Abstract
BACKGROUND:
The incidence of lung abscess acquired in the community is unknown, but this is a common clinical problem encountered in developing countries. The incidence of lung abscess was high in the pre-antibiotic era but the advent of susceptible antibiotics it has reduced with an equal fall in mortality to 8.7%. With the emerging antibiotic resistance and change in the trends of bacteriological profile causing lung abscess, it is the need of time to reevaluate lung abscess.
AIM:
The study aimed to determine the clinical, radiological and bacteriological profile of lung abscess.
MATERIAL AND METHOD:
The study was a non-randomized prospective observational study conducted in the department of pulmonary medicine for 18 months. In the study, patients > 15 years of age with clinical features of lung abscess were recruited and were subjected to chest X-ray, routine blood test. Sputum gram stain and culture, as well as antibiotic sensitivity according to the organism, were evaluated. Reports of all investigations along with patient characteristics and risk factors were analysed statistically using SPSS 20.0.
RESULTS:
Forty-six cases of lung abscess were included, and the majority of patients were found to be adults with a mean age of 42.9 years with a male to female ratio of 6.6:1. The most common predisposing factor was an unhygienic oral cavity in 28% of cases with alcohol ingestion being the most important risk factor in 22% of cases. The most common organism found in lung abscess cases was Klebsiella pneumoniae, and they were sensitive to ceftazidime.
CONCLUSION:
Our study shows that Klebsiella pneumoniae should be considered an important pathogen in community-acquired lung abscesses.
Keywords: Cavity with fluid level, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Lung abscess
Introduction
Lung abscess is defined as an area of necrosis of lung parenchyma leading to the cavity with air-fluid level due to the formation of a bronchopulmonary communication. One cm to two cm sized necrotising abscesses coalesces to become large lung abscess. These lung abscesses can be primary or secondary to underlying lung disease, acute or chronic based on the duration of the disease, community acquired or hospital acquired in nature. The mortality was higher for lung abscess in the pre-antibiotic era, but with the advent of antibiotic therapy, the mortality has reduced to 8.7% [1].
Many risk factors are associated with the formation of lung abscess. Based on aetiology, the type of causative organism for lung abscess also varies. With the advent of antibiotics, the etiological trend has changed, and a large chunk of cases needs to be still evaluated. Anaerobes from oropharyngeal secretion and gram-positive organisms were indicated as the main pathogenic organism in few small studies earlier [2]. But due to lack of skilled physicians for transtracheal and transthoracic lung aspiration, the etiological diagnosis of lung abscess has been rare.
The radiological picture of the cavity with air-fluid level can occur at any site of the lungs. Whether this radiological distribution of lung abscess has any association with the aetiology is still not clear in the literature. With the problem of antibiotic resistance, clindamycin and penicillin used previously for the treatment of community-acquired lung abscess are no longer effective.
Since little data is available on the clinical correlation/ characterisation of lung abscess and their management, hence there is a need to describe the various risk factors as well as the radiological and bacteriological profile of lung abscess.
The objective of this study is to evaluate the clinical, radiological and bacteriological profile of lung abscess in a tertiary care centre in India
Methodology
This prospective observational study was approved by the Institute scientific and ethical committee. The study was carried out for 18 months, and 46 cases of lung abscess were included over a period of 18 months. Patients were selected from outpatient and inpatient of the department of pulmonary medicine. A detailed history of unconsciousness, alcohol intake, epilepsy and anaesthesia were taken. History of oral and dental infection, dental extraction, diabetes mellitus, pneumonia and sinusitis was also elicited. A detailed clinical examination for evaluating lung abscess was done. A routine investigation like hemogram, sputum for gram stain and acid-fast bacilli, blood culture, sputum culture and antibiotic sensitivity and chest X-ray PA view was done. Apart from the above investigations bronchoscopy, CT scan thorax with CT guided FNAC, serology and immunology tests were done where there was ambiguity. Patients are having chest X-ray PA view showing cavity, and air-fluid level with fever (> 37.8°C), purulent sputum, cough were included in the study. Patients less than 15 years of age and with bronchiectasis, malignancy, pulmonary infarction was excluded from the study.
The data was prepared in excel sheet, and statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 20.0. The continuous variables were measured regarding the mean and standard deviation. The categorical variables were measured regarding percentage.
Results
In this study, the majority of the patients were above 40 years (58.7%) with a mean age of 42.9 years and an age range of 15 to 65 years. Out of 46 cases of lung abscess, 40 cases were males (87%) with a male to female ratio of 6.6:1 (Table 1).
Table 1.
Demographic profile of lung abscess
| Age | No.of cases | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| > 40years | 15 | 32.6% |
| < 40years | 31 | 67.3% |
| Mean Age | 42.9 years | |
| Sex | No.of cases | Ratio 6.6:1 |
| Male | 40 | |
| Female | 6 |
In our study, about 21 cases (45%) had predisposing factors and the most common predisposing factor was an unhygienic oral cavity in 13 cases (28%) followed by dental sepsis in 6 cases (13%). About 22 cases had associated risk factors and the most common risk factor found was alcohol ingestion in 10 cases (22%) and smoking in 8 cases (17%) (Table 2).
