 | 1.42 | 1.53 | 1.15 | 1.24 | |
| Sc | T=700 | 1.12 | −0.65 | 0.81 | 1.12 | 0.78 |
| T=1700 | 1.07 | 0.15 | 1.65 | 1.89 | 1.93 | |
| Si | T=700 K | 1.12 | 1.12 | 0.95 | 1.34 | 1.22 |
| T=1700 K | 1.07 | 1.16 | 0.99 | 1.28 | 1.37 | |
| Ta | T=700 | 1.12 | 1.56 | 0.92 | 1.21 | 0.95 |
| T=1700 | 1.07 | 1.59 | 1.02 | 1.24 | 1.06 | |
| Tc | T=700 | 1.12 | 1.38 | 1.57 | 1.10 | 1.16 |
| T=1700 | 1.07 | 1.42 | 1.63 | 1.15 | 1.25 | |
| Ti | T=700 | 1.12 | 1.43 | 0.61 | 1.28 | 1.02 |
| T=1700 | 1.07 | 1.46 | 0.69 | 1.31 | 1.11 | |
| V | T=700 | 1.12 | 1.26 | 1.09 | 1.22 | 1.17 |
| T=1700 | 1.07 | 1.29 | 1.15 | 1.24 | 1.25 | |
| W | T=700 | 1.12 | 1.45 | 1.50 | 1.13 | 1.09 |
| T=1700 | 1.07 | 1.51 | 1.60 | 1.20 | 1.22 | |
| Y | T=700 | 1.12 | 2.42 | 0.25 | 0.26 | −1.28 |
| T=1700 | 1.07 | 2.45 | 0.40 | 0.41 | −0.79 | |
| Zn | T=700 | 1.12 | 1.34 | 0.80 | 1.31 | 1.11 |
| T=1700 | 1.07 | 1.41 | 0.89 | 1.38 | 1.18 | |
| Zr | T=700 | 1.12 | 1.82 | 0.27 | 0.14 | −0.66 |
| T=1700 | 1.07 | 1.80 | 0.35 | 0.20 | −0.60 |
Table 2 presents all of the thermodynamic factors entering into dilute solute diffusion for all X systems studied in the present work. The thermodynamic factors include the correlation factor, , the enthalpy of vacancy formation adjacent to the solute, , the enthalpy of migration of the solute atom moving into an adjacent vacancy, , the entropy of vacancy formation adjacent to a solute, , entropy of migration of the solute atom, , and the temperature dependence of the correlation factor, C.
Table 2.
Thermodynamic parameters at 700 K and 1700 K given for all factors entering into vacancy mediated dilute solute diffusion for the X systems studied in the present work. Calculated values include the correlation factor, , the enthalpy of vacancy formation adjacent to the solute, , the enthalpy of migration of the solute atom moving into an adjacent vacancy, , the entropy of vacancy formation adjacent to a solute, , entropy of migration of the solute atom, , and the temperature dependence of , C.
