Use of bone-modifying agents among breast cancer patients with bone metastasis: evidence from oncology practices in the US

Abstract

Purpose

Bone-modifying agents (BMAs) are recommended for women with bone metastasis from breast cancer to prevent skeletal-related events. We examined the usage patterns and identified the factors associated with the use of BMAs (denosumab and intravenous bisphosphonates) among women in the US.

Patients and methods

Electronic health records from oncology clinics were used to identify women diagnosed with bone metastasis from breast cancer between 2013 and 2014. Patients were excluded if they had recently used a BMA or had concurrent cancer at an additional primary site. The incidence of BMA initiation, interruption, and reinitiation were estimated using competing risk regression models. A generalized linear model was used to estimate risk factors for treatment initiation and interruption.

Results

There were 589 women diagnosed with bone metastasis from breast cancer. By 1 year, 68% of these patients (95% CI: 64%, 71%) had initiated treatment with a BMA. Denosumab and zoledronic acid were the most commonly used agents, whereas pamidronate was used infrequently. Young women were more likely to initiate a BMA than older women (adjusted risk difference: 6.4 [95% CI: 1.5, 10.9]). Of the 412 patients who initiated a BMA, 46% (95% CI: 41%, 51%) experienced an interruption within 1 year. Seventy-four percent (95% CI: 68%, 79%) of patients who interrupted their treatment had reinitiated therapy within 1 year of interruption.

Conclusion

The majority of women diagnosed with bone metastasis from breast cancer initiate a BMA within 1 year of diagnosis, but a large proportion, particularly among the elderly, do not use these therapies.

Introduction

Each year, there are approximately 266,000 new cases of female breast cancer in the US.¹ The bone is the most common site of distant metastasis for women with breast cancer.² Depending on the study and the time period evaluated,³ approximately 15% of new breast cancer patients (40,000 cases) are expected to develop bone metastases during the course of their disease.^4,5 Not only is this typically a sign of the incurable nature of the underlying disease, but metastatic bone disease is also associated with serious skeletal complications. These are collectively referred to as skeletal-related events (SREs) and include severe bone pain (often requiring radiation), pathological fractures, bone instability requiring surgery, and spinal cord compression.⁶ SREs are associated with severe pain,⁷ elevated mortality risk,⁸ and increased health care costs.⁹ Nearly 40% of patients with bone metastases from breast cancer experience an SRE within 1 year of developing bone metastasis.¹⁰

Three therapies are currently approved in the US for the prevention of SREs in breast cancer patients with bone metastases. Pamidronate, a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate (approved in 1991), is administered intravenously over a 2-hour period every 3–4 weeks.¹¹ Zoledronic acid, a bisphosphonate (approved in 2001), is administered intravenously over a 15-minute infusion every 3–4 weeks.¹² Denosumab, a monoclonal antibody with affinity for the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa ligand (approved in 2010), is administered subcutaneously every 4 weeks.¹³ These agents can reduce the risk of occurrence of SREs, and thereby improve the quality of life and functional independence.^14–17 Oral bisphosphonates are not currently recommended to prevent SREs in this population.

Current clinical guidelines recommend bone-modifying agents (BMAs) for breast cancer patients with bone metastases,^18,19 but little is known about how often these therapies are used in routine care in the US. We examined real-world data from electronic health records (EHRs) supplemented with important unstructured, clinical data abstracted through medical chart review to measure the initiation, interruption, and reinitiation of three BMAs among women with bone metastasis from breast cancer. We also examined the factors associated with initiation and treatment interruption.

Materials and methods

Data source

We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the Flatiron Health Analytic Database. While these data are not freely available, they may be purchased and used by researchers after all necessary data use agreements are executed. The database incorporates information from 255 cancer clinics (at community-based practices and two academic centers) and 2,330 clinicians across the US, and includes more than 1.3 million active cancer patients. Flatiron provides rich, real-world clinical data generated from the EHR systems routinely used by cancer care providers.²⁰ The EHR captures longitudinal information on clinical diagnoses, medication administrations (including dose), laboratory results, and biomarkers. The data include both structured (ie, drop-down fields in the EHR that capture a patient’s sex or date of birth) and unstructured data (ie, free text from a physician’s note or laboratory report). Flatiron uses validated, technology-enabled chart abstraction²¹ followed by a manual review of unstructured data elements. In this study, the diagnoses of bone metastasis and SREs were validated using the unstructured data.

