Abstract
Background: Adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (A-FABP) is a cardiometabolic predictor of cardiovascular (CV) disease in humans. We evaluated the association between serum A-FABP levels and future CV events in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD).
Methods: A total of 106 CAD patients were enrolled in this study between January and December 2012 and were followed-up until June 30, 2017. The primary endpoint was the incidence of major adverse CV events.
Results: During a median follow-up period of 53 months, 44 CV events occurred. Patients with CV events presented higher systolic blood pressure (p = 0.020), total serum cholesterol (p = 0.047), and serum A-FABP levels (p < 0.001) compared with patients without CV events. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the cumulative incidence of CV events in the high A-FABP group (median A-FABP concentration of >17.63 ng/mL) was higher than that in the low A-FABP group (log-rank p < 0.001). Multivariate Cox analysis showed that triglycerides (hazard ratio (HR): 1.008, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.001-1.016, p = 0.026) and serum A-FABP levels (HR: 1.027, 95% CI: 1.009-1.047, p = 0.004) were independently associated with CV events.
Conclusion: Serum A-FABP level is a biomarker for future CV events in patients with CAD. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm the mechanisms underlying this association.
Keywords: Serum adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein, cardiovascular events, coronary artery disease patients
Introduction
Although the treatment of coronary artery disease (CAD) has undergone significant improvements, cardiovascular (CV) events remain one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the world 1. Risk factors for CAD include hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), smoking, dyslipidemia, and obesity 2, 3, which constitutes the most common risk factor for metabolic syndrome 3, 4. Metabolic syndrome—a vital risk factor for CV disease—is independently associated with CAD 5.
Adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (A-FABP) is abundantly found in mature adipocytes, activated macrophages, and dendritic cells 6, 7. It belongs to a superfamily of small molecular weight lipid chaperones involved in lipid metabolism and metabolic and inflammatory responses and can accelerate CV disease 8. A-FABP also contributes to atherosclerosis by increasing the formation of unstable carotid plaques 8, 9, and its inhibition has been shown to exert a protective effect against hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia, and a particularly strong protective effect against both early- and advanced-stage atherosclerosis 4, 10. Since CAD patients with metabolic syndrome show an increased risk of CV morbidity, we investigated the association between the levels of serum A-FABP and future major adverse CV events in patients with CAD.
Materials and methods
Participants
This study was approved by the Protection of the Human Subjects Institutional Review Board of Tzu Chi University and Hospital. Prior to the study, all participants provided a written informed consent. Study participants were recruited from the CV outpatient department of the Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan, and the inclusion criterion was that they had CAD history. CAD was defined as >50% stenosis in any segment, detected by coronary angiography, which was evaluated from the medical record. Exclusion criteria included acute infection, malignancy, acute heart failure at the time of blood sampling, or refusal to provide informed consent for the study. A total of 106 CAD participants were enrolled between January and December 2012. In the morning, following a resting period of at least 10 min, all patients had the blood pressure measured by trained staff using standard mercury sphygmomanometers with appropriate cuff sizes. Systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) were measured thrice at 5 min intervals, and the results were averaged for analysis. A level of SBP ≥ 140 mmHg and/or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg resulted in a hypertension diagnosis. Additionally, patients treated with antihypertensive drugs in the past 2 weeks were also diagnosed as hypertensive, according to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8) guideline. Patients were diagnosed with DM if their fasting plasma glucose was either ≥126 mg/dL or if they were using oral hypoglycemic medications or insulin 11. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was defined using the International Diabetes Federation definition.
Anthropometric evaluation
All patients had their body weight and height measured while wearing light clothing and no shoes. Measurements were rounded up to the nearest 0.5 kg and 0.5 cm, respectively. Waist circumference was measured at the midpoint between the lowest ribs and the iliac crest while the patient stood with the hands on the hips. The body mass index (BMI) was calculated using the Quetelet's formula by dividing the weight (kg) by the squared height (m2) 5, 12-14.
Biochemical analyses
After an 8 h overnight fast, 5 mL blood samples were collected and immediately centrifuged at 3000 g for 10 min. Serum levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, fasting glucose, total cholesterol (TCH), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were determined using an autoanalyzer (COBAS Integra 800, Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland) 5, 12-14. Serum A-FABP levels (SPI-BIO, Montigny le Bretonneux, France) were determined using a commercially available enzyme immunoassay (EIA) 5, 12-14. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated through the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation.