| Solute | Temp, (K) | (eV) | (eV) | () | () | C (eV) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Al | T=700 K | 0.0006 | 1.62 | 0.75 | 2.13 | −0.607 | 0.532 |
| T=1700 K | 0.104 | 1.69 | 0.70 | 2.84 | −1.11 | 0.482 | |
| Co | T=700 | 0.973 | 1.70 | 1.37 | 1.95 | −0.17 | −0.004 |
| T=1700 | 0.896 | 1.76 | 1.33 | 2.55 | −0.60 | −0.016 | |
| Cr | T=700 K | 0.951 | 1.71 | 1.36 | 1.72 | 0.97 | −0.009 |
| T=1700 K | 0.755 | 1.76 | 1.41 | 2.20 | 1.41 | −0.056 | |
| Cu | T=700 | 0.030 | 1.62 | 0.96 | 2.17 | −0.38 | 0.273 |
| T=1700 | 0.340 | 1.69 | 0.88 | 2.92 | −1.12 | 0.181 | |
| Fe | T=700 | 0.614 | 1.71 | 1.18 | 1.97 | −0.35 | 0.020 |
| T=1700 | 0.725 | 1.79 | 1.12 | 2.69 | −0.91 | 0.014 | |
| Hf | T=700 | 0.000 | 1.35 | 0.34 | 1.80 | −0.98 | 1.022 |
| T=1700 | 0.005 | 1.43 | 0.27 | 2.54 | −1.60 | 1.172 | |
| Ir | T=700 | 1.000 | 1.66 | 1.69 | 1.90 | −0.38 | 0.000 |
| T=1700 | 0.995 | 1.72 | 1.64 | 2.50 | −0.93 | −0.003 | |
| Mn | T=700 | 0.010 | 1.87 | 0.60 | 7.35 | −5.87 | 0.345 |
| T=1700 | 0.159 | 3.02 | −0.10 | 18.21 | −12.44 | 0.125 | |
| Mo | T=700 | 0.970 | 1.65 | 1.27 | 1.75 | −0.52 | −0.004 |
| T=1700 | 0.898 | 1.70 | 1.22 | 2.19 | −1.04 | −0.015 | |
| Nb | T=700 | 0.000 | 1.52 | 0.71 | 1.80 | −0.76 | 0.554 |
| T=1700 | 0.123 | 1.58 | 0.66 | 2.40 | −1.28 | 0.495 | |
| Os | T=700 | 1.000 | 1.70 | 1.87 | 1.80 | −0.44 | 0.000 |
| T=1700 | 0.998 | 1.77 | 1.81 | 2.50 | −1.00 | −0.001 | |
| Pd | T=700 | 0.366 | 1.57 | 1.09 | 2.17 | −0.41 | 0.079 |
| T=1700 | 0.619 | 1.66 | 1.02 | 3.02 | −1.03 | 0.031 | |
| Pt | T=700 | 0.993 | 1.58 | 1.36 | 2.06 | −0.26 | −0.002 |
| T=1700 | 0.931 | 1.66 | 1.31 | 2.80 | −0.76 | −0.018 | |
| Re | T=700 | 1.000 | 1.71 | 1.86 | 1.51 | −0.51 | 0.000 |
| T=1700 | 0.998 | 1.76 | 1.79 | 1.95 | −1.21 | −0.001 | |
| Rh | T=700 | 0.996 | 1.64 | 1.40 | 1.99 | −0.16 | −0.001 |
| T=1700 | 0.935 | 1.68 | 1.37 | 2.39 | −0.43 | −0.020 | |
| Ru | T=700 | 1.000 | 1.73 | 1.44 | 2.81 | −1.06 | 0.000 |
| T=1700 | 0.973 | 1.98 | 1.25 | 4.17 | −1.96 | −0.013 | |
| Sc | T=700 K | 1.0000 | 1.31 | 0.36 | 8.97 | −7.34 | 0.000 |
| T=1700 K | 1.0000 | 1.85 | −0.18 | 14.09 | −12.51 | 0.000 | |
| Si | T=700 K | 0.06 | 1.57 | 0.95 | 1.91 | −0.16 | 0.169 |
| T=1700 K | 0.32 | 1.63 | 0.90 | 2.57 | −0.61 | 0.162 | |
| Ta | T=700 | 0.010 | 1.58 | 0.86 | 1.72 | −0.91 | 0.383 |
| T=1700 | 0.366 | 1.63 | 0.80 | 2.19 | −1.51 | 0.234 | |
| Tc | T=700 | 1.000 | 1.69 | 1.55 | 1.80 | −0.35 | 0.000 |
| T=1700 | 0.985 | 1.75 | 1.49 | 2.39 | −0.94 | −0.007 | |
| Ti | T=700 K | 0.0000 | 1.60 | 0.57 | 1.94 | −0.70 | 0.760 |
| T=1700 K | 0.0410 | 1.68 | 0.50 | 2.68 | −1.32 | 0.689 | |
| V | T=700 K | 0.2771 | 1.60 | 1.06 | 1.84 | −0.47 | 0.108 |
| T=1700 K | 0.6244 | 1.75 | 1.01 | 2.35 | −1.00 | 0.058 | |
| W | T=700 | 0.999 | 1.68 | 1.45 | 1.68 | −0.84 | 0.000 |
| T=1700 | 0.975 | 1.72 | 1.38 | 2.07 | −1.50 | −0.009 | |
| Y | T=700 | 0.489 | 0.42 | 0.17 | 1.19 | −1.41 | 0.001 |
| T=1700 | 0.495 | 0.48 | 0.10 | 1.71 | −2.05 | 0.001 | |
| Zn | T=700 | 0.001 | 1.59 | 0.76 | 2.23 | −0.65 | 0.533 |
| T=1700 | 0.099 | 1.69 | 0.68 | 3.18 | −1.42 | 0.469 | |
| Zr | T=700 | 0.884 | 1.19 | 0.21 | 1.42 | −0.83 | −0.013 |
| T=1700 | 0.724 | 1.22 | 0.18 | 1.66 | −1.08 | −0.029 |
2.3. Dilute solute diffusivity plots
