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. 2018 Sep 30;22(3):235–244. doi: 10.12717/DR.2018.22.3.235

Effect of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress Inhibitor Treatment during Parthenogenetic Activation on the Apoptosis and In Vitro Development of Parthenogenetic Porcine Embryos

Hye-Bin Park 1, Mi-Jeong Kim 2, Bae-Dong Jung 1, Seunghyung Lee 2, Choon-Keun Park 2, Boo-Keun Yang 2, Hee-Tae Cheong 1,†
PMCID: PMC6182227  PMID: 30324160

ABSTRACT

We investigate the effect of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inhibitor treatment during parthenogenetic activation of oocytes on the ER stress generation, apoptosis, and in vitro development of parthenogenetic porcine embryos. Porcine in vitro matured oocytes were activated by 1) electric stimulus (E) or 2) E+10 μM Ca-ionophore (A23187) treatment (EC). Oocytes were then treated by ER stress inhibitors such as salubrinal (200 nM) and tauroursodeoxychloic acid (TUDCA, 100 μM) for 3 h prior to in vitro culture. Parthenogenetic embryos were sampled to analyze ER stress and apoptosis at the 1-cell and blastocyst stages. The x-box binding protein 1 (Xbp1) mRNA and ER stress-associated genes were analyzed by RT-PCR or RT-qPCR. Apoptotic gene expression was analyzed by RT-PCR. At the 1-cell stage, although no difference was observed in Xbp1 splicing among treatments, BiP transcription level in the E group was significantly reduced by salubrinal treatment, and GRP94 and ATF4 transcription levels in EC group were significantly reduced by all treatments (p<0.05) compared to control. In the EC group, both apoptotic genes were reduced by ER stress inhibitor treatments compared to control (p<0.05) except Caspase-3 gene by TUDCA treatment. These results suggest that the treatment of ER stress inhibitor during parthenogenetic activation can reduce ER stress, and thereby reduce apoptosis and promote in vitro development of porcine parthenogenetic embryos.

Keywords: Parthenogenetic activation, Endoplasmic reticulum stress inhibitor, Apoptosis, In vitro development, Pig

INTRODUCTION

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) have been researched in different animal species, and many factors and technical methods for success have been established. However, SCNT still has limitations depending on the technical conditions such as embryo culture system, micromanipulation of embryo and donor cell, and activation (Choi et al., 2004; Niemann et al., 2008; Hwang et al., 2013). Activation of recipient cytoplasm is a crucial step in SCNT. Activation methods of embryo involve ethanol and calcium ionophore treatments, electric stimulus (ES) and so on. However, this activation method has physical and chemical effects on the SCNT embryos (Im et al., 2007) and can induce cellular stress such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) (Hwang et al., 2012; Lee et al., 2018).

ER stress is an excessive accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins due to a variety of factors in the in vitro environment. Under ER stress conditions in SCNT embryos, embryonic metabolism degeneration and apoptosis by embryo fragmentation can occur (Zhang et al., 2011; Lee et al., 2018). In the previous experiment, the generation of ER stress according to the activation method of embryo was confirmed, and it was occurred that the high levels of ER stress and cell damage in the treatment of Ca-ionophore (A23187) after ES (Park et al., 2017).

ER stress inhibitors such as tauroursodeoxychloic acid (TUDCA; Xie et al., 2002; Ozcan et al., 2006) and salubrinal (Boyce et al., 2005) are generally used to suppress ER stress. TUDCA is a known ER stress inhibitor as a chemical chaperone that stabilizes the structure of proteins (Xie et al., 2002). Salubrinal operate directly on the UPR signal, a defense system by ER stress, to increase ER chaperon (Boyce et al., 2005).

In this study, we investigated the effect of ER stress inhibitor treatment during parthenogenetic activation of oocytes on the ER stress generation, apoptosis, and in vitro development of parthenogenetic porcine embryos.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

1. Chemicals

All chemicals and reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) unless otherwise indicated.

