Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population stratified by ethnicity and by absence (HFF≤5.5%) or presence (HFF>5.5%) of NAFL
| Whites | Blacks | Hispanics | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 191; 38.0%) | (n = 134; 26.6%) | (n = 178; 35.4%) | |||||||
| HFF ≤ 5.5% | HFF > 5.5% | P | HFF ≤ 5.5% | HFF > 5.5% | P | HFF ≤ 5.5% | HFF > 5.5% | P | |
| (n = 109) | (n = 82) | (n = 113) | (n = 21) | (n = 72) | (n = 106) | ||||
| Clinical features | |||||||||
| Age (years) | 14.2 ± 2.7 | 13.2 ± 2.8 | 0 . 154 | 14.0 ± 3.1 | 14.1 ± 2.6 | 0 . 529 | 13.5 ± 2.6 | 13.1 ± 2.8 | 0 . 711 |
| Sex (M/F) [%] | 36/73 [33.0/67.0] | 39/43 [47.6/52.4] | 0 . 208 | 34/79 [30.1/69.9] | 12/9 [57.1/42.9] | 0.049 | 24/48 [33.3/66.7] | 61/45 [57.5/42.5] | 0.003 |
| Body mass index z‐score | 2.09 ± 0.41 | 2.34 ± 0.34 | 0.0002 | 2.24 ± 0.42 | 2.52 ± 0.39 | 0.011 | 2.11 ± 0.43 | 2.26 ± 0.37 | 0.036 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 32.5 ± 6.5 | 33.9 ± 5.5 | 0 . 108 | 34.4 ± 6.6 | 38.5 ± 6.0 | 0.009 | 31.8 ± 6.3 | 32.7 ± 6.1 | 0 . 341 |
| Body fat mass (%) | 41.2 ± 7.4 | 45.4 ± 8.7 | 0.001 | 44.1 ± 7.5 | 48.4 ± 8.9 | 0.046 | 41.4 ± 7.2 | 43.9 ± 8.0 | 0.033 |
| Tanner stage (1/2/3/4/5) [%] | [5.5/11.0/18.4/21.1/44.0] | [14.6/17.1/18.3/19.5/30.5] | 0 . 616 | [7.1/15.1/16.8/15.9/45.1] | [9.5/14.3/9.5/19.1/45.6] | 0 . 781 | [12.5/11.1/16.7/19.4/40.3] | [10.4/24.5/20.8/18.9 /25.4] | 0 . 127 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 118.3 ± 11.6 | 117.5 ± 11.7 | 0 . 173 | 118.6 ± 9.9 | 126.2 ± 10.6 | 0.010 | 115.7 ± 11.3 | 118.3 ± 10.8 | 0 . 345 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 68.0 ± 7.9 | 68.0 ± 8.8 | 0 . 967 | 67.6 ± 8.3 | 70.1 ± 6.9 | 0 . 224 | 66.7 ± 6.6 | 67.8 ± 8.1 | 0 . 100 |
| Glucose metabolism | |||||||||
| Fasting glucose (mg/dl) | 90.2 ± 7.4 | 91.9 ± 7.8 | 0 . 347 | 90.0 ± 8.7 | 98.1 ± 16.5 | 0.022 | 91.4 ± 7.3 | 92.3 ± 8.5 | 0 . 969 |
| Fasting insulin (µU/ml) | 27.5 ± 16.5 | 39.8 ± 16.6 | <0.0001 | 30.8 ± 16.8 | 60.1 ± 30.4 | <0.0001 | 32.3 ± 31.2 | 37.9 ± 22.5 | 0 . 211 |
| Fasting C peptide (pmol/l) | 1071.9 ± 430.1 | 1409.4 ± 69.4 | <0.0001 | 971.4 ± 348.0 | 1747.3 ± 602.7 | <0.0001 | 1171.9 ± 502.9 | 1274.0 ± 551.4 | 0 . 209 |
| 2 h glucose (mg/dl) | 121.3 ± 31.3 | 133.0 ± 38.0 | 0.022 | 116.3 ± 28.5 | 152.9 ± 41.7 | <0.0001 | 123.1 ± 25.0 | 126.2 ± 27.7 | 0 . 938 |
