Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine logoLink to Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
. 2016 Aug 5;13(4):396–402. doi: 10.1007/s13770-016-9037-x

Effects of uniaxial cyclic stretch loading on morphology of adipose derived stem cells

Mohsen Rabbani 1,4,✉, Mohsen Janmaleki 2, Mohammad Tafazzoli-Shadpour 3, Morteza Teymoori 1, Seyedkamaladdin Rezvaninejad 3
PMCID: PMC6171546  PMID: 30603421

Abstract

Adipose derived stem cells (ADSC) are good candidates for the replacement of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells due to their abundance, multipotency property, and easier accessibility. In order to explore the behavior of these cells in response to mechanical stimulation, in this study we have investigated the effects of uniaxial dynamic mechanical loading on ADSC’s morphology. Stem cells derived from the fat tissue of human and after an overnight culture were seeded on a silicone rubber strips. Afterwards, cells were subjected to a uniaxial dynamic loading in three different groups. Cell images were evaluated considering different morphological parameters. Fractal dimension decreased significantly after loading while in control groups there were a significant increase (p<0.05), approving that cyclic strain would lead to more aligned and organized cells. Cell orientation also increased significantly (p<0.05). Moreover cells’ orientation angle, 24 hour after loading does not change compared to the observations immediately after loading, which attests to the practicality of the cyclic strain in functional tissue engineering. Cell width decreased and cell length increased which led to a significant increase in cell shape index (p<0.05). Results confirmed that uniaxial dynamic loading affects cell morphological parameters comparing their values before and after loading. In addition, the number of cycles are also an important factor since different number of cycles lead to different amounts of certain morphological parameters. Conclusively, cyclic strain can be a practical method in the field of functional tissue engineering.

Key Words: Adipose derived stem cell, Cyclic uniaxial mechanical loading, Cell morphology, Tissue engineering