2. Collection and in vitro maturation of oocytes

Collecting oocyte complexes (COCs) from porcine ovaries obtained from local slaughterhouses by aspiration from the follicles (3- to 6-mm diameter) using a 10 mL syringe with 18-gauge needle. After selecting quality COCs, they were incubated in Tissue Culture Medium 199 (TCM199; Gibco, Grand Island, NY, USA) supplemented with 0.1% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), 3.0 mM D-glucose, 0.9 mM NA-pyruvate, 75 μg/mL penicillin G, 50 μg/mL streptomycin, 0.57 mM cysteine, 10 μg/mL epidermal growth factor (EGF), 0.01 IU/mL luteinizing hormone (LH), and 0.01 IU/mL follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) at 39℃, 5% CO2 in air for 42–44 h.

3. Parthenogenetic activation and ER stress inhibitor treatment

The cumulus cells of matured oocytes were removed by eliminated in PBS supplemented with 0.1% (w/v) hyaluronidase and 0.1% (w/v) PVA for 2 min 30 sec. The oocytes were activated by two activation methods; 1) ES with the same condition as our fusion condition for SCNT experiment (E), and 2) ES followed by additional treatment with 10 μM Ca-ionophore (A23187) for 5 min (EC). For ES, two direct-current (DC) pulses of 1.25 kV/cm were applied for 30 μsec using a BTX Electro Cell Manipulator 200 (BTX, San Diego, CA, USA). After activation, parthenogenetic embryos were cultured in PZM-3 medium with or without (control) 200 nM salubrinal (Sal), 100 μM TUDCA or both salubrinal and TUDCA (Sal+TUD) at 39℃, 5% CO2 in air for 3 h. The concentration of ER stress inhibitor used in this study was previously determined using porcine somatic cells (Park et al., 2018).

4. In vitro culture and sampling

After ER stress inhibitor treatment, parthenogenetic embryos were cultured in fresh PZM-3 medium at 39℃, 5% CO2 in air for 6 days. At the 1-cell stage (20 h) or blastocyst stage (Day 6), the embryos were lysed by using 20 μL Lysis/Binding (L/B) buffer of Dynabeads(r) mRNA Direct kitTM (Life Technologies, Oslo, Norway). The lysed samples were stored at -70℃ until use.

5. Isolation of mRNA and cDNA synthesis

The mRNAs of parthenogenetic embryos at 20 h (1-cell stage) and Day 6 (blastocyst) after ES were isolated using the Dynabeads(r) mRNA Direct kitTM (Life Technologies) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. After thawing the embryo samples, 30 μL of Dynabeads oligo (dT)25 was added to each sample and shake for 8 min at room temperature to induce the hybridization of poly(A) tail of mRNA with oligo (dT)25 on the beads. The bead-mRNA complex was washed twice with buffer A and B, then the poly (A) mRNA was eluted from beads by incubation with 12 μL elution buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl) for 5 min at 75℃. The 6 μL of isolated mRNA was transferred to 0.2 mL micro-tube. The mRNA was reverse transcribed into cDNA for next analysis at 4℃ for 5 min, 37℃ for 20 min, 50℃ for 5 min, 98℃ for 5 min. For genomic DNA elimination and reverse transcription, 2 μL of 4x DN Master Mix and 5x DN Master Mix II were added to reaction tube at the specified time. The synthetic DNA products were stored at 4℃ until use.