Study design

We identified a cohort of adult women with breast cancer (ICD-9 174.x, 175.x or ICD-10 C50.xx) who had a bone metastasis documented within 10 years after the breast cancer diagnosis and within the time period January 1, 2013 through December 31, 2014. A clinic visit was required in the period from 180 days before to 30 days after the date of diagnosis of the bone metastasis to ensure active enrollment in the Flatiron EHR data system. Patients were excluded if they had received denosumab, pamidronate, or zoledronic acid in the 6-month period before the diagnosis of bone metastasis or if they had an additional non-melanoma cancer at a primary site in the 12-month period prior to the diagnosis of bone metastasis.

We created three nested cohorts of patients to examine the cumulative incidence of BMA initiation, interruption, and reinitiation. First, initiation was evaluated among all breast cancer patients with bone metastasis, and was defined as a first administration of denosumab, zoledronic acid, or pamidronate. The index date (ie, when follow-up began) was 30 days after the date of bone metastasis diagnosis to allow for the assessment of the inclusion criterion requiring activity in Flatiron. Second, the interruption of a BMA was evaluated among all patients who initiated a BMA, and was defined as any 45-day interval that included a health care encounter but did not include the intravenous or subcutaneous administration of a BMA. A 45-day interval was chosen to capture the recommended administration time window for BMAs (once per 28 days) plus a short grace period. The index date was the date of BMA initiation. The date of interruption was imputed as the date of the last BMA administration plus 45 days. Third, treatment reinitiation was evaluated among all patients who had experienced a treatment interruption. This was defined as the first BMA administration following an interruption. The index date was the imputed date of interruption.

For all analyses, patients were followed until the earliest of the following events: the outcome of interest (initiation, interruption, reinitiation), end of health care (defined as 90 days without a health care encounter), and death or the end of study (June 30, 2016).

Statistical analysis

We identified covariates using the structured and unstructured data and assessed baseline characteristics prior to the date of bone metastasis. These characteristics were updated at the start of follow-up for each nested cohort. For example, for patients who initiated a BMA and who were followed for a treatment interruption, baseline characteristics were assessed at the date of the BMA initiation. Baseline covariates were defined during the 6-month baseline period or using all available data before the index date to identify chronic comorbidities. Baseline laboratory tests and functional status (measured by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status [ECOG]) were defined in the 60 days before the diagnosis of bone metastasis. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using serum creatinine levels and the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation.²² If there were multiple test results or ECOG measurements during that period, the result closest to the index date was used. Other medications of interest (eg, chemotherapy) were defined during the 30 days prior to the index date. Time-varying covariates were identified: 1) during the 30-day period following the diagnosis of bone metastasis and during each 30-day interval thereafter (for predictors of treatment initiation); and 2) during the 45-day period following treatment initiation and during each 45-day interval thereafter (for predictors of treatment interruption).

We computed descriptive statistics for baseline covariates. The cumulative incidence of initiation, interruption, and reinitiation was calculated using Fine–Gray models that accounted for the competing risk of death.²³ These models were stratified by BMA type and calendar year of bone metastasis diagnosis. To assess the risk factors of initiation and interruption, follow-up was discretized into 30-day intervals for initiation and 45-day intervals for interruption. Treatments, comorbidities, and laboratory results were updated within each interval. If laboratory results were missing in a given interval, the last-observation-carried-forward method was used to impute laboratory information for that interval. We estimated the absolute difference in monthly risk of each outcome using multivariable repeated measures generalized models with an identity link function to estimate risk differences. All measured variables were included in the models. Asymptotically correct 95% CIs were obtained using a nonparametric bootstrap. Predictors of each outcome were drawn from the interval prior to the interval in which the outcome occurred, as well as from all prior intervals and the baseline period. Patients only contributed to a specific risk factor analysis during intervals (30-day or 45-day intervals, depending on the analysis) in which they had a health care encounter. This study was approved by the Chesapeake Institutional Review Board. All statistical analyses were performed using R software, version 3.4.0.²⁴

