Table 1.

Mycotoxins in staple grains and seeds.

Mycotoxin	Fungal source(s)	Effects of ingestion for humans	Commodity
Deoxynivalenol/nivalenol	Fusarium graminearum	Human toxicoses e.g. nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, headache, fever	Wheat, maize, barley
	Fusarium crookwellense
	Fusarium culmorum
Zearalenone	F. graminearum	Identified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) [36] as a possible human carcinogen.	Maize, wheat
	F. culmorum
	F. crookwellense
Ochratoxin A	Aspergillus ochraceus	Suspected by IARC as human carcinogen.	Barley, wheat, and many other commodities
	Penicillium verrucosum
Fumonisin B1	Fusarium moniliforme plus several less common species	Suspected by IARC as human carcinogen.	Maize
Aflatoxin B1, B2	Aspergillus flavus	Identified as potent human carcinogens by IARC.	Maize, peanuts, and many other commodities
Aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2	Aspergillus parasiticus		Maize, peanuts

Modified from [37].