6. RT-PCR and RT-qPCR

The expression of x-box binding protein 1 (Xbp1) mRNA was detected by RT-PCR analysis. The expressions of four ER stress-associated genes, C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), binding protein (BiP), activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), and glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94), and two apoptotic genes, Bcl2-associated X protein (Bax) and caspase-3, were analyzed by RT-qPCR. For RT-PCR, the cDNA samples were reverse-transcribed according to the manufacturer’s instructions using AccuPower(r) Taq PCR PreMix (Bioneer, Daejeon, Korea). Initial denaturation was performed for 1 min at 72℃, followed by 36 cycles of amplification. Each cycle was composed of denaturation at 95℃ for 30 sec, annealing at 58℃ for 30 sec, and extension at 72℃ for 50 sec. Final extension was performed at 72℃ for 5 min to complete reaction. PCR products were analyzed by UV irradiation with the Gel DocTMXR+ (Bio-rad, Berkeley, CA, USA) on 1.2% or 4% agarose gel (Amresco, Cleveland, OH, USA) stained with ethidium bromide (Bioneer). RT-qPCR was performed using 1 μL cDNA with the power SYBR Green PCR master Mix (TOPrealTM qPCR 2X PreMIX; SYBR Green with high ROX, Enzynomics, Daejeon, Korea) in a StepOne Plus instrument (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was used as an internal control for the normalization of target gene expression. The Primer sequences of each gene were shown in Table 1.

Table 1.

Genes Primer sequences (5′-3′) Length (bp) GenBank Acc no. Annealing temp(°C)
Xbp1 F-GGC AGA GAC CAA GGG GAA TG 263 FJ213449.1 60
R-GGG TCG ACT TCT GGG AGC TG
BiP F-ACC AAT GAC CAA AAT CGC CT 246 J03214.1 60
R-GTG ACT TTC CAG CCA CTC AA
GRP94 F-CTG CTG AAG GGG AAG TTA CC 197 Y09136.1 60
R-ATC ATC TGA GTC CAC AAC GC
ATF4 F-TGA GCC CTG ACT CCT ATC TG 277 NM_001123078.1 60
R-TCC AGC TCT TTA CAT TCG CC
CHOP (DDIT3) F-AAG ACC CAG GAA ACG GAA AC 261 NM_001144845.1 60
R-TCC AGG AAA GGT CAG CAG TA
Bax F-ACT GGA CAG TAA CAT GGA GC 294 XM003127290.3 55
R-GTC CCA AAG TAG GAG AGG AG
Caspase-3 F-GAG GCA GAC TTC TTG TAT GC 237 NM_214131 60
R-CAT GGA CAC AAT ACA TGG AA
GAPDH F-GGG CAT GAA CCA TGA GAA GT 230 AF017079 58
AAG CAG GGA TGA TGT TCT GG
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7. Statistical analysis

Each activation method was replicated at least 3 times. Data of RT-PCR and RT-qPCR were analyzed by the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s multiple range test. Developmental rate was analyzed by Chi-square test, and the blastocyst cell number was analyzed by Student t-test. All analyses were performed using the Statistical Analysis System software package (v.9.4, SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA).

RESULTS

1. ER-stress generation in 1-cell embryos

At the 1-cell stage, although Xbp1 splicing was slightly reduced by ER stress inhibitors, but no difference was observed among treatments in both E and EC group (Fig. 1). However, BiP transcription level in the E group was significantly reduced by salubrinal treatment, and GRP94 and ATF4 transcription levels in EC group were significantly reduced by all treatments (p<0.05) compared to control (Fig. 2).

Fig. 1. Xbp1 mRNA expression in porcine parthenogenetic 1-cell embryos. The spliced and unspliced form of XBP1 mRNAs were detected by RT-PCR and band intensity was measured by a densitometer. Data are presented as means±SEM. E, electric stiulus; EC, E+10 μM Ca-ionophore (A23187) treatment; Sal, 200 nM salubrinal; TUD, 100 μM TUDCA; Xbp1s, spliced XBP1; Xbp1u, unspliced XBP1.

Fig. 1.

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Fig. 2. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-associated gene expression in parthenogenetic 1-cell embryos. ER stress-associated gene mRNA expression was measured by RT-qPCR. E, electric stimulus; EC, E+10 μM Ca-ionophore (A23187) treatment; Sal, 200 nM salubrinal; TUD, 100 μM TUDCA. Data were presented as means±SEM. a,b Significantly differ (p<0.05).