Table 2.
Predisposing and risk factor for lung abscess
| Predisposing factor | No. of cases | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Unhygienic oral cavity | 13 | 28% |
| Dental sepsis | 6 | 13% |
| Dental procedure | 1 | 2% |
| Seizure | 1 | 2% |
| Risk factor | No. of cases | Percentage |
| Alcoholic | 10 | 22% |
| Smoker | 8 | 17% |
| Diabetes | 4 | |
| COPD | 2 |
Amongst symptomatology, the most common symptom observed was a cough in 42 cases (91%). Fever was present in 38 cases (83%) (Table 3).
Table 3.
Symptomatology of lung abscess
| Symptomatology | No. of cases | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Fever | 38 | 83% |
| Cough | 42 | 91% |
| Expectoration | 35 | 76% |
| Chest pain | 10 | 21.7% |
| Hemoptysis | 5 | 10.8% |
| Breathlessness | 5 | 10.8% |
| Loss of appetite | 8 | 17% |
Radiologically majority of lung abscess was found to be located on the right side with the most common site being right upper lobe in 23 cases (52.17%) followed by right lower lobe in 9 cases (19.56%). Lung abscess was also present on left lung with the most common site being left upper lobe in 6 cases (13.10%). Majority of lung abscess presented radiologically with a cavity and fluid level. 34 cases (74%) represented a cavity radiologically with a fluid level while 8 cases (17%) were empty cavity (Table 4).
Table 4.
Radiological site and characteristic of lung abscess
| Radiological sites | No.of cases | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Right side | ||
| Upper lobe | 23 | 52.17% |
| Middle lobe | 4 | 8.7% |
| Lower lobe | 9 | 19.56% |
| Combined | 1 | 2.17% |
| Left side | ||
| Upper lobe | 6 | 13.1% |
| Lower lobe | 3 | 6.52% |
| Radiological Characteristic | ||
| Cavity with fluid level | 34 | 74% |
| Empty cavity | 8 | 17% |
| Cavity with consolidation | 4 | 9% |
All lung abscess patients underwent sputum gram stain, and 35 cases (76.09%) were found to have a gram-negative organism. Two cases (4.35%) of lung abscess grew gram-positive organisms (Table 5).
Table 5.
Sputum gram stain for lung abscess
| Sputum Gram Stain | No.of cases | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Gram-positive | 2 | 4.35% |
| Gram-negative | 35 | 76.09% |
| Mixed | NIL | 0% |
| No organism | 9 | 19.56% |
Sputum culture was done for cases which had gram stain results and the most common organism observed in lung abscess was gram negative Klebsiella pneumoniae in 23 cases (50%) followed by Escherichia. Coli in 12 cases (26%) cases (Table 6).
Table 6.
Sputum culture for lung abscess
| Organism | No.of cases | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Klebsiella | 23 | 50% |
| E.coli | 12 | 26.08% |
| Streptococcus. pneumoniae | 2 | 4.35% |
| Mixed growth | 8 | 17.4% |
| No growth | 9 | 19.6% |
The antibiotic to which the bacteria was sensitive was cetazidime and amikacin (Table 7).
Table 7.
Antibiotic sensitivity of sputum in lung abscess
| Antibiotic Sensitivity | No. of cases | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Ceftriaxone | 12 | 26% |
| Cefoperazone | 10 | 21.7% |
| Ceftazidime | 25 | 54.34% |
| Amikacin | 16 | 34.7% |
| Streptomycin | 5 | 10.86% |
| Metronidazole | 8 | 17.4% |
| Clindamycin | 14 | 30.43% |
| Meropenam | 2 | 4.34% |
Discussion
Although the incidence of developing lung abscess has decreased with the advent of antibiotics still its presence is marked by the presence of risk factors. The incidence of lung abscess found in our study was more in adult males with a mean age of 42.9 years. This finding was similar to the findings of JS. Moriera et al. where the majority of lung abscess was in adult males more than 40 years of age with an age range of 15 to 65 years [3].
The most common symptom observed in lung abscess cases was a cough followed by fever. Cough was present as the main symptom in 42 cases (91%), and fever was present in 38 cases (83%). The initial symptom of lung abscess is a cough for a few days followed by expectoration once a bronchopulmonary communication was established. The findings of our study were in accordance to what was observed by all studies [4] [5]. Several predisposing factors are associated with the causation of lung abscess. The unhygienic oral cavity was found to be the most important causative agent for a lung abscess. About 28% of lung abscess cases had an unhygienic oral cavity which was represented in a few studies [1] a [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]. The oral cavity is an abode for many organisms which stays in the gingival crevices and cause lung abscess when aspirated and hence unhygienic oral cavity leads to lung abscess. Dental sepsis was also noted in 6 cases (13%) of lung abscess cases. Alcohol ingestion and smoking were found to be two important risk factors in our study. About 10 cases (22%) gave a history of alcohol ingestion in our study while 8 cases (17%) were smokers. Our study had similar findings as was observed for risk factors in studies done by Takayanagi N and Magalhaes L [6] [7]. Loss of consciousness due to alcohol ingestion, epilepsy leading aspiration of oral secretion was found to be the main cause. Gastroesophageal pathology like oesophagal malignancy, oesophagal stenosis or gastric outlet obstruction due to tumours leading to aspiration of oral secretion has also been found to be an important contributor to lung abscess. In patients on ventilators, lung abscess has been seen due to microaspiration of oral secretions as well as due to hematogenous spread of organism leading to single or multiple lung abscesses.