| Hemoglobin A1C (%) | 5.39 ± 0.30 | 5.46 ± 0.30 | 0 . 444 | 5.56 ± 0.30 | 6.00 ± 0.64 | 0.0001 | 5.46 ± 0.27 | 5.56 ± 0.35 | 0 . 109 |
| Whole Body Insulin Sensitivity Index (WBISI) | 2.30 ± 1.44 | 1.36 ± 0.69 | <0.0001 | 2.04 ± 1.19 | 0.89 ± 0.53 | <0.0001 | 1.80 ± 0.89 | 1.54 ± 0.82 | 0.042 |
| Insulinogenic index (IGI) | 3.77 ± 3.09 | 4.21 ± 2.83 | 0 . 949 | 5.58 ± 4.18 | 7.21 ± 5.41 | 0 . 086 | 4.70 ± 3.48 | 4.81 ± 3.06 | 0 . 883 |
| Disposition Index (DI) | 6.83 ± 4.44 | 5.15 ± 3.35 | 0.001 | 9.99 ± 7.83 | 5.70 ± 4.47 | 0.045 | 7.30 ± 5.25 | 7.21 ± 6.65 | 0 . 991 |
| Lipid profile | |||||||||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 151.1 ± 30.5 | 161.8 ± 29.6 | 0.007 | 151.9 ± 26.3 | 158.0 ± 22.5 | 0 . 205 | 148.5 ± 29.4 | 156.7 ± 35.1 | 0 . 183 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 45.4 ± 10.5 | 42.4 ± 11.0 | 0 . 470 | 46.7 ± 9.7 | 39.0 ± 7.7 | 0.006 | 42.2 ± 9.9 | 40.7 ± 9.1 | 0 . 745 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 87.6 ± 25.2 | 91.0 ± 24.0 | 0 . 365 | 91.2 ± 22.7 | 97.1 ± 21.7 | 0 . 193 | 85.6 ± 24.8 | 90.8 ± 29.8 | 0 . 414 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 91.9 ± 44.4 | 144.6 ± 80.6 | <0.0001 | 67.7 ± 36.3 | 109.2 ± 31.7 | <0.0001 | 105.8 ± 72.8 | 124.5 ± 58.0 | 0 . 079 |
| Body fat distribution | |||||||||
| Hepatic fat fraction (%) | 1.5 ± 1.8 | 19.7 ± 11.6 | <0.0001 | 0.9 ± 1.4 | 18.0 ± 10.6 | <0.0001 | 1.5 ± 1.8 | 18.9 ± 10.9 | <0.0001 |
| Visceral fat (cm2) | 55.5 ± 25.8 | 75.1 ± 27.8 | 0.001 | 47.0 ± 24.5 | 67.4 ± 28.7 | 0.043 | 50.9 ± 19.9 | 66.4 ± 29.7 | 0.006 |
| Subcutaneous fat (cm2) | 480.1 ± 203.9 | 511.2 ± 180.1 | 0 . 374 | 488.5 ± 214.5 | 641.6 ± 212.4 | 0 . 064 | 461.0 ± 177.3 | 484.1 ± 190.5 | 0 . 603 |
| Liver enzymes | |||||||||
| Alanine Transaminase (U/L) | 22.4 ± 17.5 | 42.3 ± 33.7 | <0.0001 | 17.6 ± 11.4 | 35.1 ± 27.1 | 0.0002 | 18.6 ± 12.1 | 42.8 ± 29.8 | <0.0001 |
| Aspartate transaminase (U/L) | 21.9 ± 9.7 | 31.0 ± 17.9 | 0.0004 | 21.4 ± 7.4 | 27.8 ± 14.7 | 0.026 | 20.6 ± 6.0 | 31.3 ± 15.1 | <0.0001 |
| γ‐Glutamyl transferase (U/L) | 21.0 ± 12.8 | 23.3 ± 15.0 | 0 . 271 | 20.9 ± 7.3 | 21.8 ± 8.6 | 0 . 933 | 17.1 ± 7.2 | 23.3 ± 9.0 | 0.032 |
| Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) | 154.9 ± 99.3 | 198.6 ± 93.9 | 0.002 | 181.9 ± 111.3 | 205.4 ± 104.8 | 0 . 275 | 178.9 ± 93.7 | 245.7 ± 108.2 | 0.0002 |
P values are adjusted for age, sex, and z‐score BMI when appropriate. Statistically significant P values are indicated in bold.