Fig. 2.

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2. Apoptosis in 1-cell embryos

In the E group, there were no significant differences in the transcription levels of apoptotic genes (Bax and caspase-3) among treatments (Fig. 3). In the EC group, however, both apoptotic genes were reduced by ER stress inhibitor treatments compared to control (p<0.05) except Caspase-3 gene by TUDCA treatment.

Fig. 3. Expression of apoptotic genes in parthenogenetic 1-cell embryos. Bax and caspase-3 mRNA expressions were measured by RT-qPCR. E, electric stimulus; EC, E+10 μM Ca-ionophore (A23187) treatment; Sal, 200 nM salubrinal; TUD, 100 μM TUDCA. Data were presented as means±SEM. a,b Significantly differ (p<0.05).

Fig. 3.

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3. ER stress generation and apoptosis in blastocysts

There were no significant differences in Xbp1 splicing and ER stress-associated genes among all treatments and control groups in the E and EC groups (Fig. 4 and 5) except Grp94 transcription level in the EC group, which significantly reduced compared to control by ER stress inhibitor treatments (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in the transcription levels of apoptotic genes (Bax and caspase-3) among treatments in both E and EC groups (Fig. 6).

Fig. 4. Xbp1 mRNA expression in porcine parthenogenetic blastocysts. The unspliced and spliced form of XBP1 mRNAs were detected by RT-PCR and band intensity was measured as a densitometer. Data are presented as means±SEM. E, electric stimulus; EC, E+10 μM Ca-ionophore (A23187) treatment; Sal, 200 nM salubrinal; TUD, 100 μM TUDCA; Xbp1s, spliced XBP1; Xbp1u, unspliced XBP1.

Fig. 4.

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Fig. 5. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-associated gene expression in parthenogenetic blastocysts. ER stress-associated genes mRNA expressions were measured by RT-qPCR. E, electric stimulus; EC, E+10 μM Ca-ionophore (A23187) treatment; Sal, 200 nM salubrinal; TUD, 100 μM TUDCA. Data were presented as means±SEM. a,b Significantly differ (p<0.05).

Fig. 5.

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Fig. 6. Expression of apoptotic genes in parthenogenetic embryos at the blastocyst stage. Bax and caspase-3 mRNA expressions were measured by RT-qPCR at the blastocyst stage. E, electric stimulus; EC, E+10 μM Ca-ionophore (A23187) treatment; Sal, 200 nM salubrinal; TUD, 100 μM TUDCA. Data were presented as means±SEM.

Fig. 6.

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4. In vitro development of parthenogenetic embryos

Blastocyst formation rate was significantly improved in the E group by TUDCA or salubrinal treatment (22.3% and 22.8%, p<0.05) and in the EC group by TUDCA treatment (21.5%, p<0.05). Blastocyst development was not improved by Sal+TUD in both groups (Table 2). The mean cell number in blastocysts, however, was significant increased in all treatment groups (47.4±6.2 to 66.1±5.3 in E group, and 63.9±8.2 to 74.4±2.8 in EC group) compared to the control (p<0.05).

Table 2. Effects of endoplasmic reticulum stress inhibitor treatments during activation procedure on the in vitro development of parthenogenetic embryos.

Treatment No. of embryos cultured No. of embryos developed to Cell number (mean±S.E.)
≥2-cell (%) Blastocyst (%)
E Control 295 203 (68.8) 43 (14.2)a 27.1±2.6a
Sal 290 215 (74.1) 66 (22.8)b 66.1±5.3b
TUD 287 207 (72.1) 64 (22.3)b 65.0±9.4b
Sal+TUD 289 221 (76.5) 42 (14.5)a 47.4±6.2b
EC Control 305 204 (66.9) 41 (13.4)a 43.6±4.9a
Sal 300 224 (74.7) 57 (19.0)ab 74.4±2.8b
TUD 311 239 (76.8) 67 (21.5)b 63.9±8.2b
Sal+TUD 299 226 (75.6) 52 (17.4)ab 70.7±4.4b
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Experiments were repeated 8 times in each treatment group.

a,b

Values with different letters are significantly different (p<0.05).