Radiology plays an important role in identifying lung abscess. Chest X-ray not only helps in identifying lung abscess but also determines the location of the abscess. Plain CT scan thorax is sometimes done where there is confusion in differentiating lung abscess from loculated hydropneumothorax [8]. In our study the majority of the lung, the abscess was found to be located on the right side compared to the left side. Very few lung abscesses were present in bilateral lung fields. The most common location in our study was the right upper lobe followed by right lower lobe. This was because the majority of our patients were alcoholic and might have aspirated the oral secretion when unconscious under the influence of alcohol. Since anatomically the right main bronchus is straighter than left, the majority of our lung abscess was found on the right side. Majority of our lung abscess were represented by a cavity with fluid level, but few cases had an only empty cavity. Our study had similar finding as was observed by studies done by few authors where lung abscess was found most commonly on the right side and in the upper lobe [6] [8] [9].
All lung abscess cases were subjected to investigation by examination of their sputum for acid-fast staining and gram staining and culture sensitivity. In our study, sputum of all lung abscesses was sent for gram stain. Out of 46 cases of lung abscess, only 37 cases had an organism. In the remaining 9 cases, there was no growth of the organism. The most common organism detected was Klebsiella pneumoniae in 23 cases which were followed by E. coli in 12 cases. Nine cases did not yield any organism. Two cases had gram-positive Streptococcus pneumoniae organism. Our findings did not show any other Streptococcus species except Streptococcus pneumoniae though Streptococcus viridans was found to be a cause of lung abscess in a study done by Jerng JS et al., [10] while other studies showed Streptococcus pneumoniae as a common gram-positive organism for lung abscess [11] [12]. In our study, the most common organism observed was Klebsiella pneumoniae and was similar to findings observed by Wang JL et al., [13]. Few studies on the bacteriology of lung abscess have been done due to the low incidence of the disease, and K. pneumoniae was reported in small studies during the 1970s. There have been few case reports of K. pneumoniae lung abscess occurring as concurrent infection at other sites [14] [15] [16]. In our study, all the K. pneumonia lung abscess was not secondary to bacteremia or other foci of infection. Studies have shown that there is pharyngeal colonisation of gram-negative organisms and in alcoholics may contribute gram-negative pneumonia and lung abscess formation due to the aspiration to lower respiratory tract. In children, most studies showed that a common organism causing lung abscess was Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae [17]. There has been a noted difference in the organism causing lung abscess in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. It was found that aerobic organisms are mainly responsible for causing lung abscess in immunocompromised patients while lung abscess caused in immunocompetent patients was caused by anaerobic organism [18]. With the upcoming resistance pattern of antibiotics and immunomodulation due to environmental effect, a lot of gram-negative organism as well as gram-positive organisms are involved in the causation of lung abscess instead the conventional anaerobes. Studies done shows that these causes may be important for the pathogenesis of lung abscess due to K. pneumoniae.
Culture sensitivity of an organism with sputum gram stain for lung abscess was evaluated, and most of these cases were sensitive to ceftazidime and amikacin suggesting most of the organisms were gram negative. Trails on antibiotics regimen in lung abscess reported that ß-lactamase inhibitors/ß-lactams are the mainstay for the treatment of aspiration pneumonia and lung abscess [19] [20]. Since there may be a mixed pattern of the organism which was either not detected or present as commensal, it is better to treat these cases with a combination of cephalosporins, aminoglycosides and anaerobic coverage with metronidazole or clindamycin.
The limitation of our study is that the majority of lung abscess cases who presented to us had used antibiotics from a local hospital for a fever. Main bacteria like anaerobes could not be isolated effectively due to the prior use of antibiotics.
K. pneumoniae should be considered as an important pathogen in community-acquired lung abscess in addition to anaerobes. Their presentation may be acute but not severe with the presentation of multiple cavities and putrid sputum. With the increased number of K. pneumoniae infection and antibiotic resistance, it is safe to give third-generation cephalosporin and metronidazole or clindamycin.
Currently, there is lack of consensus on the best approach to the management of lung abscess, and controversies still surround medical and surgical approaches. Large prospective studies are required to evaluate better factors predicting clinical outcome of pyogenic lung infections. Protected lung specimen by bronchoscopy method or by transthoracic/ transtracheal lung aspiration should be done to evaluate the common etiological agent so that an antibiotic protocol can be framed for treatment of lung abscess.
Footnotes
Funding: This research did not receive any financial support
Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist
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