Results

There were 920 women initially identified in the Flatiron database who were diagnosed with bone metastases from breast cancer for whom a medical chart abstraction was completed. After applying study eligibility criteria, there were 589 women remaining, of whom 45% were 65 years and older, 60% were White, 91% had stage II or higher breast cancer when diagnosed, and 12% had a history of pathological fracture (Table 1). The prevalence of biomarkers was as follows: 83% estrogen receptor-positive, 70% progesterone receptor-positive, 21% human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive, and 10% triple-negative (negative for all three receptors). During follow-up, 412 women initiated treatment with a BMA, and 258 experienced a subsequent treatment interruption after initiation (Table 1). Compared with the overall cohort measured at the diagnosis of bone metastasis, the demographic and biomarker characteristics of patients who initiated and interrupted BMA treatment were similar, although the prevalence of a history of pathologic fracture was higher (21% and 25% at initiation and interruption, respectively), indicating that patients were experiencing SREs during follow-up (Table 1).

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics^a of women with bone metastasis from breast cancer eligible for initiating, interrupting, or reinitiating BMAs

Variable	Women with bone metastases from breast cancer		Subset who initiated BMA treatment		Subset who interrupted BMA treatment
	N	%	N	%	N	%
Total	589	100	412	100	258	100
Year of index date
2013	290	49.2	160	38.8	43	16.7
2014	299	50.8	221	53.6	101	39.1
2015	–	–	29	7.0	98	38.0
2016	–	–	2	0.5	16	6.2
Age (years)
18–39	29	4.9	22	5.3	14	5.4
40–49	79	13.4	52	12.6	34	13.2
50–64	215	36.5	155	37.6	99	38.4
65+	266	45.2	183	44.4	111	43.0
Race
White	356	60.4	261	63.3	166	64.3
Black	60	10.2	34	8.3	24	9.3
Asian	14	2.4	10	2.4	9	3.5
Other	88	14.9	55	13.3	34	13.2
Missing	71	12.1	52	12.6	25	9.7
History of SREs
Pathological fracture	72	12.2	86	20.9	66	25.6
Spinal cord compression	9	1.5	7	1.7	5	1.9
External beam radiation therapy	9	1.5	87	21.1	92	35.7
Bone surgery	19	3.2	24	5.8	24	9.3
Other sites of metastases
Lung	69	11.7	72	17.5	25	9.7
Brain	15	2.5	21	5.1	16	6.2
Distant lymph node	47	8	67	16.3	24	9.3
Prior cancer treatment
Chemotherapy	21	3.6	151	36.7	101	39.1
Colony-stimulating factor	14	2.4	47	11.4	43	16.7
Hormonal therapy	73	12.4	216	52.4	97	37.6
Renal disease	86	14.6	109	26.5	79	30.6
eGFR (mL/min)
<60	32	5.4	34	8.3	21	8.1
≥60	121	20.5	110	26.7	73	28.3
Missing	436	74	268	65.0	164	63.6
ER status
Positive	490	83.2	353	85.7	221	85.7
Negative	93	15.8	58	14.1	37	14.3
Unknown	6	1	1	0.2	0	0.0
PR status
Positive	410	69.6	296	71.8	195	75.6
Negative	167	28.4	110	26.7	60	23.3
Unknown	12	2	6	1.5	3	1.2
HER2 status
Positive	122	20.7	78	18.9	55	21.3
Negative	443	75.2	323	78.4	198	76.7
Unknown/equivocal	24	4.1	11	2.7	5	1.9
Insurance payer
Commercial health insurance plan	137	23.3	102	24.8	69	26.7
Medicaid	18	3.1	12	2.9	8	3.1
Medicare	25	4.2	10	2.4	5	1.9
Missing	132	22.4	89	21.6	40	15.5
Multiple	192	32.6	140	34.0	97	37.6
Other	85	14.4	59	14.3	38	14.7

Notes:

^aBaseline characteristics were measured in the 6-month baseline period or using all available data prior to the index date to identify chronic comorbidities. Baseline characteristics were updated at the start of BMA treatment and on the date of BMA interruption. “−” indicates that there were zero patients in this category.