References

  • 1.Porcellini A. Regenerative medicine: a review. Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter. 2009;31:63–66. doi: 10.1590/S1516-84842009000800017. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 2.Castillo AB, Jacobs CR. Mesenchymal stem cell mechanobiology. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2010;8:98–104. doi: 10.1007/s11914-010-0015-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3.Fraser JK, Wulur I, Alfonso Z, Hedrick MH. Fat tissue: an underappreciated source of stem cells for biotechnology. Trends Biotechnol. 2006;24:150–154. doi: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2006.01.010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4.Kitagawa Y, Kobori M, Toriyama K, Kamei Y, Torii S. History of discovery of human adipose-derived stem cells and their clinical application. Jpn J Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;49:1097–1104. [Google Scholar]
  • 5.Hass R, Kasper C, Böhm S, Jacobs R. Different populations and sources of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC): a comparison of adult and neonatal tissue-derived MSC. Cell Commun Signal. 2011;9:12. doi: 10.1186/1478-811X-9-12. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6.Zannettino AC, Paton S, Arthur A, Khor F, Itescu S, Gimble JM, et al. Multipotential human adipose-derived stromal stem cells exhibit a perivascular phenotype in vitro and in vivo. J Cell Physiol. 2008;214:413–421. doi: 10.1002/jcp.21210. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7.Strem BM, Hicok KC, Zhu M, Wulur I, Alfonso Z, Schreiber RE, et al. Multipotential differentiation of adipose tissue-derived stem cells. Keio J Med. 2005;54:132–141. doi: 10.2302/kjm.54.132. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8.Zuk PA, Zhu M, Ashjian P, De Ugarte DA, Huang JI, Mizuno H, et al. Human adipose tissue is a source of multipotent stem cells. Mol Biol Cell. 2002;13:4279–4295. doi: 10.1091/mbc.E02-02-0105. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9.Fischer LJ, McIlhenny S, Tulenko T, Golesorkhi N, Zhang P, Larson R, et al. Endothelial differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells: effects of endothelial cell growth supplement and shear force. J Surg Res. 2009;152:157–166. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2008.06.029. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10.de Villiers JA, Houreld N, Abrahamse H. Adipose derived stem cells and smooth muscle cells: implications for regenerative medicine. Stem Cell Rev. 2009;5:256–265. doi: 10.1007/s12015-009-9084-y. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11.Davis MJ, Wu X, Nurkiewicz TR, Kawasaki J, Davis GE, Hill MA, et al. Integrins and mechanotransduction of the vascular myogenic response. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2001;280:H1427–H1433. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.2001.280.4.H1427. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12.Tavakolinejad A, Rabbani M, Janmaleki M. Effects of hypergravity on adipose-derived stem cell morphology, mechanical property and proliferation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2015;464:473–479. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.06.160. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 13.Martin D, Zaman A, Hacker J, Mendelow D, Birchall D. Analysis of haemodynamic factors involved in carotid atherosclerosis using computational fluid dynamics. Br J Radiol. 2009;82(1):S33–S38. doi: 10.1259/bjr/59367266. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14.Haudenschild AK, Hsieh AH, Kapila S, Lotz JC. Pressure and distortion regulate human mesenchymal stem cell gene expression. Ann Biomed Eng. 2009;37:492–502. doi: 10.1007/s10439-008-9629-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15.McBeath R, Pirone DM, Nelson CM, Bhadriraju K, Chen CS. Cell shape, cytoskeletal tension, and RhoA regulate stem cell lineage commitment. Dev Cell. 2004;6:483–495. doi: 10.1016/S1534-5807(04)00075-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 16.Ruiz SA, Chen CS. Emergence of patterned stem cell differentiation within multicellular structures. Stem Cells. 2008;26:2921–2927. doi: 10.1634/stemcells.2008-0432. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17.Huang CH, Chen MH, Young TH, Jeng JH, Chen YJ. Interactive effects of mechanical stretching and extracellular matrix proteins on initiating osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. J Cell Biochem. 2009;108:1263–1273. doi: 10.1002/jcb.22356. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 18.Matthews BD, Overby DR, Mannix R, Ingber DE. Cellular adaptation to mechanical stress: role of integrins, Rho, cytoskeletal tension and mechanosensitive ion channels. J Cell Sci. 2006;119:508–518. doi: 10.1242/jcs.02760. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 19.Leong WS, Wu SC, Pal M, Tay CY, Yu H, Li H, et al. Cyclic tensile loading regulates human mesenchymal stem cell differentiation into neuronlike phenotype. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2012;6(3):s68–s79. doi: 10.1002/term.1548. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 20.Sarraf CE, Otto WR, Eastwood M. In vitro mesenchymal stem cell differentiation after mechanical stimulation. Cell Prolif. 2011;44:99–108. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2010.00740.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 21.Gao S, Zhao P, Lin C, Sun Y, Wang Y, Zhou Z, et al. Differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells into neuron-like cells which are compatible with photocurable three-dimensional scaffolds. Tissue Eng Part A. 2014;20:1271–1284. doi: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0773. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 22.Wagner DR, Lindsey DP, Li KW, Tummala P, Chandran SE, Smith RL, et al. Hydrostatic pressure enhances chondrogenic differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cells in osteochondrogenic medium. Ann Biomed Eng. 2008;36:813–820. doi: 10.1007/s10439-008-9448-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 23.Lee WC, Maul TM, Vorp DA, Rubin JP, Marra KG. Effects of uniaxial cyclic strain on adipose-derived stem cell morphology, proliferation, and differentiation. Biomech Model Mechanobiol. 2007;6:265–273. doi: 10.1007/s10237-006-0053-y. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 24.Haghighipour N, Tafazzoli-Shadpour M, Shokrgozar MA, Amini S. Effects of cyclic stretch waveform on endothelial cell morphology using fractal analysis. Artif Organs. 2010;34:481–490. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1594.2010.01003.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 25.Goli-Malekabadi Z, Tafazzoli-Shadpour M, Rabbani M, Janmaleki M. Effect of uniaxial stretch on morphology and cytoskeleton of human mesenchymal stem cells: static vs. dynamic loading. Biomed Tech (Berl) 2011;56:259–265. doi: 10.1515/BMT.2011.109. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 26.Wang JH, Goldschmidt-Clermont P, Wille J, Yin FC. Specificity of endothelial cell reorientation in response to cyclic mechanical stretching. J Biomech. 2001;34:1563–1572. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9290(01)00150-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 27.Wille JJ, Ambrosi CM, Yin FC. Comparison of the effects of cyclic stretching and compression on endothelial cell morphological responses. J Biomech Eng. 2004;126:545–551. doi: 10.1115/1.1798053. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 28.Gimble J, Guilak F. Adipose-derived adult stem cells: isolation, characterization, and differentiation potential. Cytotherapy. 2003;5:362–369. doi: 10.1080/14653240310003026. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 29.Mizuno H, Hyakusoku H. Mesengenic potential and future clinical perspective of human processed lipoaspirate cells. J Nippon Med Sch. 2003;70:300–306. doi: 10.1272/jnms.70.300. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 30.Rasband W. ImageJ (National Institutes of Health). Available from: http://imagej. nih. gov/ij/.
  • 31.Waliszewski P, Konarski J. Tissue as a self-organizing system with fractal dynamics. Adv Space Res. 2001;28:545–548. doi: 10.1016/S0273-1177(01)00383-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 32.Ghazanfari S, Tafazzoli-Shadpour M, Shokrgozar MA. Effects of cyclic stretch on proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells and their differentiation to smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2009;388:601–605. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.08.072. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 33.Wang H, Ip W, Boissy R, Grood ES. Cell orientation response to cyclically deformed substrates: experimental validation of a cell model. J Biomech. 1995;28:1543–1552. doi: 10.1016/0021-9290(95)00101-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 34.Zhang L, Kahn CJ, Chen HQ, Tran N, Wang X. Effect of uniaxial stretching on rat bone mesenchymal stem cell: orientation and expressions of collagen types I and III and tenascin-C. Cell Biol Int. 2008;32:344–352. doi: 10.1016/j.cellbi.2007.12.018. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine are provided here courtesy of Springer

RESOURCES