E, electric stimulus; EC, E+10 μM Ca-ionophore (A23187) treatment; Sal, 200 nM salubrinal; TUD, 100 μM TUDCA.

DISCUSSION

A23187 activates various metabolism of oocytes by increasing intracellular calcium concentration and is used as one of the activation agent. However, when intracellular calcium concentration increases, ER stress homeostasis is destroyed and caused ER stress. When the UPR response is triggered by ER stress, the excess Ca2+ is released by activating CHOP protein, IRE1 mediator ASK1 / JNK in the ER, thereby increases the mitochondrial Ca2+ concentration (Yoshida, 2007; Sano & Reed, 2013). It activates apoptosis by increasing the expression of pro-apoptotic protein Bax and caspase-3 (Song, 2012; Sano & Reed, 2013). In the previous study, ER stress and apoptosis according to the activation method of porcine parthenogenetic embryos were analyzed, and it was confirmed that ER stress generation and apoptosis were increased in the treated with A23187 (Park et al., 2017).

In this experiment, the salubrinal and TUDCA were used as an ER stress inhibitor to inhibit ER stress and apoptosis caused by activation treatment. It was reported that the TUDCA decreases ER stress-induced apoptosis by regulating intracellular Ca2+, and maintain homeostasis using intracellular free Ca2+ (Beuers et al., 1993a,b; Xie et al., 2002). In addition, TUDCA and salubrinal have been reported to prevent ER calcium depletion which cause ER stress (Xie et al., 2002; Boyce et al., 2005).

In this study ER stress inhibitor treatment did not affect the ER stress and apoptosis when oocytes were activated by ES. Contrastively ER stress inhibitor decreased the expression of GRP94, ATF4 and apoptotic genes in the EC group at the 1-cell stage. It is suggested that ER stress inhibitor can reduce the ER stress and apoptosis of parthenogenetic embryos induced by A23187 (Park et al., 2017).

In this study, the effect of ER stress inhibitor was marginally in XBP1 splicing, ER stress-associated genes and apoptotic genes in the blastocyst stage. In the previous study, when TUDCA was treated for culture period in the SCNT embryos, ER stress and apoptosis were reduced in the blastocyst stage (Zhang et al., 2011, 2012). ER stress inhibitor treatment during the culture period may have continued to influence the expression of genes in blastocyst. In this study, however, ER stress inhibitor treatment was performed only for activation period, not culture period. A previous our study also showed that the expression of genes in blastocyst stage was minimal when ER stress inhibitors were treated only during the micromanipulation and activation period in the SCNT embryos (Park et al., 2018). In this experiment, the ER stress induced in the early development stage was suppressed by short-term treatment only during the activation period.

In this study, blastocyst formation rate tended to increase when treated with salubrinal or TUDCA alone, but not by the combination treatment of salubrinal and TUDCA. Similar trend was observed our SCNT study (Park et al., 2018). It seems that combined treatment of both ER stress inhibitors may have an excessive impact on the embryos. However, when the ER stress inhibitor was treated simultaneously as well as separately, the number of cells was significantly increased in all treatment. This mean that the ER stress inhibitor (salubrinal and/or TUDCA) treatment may also have an effect on quality of parthenogenetic embryos.

In conclusion, these results suggest that the treatment of ER stress inhibitor during parthenogenetic activation can reduce ER stress, and thereby reduce apoptosis and promote in vitro development of porcine parthenogenetic embryos.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This study was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (2016 R1D1A1B03930662) and 2017 Research Grant from Kangwon National University (No. 520170385).

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