Abbreviations: BMA, bone-modifying agent; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ER, estrogen receptor; HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; PR, progesterone receptor; SRE, skeletal-related event.

Initiation

Of the 589 women indicated for BMA therapy, the cumulative incidence of treatment initiation after the diagnosis of bone metastasis was 32% (95% CI: 28%, 35%) at 30 days, 64% (95% CI: 60%, 67%) at 180 days, and 68% (95% CI: 64%, 71%) at 1 year (Figure 1A). The usage of denosumab and zoledronic acid was similar; the cumulative incidence at 90 days was 28% for denosumab and 27% for zoledronic acid. However, there was a small difference between the drugs when stratified by calendar year of bone metastasis diagnosis. Zoledronic acid was used more frequently than denosumab in 2013 (1 year incidence: 33% vs 30%), while denosumab was used more frequently in 2014 (1 year incidence: 38% vs 32%; data not shown), indicating a possible shift in treatment patterns over time.

Figure 1.

Cumulative incidence of bone-modifying agent initiation (A), interruption, and reinitiation (B) among patients with bone metastasis from breast cancer in the US, 2013–2016.

Abbreviation: BMA, bone-modifying agent.

Factors that were positively associated with the use of a BMA included young age and white race. Younger patients were more likely to initiate treatment compared to older women (adjusted risk difference [aRD]: 6.4; 95% CI: 1.5, 10.9), and White patients were more likely to initiate treatment compared to Black patients (aRD: 6.5; 95% CI: 2.8, 10.2). Patients with lower functional status (>1 on ECOG assessment), low albumin, HER2-positive status, and metastases to other sites (not including the lung, brain, and lymph nodes) were less likely to initiate treatment (Figure 2A). Additionally, patients with an eGFR <30 mL/min were less likely to start zoledronic acid (aRD: −12.6; 95% CI: −18.3, −7.1) and more likely to initiate denosumab (aRD: 23.9; 95% CI: 12.5, 35.3) compared to patients with higher eGFR values. Patients with Medicaid and Medicare were less likely to initiate treatment with a BMA, particularly with denosumab (Medicare aRD: −23.3; 95% CI: −28.8, −17.4), compared to those with a commercial health insurance plan; although this finding is based on a relatively small sample of patients with Medicare insurance. Finally, women taking hormonal therapy for their cancer treatment were more likely to initiate denosumab (aRD: 7.3; 95% CI: 5.0, 9.4) and less likely to initiate zoledronic acid (aRD: −2.6; 95% CI: −4.5, −0.5).

Figure 2.

Adjusted risk difference estimates per 100 for variables associated with bone-modifying agent initiation (A) and interruption (B).

Note: Each estimate in the model was adjusted for all other variables listed as well as alkaline phosphatase level and serum calcium level.

Abbreviations: ECOG, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ER, estrogen receptor; HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; PR, progesterone receptor; SRE, skeletal-related event.

Interruption and reinitiation

Of the 412 women who initiated a BMA, 46% had a treatment interruption in the first year (95% CI: 41%, 51%) (Figure 1B). The frequencies of interruption of denosumab and zoledronic acid were similar; at 90 days, 19% and 16% of patients taking denosumab and zoledronic acid, respectively, experienced an interruption. Interruption of treatment with either BMA was more likely among patients with low serum albumin and patients with a history of metastasis to other non-bone sites and slightly more likely for patients on chemotherapy (Figure 2B). Only 9.5% of patients experiencing a treatment interruption (N=84) died within 60 days of stopping BMA therapy.