Additional plots of diffusivity as a function of 1000/T for the solute systems that were not presented in the main article [1] and have known experimental data are presented in this section. It should be noted that all of the plots are produced from data calculated directly from first-principles, and do not represent Arrhenius fits of data. The following plots in Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4, Fig. 5, Fig. 6, Fig. 7, Fig. 8, Fig. 9, Fig. 10, Fig. 11, Fig. 12, Fig. 13, Fig. 14, Fig. 15 are shown for 2nd row solute elements: Si, for 3d transition row solute elements: Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, and Co, for 4d transition row solute elements: Zr and Mo, and for 5d transition row solute elements: Hf, Ta, W, Re, and Pt. The corresponding plots for the following solutes are shown in the main article [1]: Al, Cu, Nb, and W.
Fig. 2.
Solute diffusion coefficient Si in Ni calculated in the present work (solid line) compared to poly-crystal data of Allison et al. [8] and Swalin et al. [9].
Fig. 3.
Solute diffusion coefficient Ti in Ni calculated in the present work (solid line) compared to poly-crystal data of Bergner [10] and Swalin et al. [11].
Fig. 4.
Solute diffusion coefficient V in Ni calculated in the present work (solid line) compared to poly-crystal data of Murarka et al. [12].
Fig. 5.
Solute diffusion coefficient Cr in Ni calculated in the present work (solid line) compared to poly-crystal data of Monma et al. [13]. Růžičková et al. [14], Tutunnik et al. [15], and Glinchuk et al. [16].
Fig. 6.
Solute diffusion coefficient Mn in Ni calculated in the present work (solid line) compared to poly-crystal data of Swalin et al. [11].
Fig. 7.
Solute diffusion coefficient Fe in Ni calculated in the present work (solid line) compared to single-crystal data of Bakker et al. [17], and to poly-crystal data of Guiarldenq [18] and Badia et al. [19].
Fig. 8.
Solute diffusion coefficient Co in Ni calculated in the present work (solid line) compared to single-crystal data of Vladimirov et al. [20] and to poly-crystal data of Badia et al. [19], Hirano et al. [21], Hassner et al. [22]. Divya et al. [23], and McCoy et al. [24].
Fig. 9.
Solute diffusion coefficient Zr in Ni calculated in the present work (solid line) compared to poly-crystal data of Allison et al. [8] and Bergner [10].
Fig. 10.
Solute diffusion coefficient Mo in Ni calculated in the present work (solid line) compared to poly-crystal data of Swalin et al. [9].
Fig. 11.
Solute diffusion coefficient Hf in Ni calculated in the present work (solid line) compared to the poly-crystal data of Bergner [10].
Fig. 12.
Solute diffusion coefficient Ta in Ni calculated in the present work (solid line) compared to the poly-crystal data of Bergner [10].
Fig. 13.
Solute diffusion coefficient W in Ni calculated in the present work (solid line) compared to the single-crystal data of Vladimirov et al. [20], and the poly-crystal data of Bergner [10], Swalin et al. [11], and Monma [25].
Fig. 14.
Solute diffusion coefficient Re in Ni calculated in the present work (solid line) compared to poly-crystalline diffusion couple experimental data by [26].
Fig. 15.
Solute diffusion coefficient Pt in Ni calculated in the present work (solid line) compared to poly-crystalline diffusion couple experimental data by [27].