Data collection and endpoint definition
The primary endpoint was the incidence of major adverse CV events, including death from cardiovascular causes, cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction, stroke, nonfatal stroke or other arterial thrombotic events, and hospitalization due to cardiovascular conditions such as unstable or progressive angina or heart failure. The follow-up period (in months) was estimated based on the last hospital outpatient or inpatient record or telephone interview before June 30, 2017, whereas the event time (in months) corresponded to the time until occurrence of the first major adverse CV event. The follow-up was performed by a study nurse who was unaware of the baseline measurements of the participants and the study protocol.
Statistical analysis
All statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 19.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The distribution pattern of the variables was checked using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Normally distributed variables were expressed as means ± standard deviation and comparisons between patients were performed using the Student's independent t-test (two-tailed). Non-normally distributed variables were expressed as medians and interquartile ranges, and comparisons between patients were performed using the Mann-Whitney U test (TG, fasting glucose, BUN, creatinine, and A-FABP). Categorical data were analyzed using the Chi-square test. The event-free survival during the follow-up period based on the median A-FABP levels was estimated using Kaplan-Meier survival curves with a log-rank test. The factors associated with CV events were determined using univariate and multivariate Cox regression models, including all covariates. Because TG, fasting glucose, BUN, creatinine, and A-FABP levels were not normally distributed, they underwent base 10 logarithmic transformations to achieve normality. Clinical variables that correlated with serum A-FABP levels in patients with CAD were evaluated using univariate linear regression analysis and multivariate forward stepwise regression analysis. A level of p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
The clinical characteristics of the 106 CAD patients are presented in Table 1. Fifty-one patients (48.1%) had DM and 84 (79.2%) had hypertension. The high A-FABP group (median A-FABP level of >17.63 ng/mL) had higher waist circumference (p = 0.017), serum TG, and creatinine levels (p = 0.006 and p = 0.013, respectively) and a lower eGFR (p = 0.019) than the low A-FABP group. CAD patients who had metabolic syndrome had significantly higher serum A-FABP levels than the levels of those without metabolic syndrome (p = 0.018).
Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the 106 coronary artery disease patients according to serum adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein levels.
| Variables | All participants (n = 106) | Low A-FABP group (n = 53) | High A-FABP group (n = 53) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 65.66 ± 8.68 | 66.11 ± 8.32 | 65.21 ± 9.08 | 0.594 |
| Height (cm) | 161.80 ± 7.42 | 161.94 ± 7.44 | 161.66 ± 7.46 | 0.845 |
| Body weight (kg) | 68.39 ± 11.95 | 66.87 ± 11.69 | 69.92 ± 12.13 | 0.190 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 92.83 ± 9.87 | 90.55 ± 9.84 | 95.11 ± 9.45 | 0.017* |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.00 ± 3.36 | 25.42 ± 3.59 | 26.59 ± 3.02 | 0.074 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 131.57 ± 18.38 | 128.13 ± 15.36 | 135.00 ± 20.55 | 0.054 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 72.08 ± 9.81 | 71.70 ± 8.86 | 72.45 ± 10.75 | 0.694 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 163.35 ± 32.78 | 159.72 ± 31.15 | 166.98 ± 34.25 | 0.256 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 120.00 (89.75-162.50) | 105.00 (77.50-149.00) | 140.00 (94.50-197.00) | 0.006* |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 44.80 ± 12.10 | 46.08 ± 13.51 | 43.53 ± 10.47 | 0.281 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 94.67 ± 25.97 | 92.06 ± 25.82 | 97.28 ± 26.10 | 0.302 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 111.00 (95.75-139.75) | 106.00 (93.50-140.50) | 111.00 (97.50-147.00) | 0.340 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 16.00 (13.00-19.00) | 16.00 (13.00-18.00) | 16.00 (13.00-20.00) | 0.434 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.10 (0.90-1.30) | 1.00 (0.80-1.20) | 1.10 (0.90-1.45) | 0.013* |
| eGFR (mL/min) | 68.67 ± 19.375 | 73.04 ± 17.02 | 64.30 ± 20.71 | 0.019* |
| A-FABP (ng/mL) | 17.63 (10.74-27.28) | 10.89 (8.40-16.43) | 26.44 (21.84-38.12) | < 0.001* |
| Female (%) | 24 (22.6) | 12 (22.6) | 12 (22.6) | 1.000 |
| Diabetes (%) | 51 (48.1) | 23 (43.4) | 28 (52.8) | 0.331 |
| Hypertension (%) | 84 (79.2) | 39 (73.6) | 45 (84.9) | 0.151 |
| Metabolic syndrome (%) | 62 (58.5) | 25 (47.2) | 37 (69.8) | 0.018* |
Normally distributed continuous variables are expressed as means ± standard deviation and compared by Student's t-test; Non-normally distributed continuous variables are expressed as medians and interquartile range and compared by Mann-Whitney U test; Categorical variables are expressed as number (%) and were analyzed using the chi-square test.
HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; A-FABP, adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein.
*p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
The median follow-up period was 53 months, during which 44 major adverse CV events occurred. CAD patients undergoing major adverse CV events presented higher SBP (p = 0.020) and serum TCH and A-FABP levels (p = 0.047, p < 0.001, respectively) compared with those who did not experience major adverse CV events. No significant differences were found between groups concerning the patients' sex and comorbidity with DM or hypertension (Table 2).
Table 2.
Clinical characteristics of the 106 coronary artery disease patients with or without cardiovascular events.
| Variables | Participants without cardiovascular events (n = 62) | Participants with cardiovascular events (n = 44) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 66.19 ± 8.67 | 64.91 ± 8.74 | 0.455 |
| Height (cm) | 161.95 ± 7.47 | 161.59 ± 7.42 | 0.806 |
| Body weight (kg) | 68.13 ± 12.10 | 68.76 ± 11.87 | 0.789 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 92.79 ± 9.80 | 92.89 ± 10.09 | 0.961 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.86 ± 3.47 | 26.21 ± 3.22 | 0.595 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 128.10 ± 16.23 | 136.45 ± 20.24 | 0.020* |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 70.98 ± 10.52 | 73.61 ± 8.60 | 0.175 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 158.03 ± 27.80 | 170.84 ± 37.82 | 0.047* |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 108.00 (88.75-151.25) | 135.50 (91.25-194.50) | 0.116 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 44.05 ± 10.71 | 45.86 ± 13.88 | 0.449 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 91.63 ± 24.10 | 98.95 ± 28.11 | 0.153 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 109.00 (95.75-132.25) | 111.00 (95.50-158.75) | 0.540 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 16.00 (14.00-18.25) | 15.50 (13.00-20.00) | 0.827 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.10 (0.90-1.30) | 1.00 (0.90-1.36) | 0.689 |
| eGFR (mL/min) | 67.62 ± 18.03 | 70.16 ± 21.25 | 0.509 |
| A-FABP (ng/mL) | 14.53 (8.88-21.17) | 25.03 (15.60-38.24) | < 0.001* |
| Female (%) | 11 (20.0) | 10 (23.3) | 0.697 |
| Diabetes (%) | 24 (43.6) | 23 (53.5) | 0.333 |
| Hypertension (%) | 39 (70.9) | 37 (88.6) | 0.075 |
Normally distributed continuous variables are expressed as means ± standard deviation and compared by Student's t-test; Non-normally distributed continuous variables are expressed as medians and interquartile range and compared by Mann-Whitney U test; Categorical variables are expressed as number (%) and were analyzed using the chi-square test.
HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; A-FABP, adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein.
*p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
The Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the cumulative incidence of CV events in the high A-FABP group (median leptin concentration of >17.63 ng/mL) was higher than that in the low A-FABP group (log-rank p < 0.001) (Figure 1). The univariate Cox regression analysis showed that SBP (hazard ratio (HR): 1.018, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.003-1.033, p = 0.018), TCH (HR: 1.009, 95% CI: 1.000-1.019, p = 0.048), TG (HR: 1.003, 95% CI: 1.000-1.005, p = 0.023), and serum A-FABP level (HR: 1.025, 95% CI: 1.014-1.036, p < 0.001) were positively correlated with the occurrence of CV events, whereas the multivariate Cox analysis showed that TG (HR: 1.008, 95% CI: 1.001-1.016, p = 0.026) and serum A-FABP level (HR: 1.027, 95% CI: 1.009-1.047, p = 0.004) were independently associated with the occurrence of CV events (Table 3).