Of the 258 patients who interrupted their BMA therapy, 74% (95% CI: 68%, 79%) reinitiated treatment with the same BMA (Figure 1B), with a median of 18 days (minimum, 1 day; maximum, 402 days) following interruption. The incidence of reinitiation was higher in denosumab patients compared to zoledronic acid patients (80% vs 69% at 1 year, respectively). The number of patients who had a treatment interruption followed by a reinitiation was too small to draw conclusions about the factors associated with reinitiation.

Discussion

Women with breast cancer metastatic to the bone may be candidates for treatment with a BMA for the prevention of SREs. SREs compromise the quality of life, and in some cases, can be fatal. BMAs are used for patients with skeletal metastases alone or with distant metastases at other sites.

In our study of women receiving care at community-based oncology clinics in the US, about one-third of patients with bone metastasis from breast cancer did not receive treatment with a BMA, and there was substantial variation in the timing of initiation for women who did initiate treatment. Among those who started a BMA, about half experienced an interruption by 1 year. However, most patients who experienced a treatment interruption later reinitiated the same type of therapy.

The estimate of BMA initiation in our analysis (68% at 1 year) was similar to a study using administrative health care claims data, which showed that 67% (Medicare) and 58% (commercial health insurance plan) of prevalent breast cancer patients with bone metastasis received a BMA in 2012.²⁵ However, this study focused on prevalent patients rather than incident patients, did not validate bone metastasis, and did not account for censoring. The shift in the type of BMA treatment administered over time was also seen in other solid tumor types, including breast, prostate, and lung. Qian et al²⁶ showed that zoledronic acid was favored in 2012 and 2013, but denosumab was administered more frequently in 2014. The incidence of BMA treatment was lower in our study compared to a large, multicenter cohort study in Germany, where 89% of patients with advanced breast cancer and bone metastasis initiated a BMA. However, a similar distribution between types of drugs was seen; zoledronic acid and denosumab were used almost equally.²⁷ Finally, a study conducted in men with prostate cancer and bone metastasis in routine care in the US showed that BMAs were used at slightly higher rates in this population (77% at 1 year), although incidence of treatment interruption (54% at 1 year) and reinitiation (81% at 1 year) were similar.²⁸

Younger women were more likely to initiate a BMA compared to older women. Older patients likely represent a frailer population with more complex medical regimens and moderate-to-severe comorbidity status. Prior studies have also shown less aggressive treatment patterns for older breast cancer patients.^29–31 Similarly, White women were much more likely to initiate BMAs compared to Black women. A similar pattern was observed in a study examining hormonal therapy.³² However, Black women in our study represented a small proportion of the study population (10%).

Patients who were HER2-positive were less likely to initiate treatment compared to those who were HER2-negative. This finding may reflect that HER2-positive breast cancer is more aggressive, more likely to involve lymph nodes, and more likely to recur, which may require more complex treatment.³³ Therefore, physicians may be disinclined to initiate non-chemotherapy medications used for supportive care in this population in an effort to reduce the complexity of managing the underlying disease. Several studies have shown that patients who are sicker or show evidence of frailty do not receive preventive therapies.^34–36

Patients with Medicaid and Medicare were much less likely to initiate BMAs, particularly denosumab, compared to those with a commercial health insurance plan, although this finding was based on a relatively small sample of patients with Medicare or Medicaid. It is possible that cost could represent a barrier to use, particularly among patients receiving complex and expensive breast cancer treatments.

Renal disease was a common comorbidity in the population at baseline, and its prevalence increased during followup. Patients with an eGFR <30 mL/min were less likely to start zoledronic acid and more likely to initiate denosumab compared to those with higher eGFR values. This finding likely reflects the contraindicated use of zoledronic acid in those with an eGFR <30 mL/min. Although denosumab should also be used with caution in those with renal dysfunction, it is the preferred agent in this population due to the limited evidence of renal toxicity. Renal disease may also be a factor in treatment interruption. While renal disease was not shown to be a predictor of treatment interruption, 31% of patients who had an interruption of any type of BMA treatment had renal disease at some time prior to the interruption.