2.3.1. 2nd row solute elements
see Fig. 2.
2.3.2. 3d transition row solute elements
see Fig. 3.
2.3.3. 4d transition row solute elements
see Fig. 4.
2.3.4. 5d transition row solute elements
see Fig. 5.
2.4. Relative creep rate ratio data table
The diffusivity data from the present work is combined with the elastic constant calculations from Shang et al. [28] and the stacking fault energy calculations from Shang et al. [29] on the same X systems to calculate a relative creep rate ratio. The relative creep rate ratio shows the effect of each solute element on the creep rate of the dilute Ni-X alloy compared to the creep rate of pure Ni. The data used for the relative creep rate ratio plots in the main article [1] is presented in Table 3.
Table 3.
Elastic [28] and stacking fault energy [29] data used for calculation of the relative creep rate ratio in the main article [1].
| Temp, (K) | Solute | D, /sec | b, | G, GPa | , | E, GPa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 300 K | Al | 3.08E-54 | 1.447 | 86.31 | 109.15 | 223.38 |
| Co | 1.14E-57 | 1.444 | 92.26 | 113.56 | 237.34 | |
| Cr | 3.50E-57 | 1.445 | 89.91 | 100.11 | 232.05 | |
| Cu | 1.88E-53 | 1.446 | 87.56 | 115.12 | 226.21 | |
| Fe | 3.07E-55 | 1.445 | 90.52 | 109.86 | 232.99 | |
| Hf | 1.39E-51 | 1.456 | 81.67 | 68.87 | 212.19 | |
| Ir | 1.58E-62 | 1.451 | 88.65 | 102.77 | 229.09 | |
| Mn | 1.77E-52 | 1.447 | 88.43 | 110.86 | 228.01 | |
| Mo | 1.95E-55 | 1.450 | 85.52 | 62.08 | 223.23 | |
| Nb | 2.77E-52 | 1.453 | 82.80 | 64.31 | 215.79 | |
| Ni | 2.31E-53 | 1.444 | 92.22 | 128.20 | 236.66 | |
| Os | 4.25E-66 | 1.450 | 91.74 | 86.31 | 236.58 | |
| Pd | 4.57E-52 | 1.451 | 87.98 | 118.12 | 226.82 | |
| Pt | 2.07E-55 | 1.452 | 88.96 | 121.06 | 229.68 | |
| Re | 1.90E-66 | 1.449 | 88.00 | 66.57 | 228.02 | |
| Rh | 5.49E-57 | 1.450 | 86.10 | 107.33 | 223.08 | |
| Ru | 2.53E-59 | 1.449 | 91.78 | 91.12 | 236.18 | |
| Sc | 2.88E-34 | 1.454 | 82.39 | 74.82 | 213.94 | |
| Si | 4.62E-51 | 1.444 | 85.79 | 112.50 | 222.85 | |
| Ta | 9.51E-53 | 1.453 | 83.10 | 71.44 | 216.82 | |
| Tc | 1.06E-60 | 1.449 | 89.72 | 71.08 | 231.67 | |
| Ti | 3.63E-54 | 1.449 | 86.42 | 83.08 | 223.79 | |
| V | 2.08E-54 | 1.446 | 87.41 | 81.33 | 226.56 | |
| W | 4.16E-59 | 1.450 | 85.93 | 66.54 | 223.45 | |
| Y | 3.32E-17 | 1.463 | 73.79 | 48.26 | 193.31 | |
| Zn | 4.81E-54 | 1.447 | 82.89 | 111.69 | 215.57 | |
| Zr | 3.85E-30 | 1.458 | 79.99 | 60.31 | 208.69 | |
| 600 K | Al | 1.38E-29 | 1.447 | 82.19 | 105.85 | 212.01 |
| Co | 1.33E-31 | 1.444 | 87.82 | 109.79 | 225.37 | |