Figure 1.
Kaplan-Meier analysis according to adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein level for cardiovascular events in coronary artery disease.
Table 3.
Cox regression of univariate and multivariate significant predictors of cardiovascular events among the 106 patients with coronary artery disease.
| Variables | Univariate | Multivariate | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | p value | Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | p value | ||
| Age (years) | 0.990 (0.956-1.025) | 0.560 | - | - | |
| Height (cm) | 0.999 (0.960-1.039) | 0.948 | - | - | |
| Body weight (kg) | 1.003 (0.978-1.028) | 0.820 | - | - | |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 1.001 (0.972-1.032) | 0.937 | - | - | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 1.016 (0.930-1.110) | 0.722 | - | - | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 1.018 (1.003-1.033) | 0.018* | - | - | |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 1.022 (0.992-1.053) | 0.157 | - | - | |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 1.009 (1.000-1.019) | 0.048* | - | - | |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 1.003 (1.000-1.005) | 0.023* | 1.008 (1.001-1.016) | 0.026* | |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 1.009 (0.985-1.035) | 0.455 | - | - | |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 1.008 (0.996-1.020) | 0.178 | - | - | |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 1.002 (0.997-1.007) | 0.524 | - | - | |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 0.995 (0.946-1.045) | 0.828 | - | - | |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.101 (0.442-2.747) | 0.836 | - | - | |
| Glomerular filtration rate (mL/min) | 1.005 (0.989-1.022) | 0.537 | - | - | |
| A-FABP (ng/mL) | 1.025 (1.014-1.036) | < 0.001* | 1.027 (1.009-1.047) | 0.004* | |
| Female (%) | 1.014 (0.501-2.053) | 0.969 | - | - | |
| Diabetes (%) | 1.561 (0.859-2.839) | 0.141 | - | - | |
| Hypertension (%) | 1.851 (0.782-4.382) | 0.155 | - | - | |
Univariate and multivariate Cox regression models were calculated to examine factors associated with cardiovascular events.
HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; CI, confidence interval.
*p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
The univariate linear analysis revealed that waist circumference (r = 0.206, p = 0.034), systolic blood pressure (r = 0.226, p = 0.020), logarithmically transformed triglyceride (log-TG, r = 0.312, p = 0.001), and log-creatinine (r = 0.244, p = 0.012) positively correlated, whereas eGFR (r = -0.226, p = 0.020) negatively correlated with serum log-A-FABP levels in patients with CAD. Multivariate forward stepwise linear regression analysis revealed that log-TG (adjusted R2 change = 0.088; p = 0.001) and log-creatinine (adjusted R2 change = 0.032; p = 0.032) positively correlated with serum log-A-FABP levels in patients with CAD (Table 4).
Table 4.
Correlation between serum adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein levels and clinical variables among 106 coronary artery disease patients.
| Variables | Log-A-FABP (ng/mL) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate | Multivariate | |||||
| r | p value | Beta | Adjusted R2 change | p value | ||
| Age (years) | 0.026 | 0.794 | - | - | - | |
| Height (cm) | -0.116 | 0.236 | - | - | - | |
| Body weight (kg) | 0.055 | 0.578 | - | - | - | |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 0.206 | 0.034* | - | - | - | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 0.143 | 0.144 | - | - | - | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 0.226 | 0.020* | - | - | - | |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 0.077 | 0.431 | - | - | - | |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 0.087 | 0.374 | - | - | - | |
| Log-Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 0.312 | 0.001* | 0.281 | 0.088 | 0.001* | |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | -0.148 | 0.129 | - | - | - | |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 0.039 | 0.689 | - | - | - | |
| Log-Glucose (mg/dL) | 0.100 | 0.307 | - | - | - | |
| Log-BUN (mg/dL) | 0.073 | 0.456 | - | - | - | |
| Log-Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.244 | 0.012* | 0.201 | 0.032 | 0.032* | |
| eGFR (mL/min) | -0.226 | 0.020* | - | - | - | |
Data of triglyceride, fasting glucose, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and A-FABP levels showed skewed distribution, and therefore were log-transformed before analysis.
A-FABP, adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; BUN, blood urea nitrogen.
*p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Discussion
This study showed that, among CAD patients, those who experience major CV events present higher fasting serum A-FABP levels than those who do not. Furthermore, serum TG and A-FABP level were independent predictors of CV events in patients with CAD.