In this study, we used a 45-day period without treatment to define a treatment interruption; the recommended dosing window for BMAs during the time period of this study was once per 28 days, and we added a short grace period to that dosing schedule. It is possible that dosing patterns could have been influenced by ongoing clinical trials at the time. Specifically, the ZOOM trial³⁷ (conducted in Italy) and the OPTIMIZE-2 trial³⁸ (conducted in the US) both showed that zoledronic acid dosing every 12 weeks was noninferior to dosing every 4 weeks. However, the ZOOM trial was not published until June 2013 and the OPTIMIZE-2 trial was published in 2017. The calendar years of our study (2013–2014) may have been too early to reflect changes in treatment regimens in routine clinical care. Indeed, further examination of dosing regimens among this cohort revealed that very few (<2%) patients initiating denosumab showed evidence of an extended dosing window (ie, Q4 dosing for 6 months followed by Q12 dosing; unpublished data).

Although guidelines recommend the use of denosumab or intravenous bisphosphonates as soon as bone metastases are definitively diagnosed in women with breast cancer, there is limited evidence on the optimal treatment duration.³⁹ This is not something that can be determined from large pivotal trials because the life expectancy of patients with metastatic breast cancer involving the bone may approach or exceed the median length of follow-up in these studies.^40–42 For some women with skeletal metastases from breast cancer, life span can be relatively long, exceeding 5 years in 12.5% of the cases;⁴ thus, these women may be at risk of experiencing a bone complication for several years after their diagnosis of bone metastases. Along with the potential long-term benefits of the drugs, clinicians must also consider the risk of adverse events, including osteonecrosis of the jaw and hypocalcemia. In a recent meta-analysis, denosumab was associated with increased risk of grade 3 or 4 hypocalcemia (relative risk: 1.99; 95% CI: 1.11, 3.54) in comparison to intravenous bisphosphonates, due to denosumab’s powerful antiresorptive effect and reduced risk of renal impairment or toxicity (relative risk: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.61, 0.91) in comparison to intravenous bisphosphonates.⁴⁰ The rates of osteonecrosis of the jaw can be higher for individuals treated with antiresorptives for longer durations.⁴¹ Health care providers should discuss the risks and benefits of BMA therapy with the patients with breast cancer who have metastatic bone disease.

There are several limitations that should be considered when interpreting the results of this study. Our study used EHRs primarily from community-based oncology clinics, and therefore, our results may not be generalizable to other cancer treatment settings because of the limited number of academic centers in the database. Additionally, the EHR systems from oncology centers likely do not fully capture the presence and timing of comorbidities unrelated to cancer care. Indeed, in the present study, the prevalence of chronic comorbidities was substantially lower than what would be expected in this population, and therefore, we were unable to comprehensively assess how these variables relate to BMA treatment initiation or interruption. We were unable to capture detailed clinical information on bone metastasis (eg, number, location) or dental disease or procedures, both of which could be associated with treatment initiation. Furthermore, delays in BMA treatment initiation could be due to ensuring that patients have dental exams, radiographs, and completion of invasive dental procedures prior to starting BMA treatment,^18,43,44 or delays could occur while obtaining insurance approval; however, we were unable to differentiate between these in the data. Finally, although laboratory results and functional status (measured via ECOG assessment) were available in the database, they were missing for a large proportion of the population. For example, 79% of the population did not have ECOG measurements during the initiation baseline period. The amount of missing data in these variables decreased with follow-up. Thus, because we treated these variables as time-dependent, we enhanced capture of this information throughout the follow-up.

In summary, based on the data collected in routine clinical practice in the US, approximately one-third of women with bone metastasis from breast cancer do not initiate BMA therapy. Furthermore, among women who do initiate treatment, duration may be suboptimal. Additional studies to further understand the reasons for these observed trends (eg, preferences of the patient or treating clinician), whether altered dosing guidelines changed treatment patterns in later years, as well as the consequences of remaining untreated or experiencing interruptions in treatment, are warranted.