| Cr | 3.32E-31 | 1.445 | 84.98 | 99.05 | 218.59 | |
| Cu | 3.31E-29 | 1.446 | 83.60 | 111.26 | 215.20 | |
| Fe | 1.96E-30 | 1.445 | 86.80 | 106.45 | 222.45 | |
| Hf | 1.41E-28 | 1.456 | 78.26 | 66.57 | 202.18 | |
| Ir | 4.50E-34 | 1.451 | 83.34 | 99.59 | 214.86 | |
| Mn | 5.01E-29 | 1.447 | 84.36 | 107.40 | 216.68 | |
| Mo | 1.37E-30 | 1.450 | 80.99 | 60.20 | 211.41 | |
| Nb | 6.70E-29 | 1.453 | 79.30 | 62.37 | 205.87 | |
| Ni | 2.41E-29 | 1.444 | 87.91 | 124.22 | 224.72 | |
| Os | 6.77E-36 | 1.450 | 87.40 | 84.31 | 224.67 | |
| Pd | 1.07E-28 | 1.451 | 84.22 | 114.17 | 216.33 | |
| Pt | 1.84E-30 | 1.452 | 85.39 | 117.22 | 219.57 | |
| Re | 3.94E-36 | 1.449 | 83.80 | 64.89 | 216.37 | |
| Rh | 3.07E-31 | 1.450 | 83.93 | 103.97 | 216.39 | |
| Ru | 1.94E-32 | 1.449 | 87.03 | 88.40 | 223.30 | |
| Sc | 6.37E-20 | 1.454 | 78.82 | 71.85 | 204.08 | |
| Si | 2.62E-28 | 1.444 | 81.42 | 109.21 | 210.97 | |
| Ta | 3.99E-29 | 1.453 | 79.53 | 69.48 | 206.83 | |
| Tc | 3.57E-33 | 1.449 | 86.31 | 69.43 | 222.09 | |
| Ti | 1.21E-29 | 1.449 | 82.19 | 80.49 | 212.04 | |
| V | 7.98E-30 | 1.446 | 83.32 | 78.74 | 215.37 | |
| W | 1.71E-32 | 1.450 | 81.49 | 64.59 | 211.30 | |
| Y | 6.40E-12 | 1.463 | 70.09 | 45.49 | 183.50 | |
| Zn | 1.83E-29 | 1.447 | 79.26 | 107.92 | 205.41 | |
| Zr | 4.14E-18 | 1.458 | 76.41 | 58.12 | 198.75 | |
| 900 K | Al | 2.67E-21 | 1.460 | 78.09 | 102.02 | 200.54 |
| Co | 7.79E-23 | 1.458 | 83.25 | 105.42 | 212.92 | |
| Cr | 1.89E-22 | 1.460 | 80.55 | 97.81 | 206.30 | |
| Cu | 4.51E-21 | 1.459 | 79.40 | 106.78 | 203.60 | |
| Fe | 4.33E-22 | 1.459 | 82.79 | 102.51 | 211.17 | |
| Hf | 8.77E-21 | 1.469 | 74.45 | 63.95 | 191.38 | |
| Ir | 1.66E-24 | 1.464 | 78.43 | 95.93 | 201.56 | |
| Mn | 5.74E-21 | 1.460 | 79.93 | 103.39 | 204.32 | |
| Mo | 3.07E-22 | 1.463 | 76.52 | 58.03 | 199.39 | |
| Nb | 6.79E-21 | 1.467 | 75.43 | 60.16 | 194.99 | |
| Ni | 3.22E-21 | 1.458 | 83.41 | 119.62 | 212.43 | |
| Os | 9.62E-26 | 1.463 | 82.95 | 82.03 | 212.40 | |
| Pd | 7.51E-21 | 1.465 | 79.97 | 109.58 | 204.59 | |
| Pt | 4.64E-22 | 1.466 | 81.46 | 112.80 | 208.51 | |
| Re | 5.92E-26 | 1.462 | 79.64 | 62.96 | 204.68 | |
| Rh | 1.42E-22 | 1.463 | 81.32 | 100.08 | 208.54 | |
| Ru | 2.22E-23 | 1.463 | 81.84 | 85.28 | 209.27 | |
| Sc | 4.65E-15 | 1.468 | 74.85 | 68.41 | 193.15 | |
| Si | 1.26E-20 | 1.457 | 76.93 | 105.37 | 198.72 | |
| Ta | 4.89E-21 | 1.466 | 75.68 | 67.26 | 196.07 | |
| Tc | 6.45E-24 | 1.462 | 82.58 | 67.54 | 211.61 | |
| Ti | 2.79E-21 | 1.462 | 77.66 | 77.53 | 199.55 | |
| V | 1.24E-21 | 1.459 | 78.93 | 75.74 | 203.30 | |