A-FABP, also known as FABP4, is one of the most abundant components in mature adipocytes and belongs to a family of intracellular lipid chaperones 15. It plays an important role in lipid oxidation and insulin sensitivity regulation. Several studies in mice report that A-FABP deficiency protects against hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia 16, and clinical studies show that serum A-FABP level is positively associated with the occurrence of metabolic syndrome 3, 10, 13, 17. Both waist circumference and TG level are important risk factors for metabolic syndrome. In our study, the patients with higher serum A-FABP levels presented a higher waist circumference and serum TG level. Both critically ill sepsis patients and type 2 DM patients show a positive correlation between serum A-FABP concentration and serum creatinine 13, 17, and type 2 DM patients show a negative correlation between serum A-FABP and eGFR 17, 18. Our results also showed that CAD patients who had metabolic syndrome had significantly higher serum A-FABP levels than the levels of those without metabolic syndrome and A-FABP levels were correlated positively with serum creatinine and negatively with eGFR.
CAD begins with atherosclerosis—an inflammatory process of the arteries' intima—and progresses into the narrowing of the coronary arteries' lumen 19. The formation of an intraluminal coronary thrombus leads to symptomatic coronary occlusion and plaque rupture may cause fatal thrombotic events 20. Elevated levels of TG or TG-rich lipoproteins and their remnants are increased risk factors for future CV events 21. Possible mechanisms for this association include the production of proinflammatory mediators, such as free fatty acids and monoacylglycerols 22. Our present findings also revealed that patients who developed a new CV event had significantly higher serum TG levels than those who did not. A-FABP is expressed in macrophages, and it induces foam cell formation as well as inflammatory responses via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, IκB kinase and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases, and activator protein-1 pathways 23, 24. A-FABP influences inflammation and T-cell priming, and as a result, the carotid intima-media increases and the atherosclerotic plaque is formed 9. In the epicardial adipose tissue, A-FABP promotes heart dysfunction by exerting a paracrine effect on cardiomyocytes, leading to a consequent heart remodeling and heart failure 25. It also contributes to the development of neointima formation in the vascular endothelial cells, following vascular injury 26. In vitro studies showed that A-FABP directly suppresses heart contraction in isolated adult rat cardiomyocytes 27. Both clinical and experimental studies have reported a correlation between A-FABP and the occurrence of left ventricular hypertrophy and left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction 10, 28. Clinical studies also revealed that serum A-FABP concentration is an outcome predictor of mortality in critically ill patients with sepsis, CV events in patients with stable angina undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention, and prognostic biomarker in patients with acute ischemic stroke 29-31. Our study demonstrates that CAD patients with higher A-FABP had increased risk of CV events, after adjusting for other variables.
The present study had some limitations. First, this was a cross-sectional study, and further long-term prospective studies are needed to confirm the cause-effect relationship between the serum A-FABP level and the incidence of CV events in CAD patients. Second, we used MACE to represent a group of diseases including CV diseases, thrombotic events, and cerebral vascular diseases. Further studies are necessary to analyze the causes of each disease and their incidence proportion. Third, in this study, medical interventions were not considered. Therefore, it cannot be excluded that some treatments or medications could have affected the incidence of CV events or influenced serum A-FABP levels 32, 33. Further studies should be performed to confirm the relationship between A-FABP levels and CV outcome in CAD patients and to work on the prevention of CV diseases via this potential therapeutic target.
In conclusion, the present study showed that, in CAD patients, serum A-FABP levels are positively correlated with TG, waist circumference, and serum creatinine, and negatively correlated with eGFR. In addition, the serum A-FABP level is an important pathophysiological biomarker to future CV events in CAD patients.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by grants from Tzu Chi Hospital (TCRD 101-03) in Taiwan.
Abbreviations
- CV
cardiovascular
- CAD
coronary artery disease
- A-FABP
adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein
- DM
diabetes mellitus
- SBP
systolic blood pressure
- DBP
diastolic blood pressure
- BMI
body mass index
- BUN
blood urea nitrogen
- TCH
total cholesterol
- TG
triglycerides
- HDL-C
high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- LDL
and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- eGFR
estimated glomerular filtration rate
- CKD-EPI
chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration
- HR
hazard ratio
- CI
confidence interval.
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