| W | 1.49E-23 | 1.464 | 76.80 | 62.35 | 198.49 | |
| Y | 4.36E-10 | 1.478 | 66.07 | 42.28 | 172.76 | |
| Zn | 3.26E-21 | 1.461 | 75.37 | 103.55 | 194.51 | |
| Zr | 4.78E-14 | 1.471 | 72.51 | 55.63 | 187.98 | |
| 1200 K | Al | 4.01E-17 | 1.468 | 74.05 | 97.66 | 189.12 |
| Co | 2.05E-18 | 1.466 | 78.64 | 100.44 | 200.17 | |
| Cr | 5.03E-18 | 1.470 | 76.36 | 96.40 | 194.54 | |
| Cu | 5.27E-17 | 1.468 | 75.12 | 101.67 | 191.82 | |
| Fe | 7.06E-18 | 1.467 | 78.58 | 98.03 | 199.37 | |
| Hf | 9.46E-17 | 1.477 | 70.28 | 61.02 | 179.94 | |
| Ir | 1.10E-19 | 1.471 | 74.09 | 91.80 | 189.59 | |
| Mn | 7.72E-17 | 1.468 | 75.17 | 98.83 | 191.02 | |
| Mo | 4.93E-18 | 1.471 | 72.16 | 55.60 | 187.20 | |
| Nb | 8.84E-17 | 1.474 | 71.15 | 57.67 | 183.10 | |
| Ni | 4.34E-17 | 1.466 | 78.73 | 114.40 | 199.93 | |
| Os | 1.26E-20 | 1.470 | 78.41 | 79.44 | 199.88 | |
| Pd | 6.43E-17 | 1.473 | 75.37 | 104.38 | 191.91 | |
| Pt | 8.07E-18 | 1.474 | 77.26 | 107.78 | 196.80 | |
| Re | 7.78E-21 | 1.470 | 75.64 | 60.79 | 193.23 | |
| Rh | 3.33E-18 | 1.471 | 78.20 | 95.68 | 199.36 | |
| Ru | 8.41E-19 | 1.470 | 76.45 | 81.76 | 194.62 | |
| Sc | 1.36E-12 | 1.476 | 70.61 | 64.51 | 181.48 | |
| Si | 9.78E-17 | 1.466 | 72.58 | 100.97 | 186.70 | |
| Ta | 5.90E-17 | 1.474 | 71.48 | 64.76 | 184.44 | |
| Tc | 2.99E-19 | 1.470 | 78.58 | 65.42 | 200.36 | |
| Ti | 4.45E-17 | 1.470 | 73.13 | 74.19 | 187.08 | |
| V | 1.56E-17 | 1.467 | 74.28 | 72.34 | 190.53 | |
| W | 4.69E-19 | 1.471 | 71.97 | 59.83 | 185.29 | |
| Y | 3.88E-09 | 1.486 | 61.73 | 38.61 | 161.06 | |
| Zn | 4.66E-17 | 1.469 | 71.46 | 98.56 | 183.42 | |
| Zr | 5.46E-12 | 1.479 | 68.31 | 52.84 | 176.45 |
Acknowledgements
This work was funded partially by the Office of Naval Research (ONR) under contract no. N0014-07-1-0638 and no. N00014-17-1-2567 and partially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China with Grant No. 51429101. First-principles calculations were carried out partially on the LION clusters supported by the Materials Simulation Center and the Research Computing and Cyber infrastructure unit at the Pennsylvania State University, partially on the resources of NERSC supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. DOE under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231, and partially on the resources of XSEDE supported by National Science Foundation with Grant ACI-1053575. 51429101.
Footnotes
Supplementary data associated with this article can be found in the online version at 10.1016/j.dib.2018.08.144.
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