Age-adjusted charlson comorbidity index and 30-day morbidity in pelvic surgeries

Abstract

Introduction:

Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) is a validated tool enabling clinicians for prediction of adverse events posttherapy. In this study, we planned to estimate the predictive value of age-adjusted CCI (ACCI) in assessing the perioperative complication in oncological patients undergoing major pelvic surgeries.

Methods:

This was a single arm, prospective, observational study, in which adult patients with pelvic malignancies undergoing pelvic surgeries were selected. The relationship between the ACCI and Grade 3–5 adverse events were tested using Fisher's test.

Results:

The rate of Grade 3–5 adverse event rate was 16.7% (11 patients, n = 66). Among the whole cohort, 11 patients (16.7%) had high score on ACCI. The rate of Grade 3–5 adverse events was higher in the cohort of patients with high ACCI score (45.5% vs. 10.9%, P = 0.014). The sensitivity, specificity and negative and positive predictive values were 45.5%, 89.1%, 89.1%, and 45.5%, respectively.

Conclusion:

ACCI can predict for postsurgical adverse events. It has a high negative predictive value for nonoccurrence of adverse events.

Introduction

Cancer is the disease of the elderly.[1] Frequently cancer patients have concomitant comorbidities.[2] These comorbidities have a negative impact on the prognosis of these patients.[2] Comorbidities lead to an increased incidence of postoperative morbidity, increase likelihood of delay, and incompletion of adjuvant therapy (radiation and or chemotherapy).[3] These comorbidities lead to a higher incidence of both cancer-related and cancer unrelated deaths.

Surgery remains the mainstay of curative treatment in the majority of solid tumors. Deep surgeries, especially coelomic cavity surgeries are associated with high chances of postoperative morbidity. Pelvic cavity surgeries, especially done for epithelial ovarian cancer, rectal cancer, endometrial cancer, uterine cervical cancer, and urinary bladder malignancy are associated with higher incidence of postoperative adverse events. Unfortunately, some of these malignancies such as epithelial ovarian cancer, rectal cancer, and endometrial cancer are commonly associated with medical comorbidities too.[4,5,6] Prediction of postoperative adverse events would require unable surgeons to better plan therapy in such patients.

Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) is a validated tool enabling clinicians for prediction of adverse events posttherapy.[7] Age is an independent prognostic factor for prediction of adverse events post therapy and is subsequently incorporated in CCI as age-adjusted CCI (ACCI).[8] Both these tools are validated in the Western world and data regarding its validation from India is missing. We work at a tertiary cancer center located in rural India; allocation of appropriate resource is an important priority for us. In this study, we planned to estimate the predictive value of ACCI in assessing the perioperative complication in oncological patients undergoing major pelvic surgeries.

Methods

Study design and conduct

This was an Institutional Review Board approved, single arm, single center, prospective observational study. The study protocol was not amended post-approval. The study was conducted by good clinical practice guidelines and declaration of Helsinki. All patients provided written informed consent before enrollment in the study.

Participants

Adult patients with either radiological or pathological proof of malignancy, with the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status 0–2, undergoing major pelvic surgery with curative intent were included for this study. Patients who underwent surgery for recurrent cancer were excluded from this study.

Setting

The study was conducted in the principal investigator's institute in the Department of Surgical Oncology between October 2015 and July 2016. Patients subjected to above mention selection criteria were invited to participate in the study. Post-enrollment in the study, CCI and ACCI were assessed. Two clinicians independently assessed the indices. Any discrepancy in finding between the two clinicians was addressed via discussion. No change in surgical or postsurgical plan was contemplated on the basis of scores of CCI and ACCI. These patients then underwent the workup for diagnosis and staging of the respective malignancy in accordance with the National comprehensive cancer network guidelines. Intraoperative, perioperative, and postoperative adverse events until day 30 postsurgery were recorded.

Variables and data measurement

Data of comorbidity before the diagnosis of cancer and at hospital admission for surgery were collected, and CCI and ACCI were calculated. Baseline data of patients’ age, gender, comorbidity, body mass index, primary disease site, stage of disease preoperative albumin, the presence of ascites was recorded and prior neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT)/NACT real-time data were collected.

Intraoperative details such as the extent of resection, need for upper abdominal procedures, blood loss, any intraoperative complications, and operative time were recorded. Complications were graded according to CTCAE 4.02 version.

Study size

The sample size of 200 surgeries was calculated with the assumption of complication rate of 50%, with an alpha of 5%, with an estimated sensitivity of 85%, with a marginal error rate estimate of 7% with 95% confidence interval.[9] However, the study had to be culminated after accrual of 66 cases due to slow recruitment.

Quantitative variables

1. ACCI calculation was done in accordance with the methodology provided below. In accordance with [Table 1], for each comorbidity, a score was given. Then total score was obtained by adding the score given for each comorbidity. To this score age adjustment was done, i.e., for each decade after 40 years, add 1 point to total score (i.e., 1 point for age group 50–59 years, 2 points for age group 60–69

2. Adverse event rate – Adverse events during surgery and occurring within 30 days of surgery were noted. These adverse events were graded by CTCAE version 4.03

3. Length of hospitalization (LH) – The length of postoperative hospitalization was calculated in days. LH was calculated from the date of surgery until the date of discharge. In case if the patient required readmission for toxicity, then the length of readmission was included in the calculation of LH.

Table 1.

Scoring used for calculation of age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity index

Statistical methods

SPSS version 16 (Chicago, SPSS Inc) and R version 3.3.0 (Vienna, Austria) was used for analysis. The ACCI ≥6 was considered as high risk of adverse events and a score below 6 was considered as low risk of adverse events. The relationship between ACCI score and occurrence of any grade adverse event/grade 3–5 adverse event was tested using Fisher's test. A value of P = 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. The impact of ACCI was tested on multivariate analysis by using binary logistic regression analysis. The dependent variable was the occurrence of adverse events. The independent variable tested were ACCI cohort (≥6 vs. <6), tumor site (ovary vs. non ovary), and previous treatment of chemotherapy or radiation (Yes/No). Adjusted odds ratio was calculated for the occurrence of an adverse event in ACCI ≥6 score cohort. A P = 0.05 was taken as statistically significant. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive value of ACCI for prediction of occurrence of any grade and Grade 3–5 adverse events was calculated. The LH between the two cohorts of ACCI was compared using unpaired t-test. A P = 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

Results

Baseline details

Sixty-six cases were recruited. The baseline details are shown in Table 2. The median age of the whole cohort was 56.5 years (Interquartile range (IOR) 48.7–56.5). There was a female preponderance as we had 54 females (83.1%). The most common comorbidities seen were hypertension in 22 patients (33.8%), diabetes mellitus in 14 patients (21.5%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in 8 patients (12.3%), and ischemic heart disease in 3 patients (4.6%). The commonest site of primary was ovary in 27 patients (41.5%), endometrium in 15 patients (23.1%), and rectum or colon in 14 patients (21.2%).

Table 2.

Baseline details

Treatment details

Twenty-seven patients (41.6%) had received previous therapy. Twenty patients with ovarian malignancy had received NACT before surgery. The NACT consisted of 3 cycles of 3 weekly paclitaxel and carboplatin. Seven patients had received preoperative chemoradiation.

The details of surgical resection are shown in Table 3. Pelvic lymph node dissection was done in 60 cases of 66. Reexploration was done in 3 patients. The median postoperative admission was for 7.0 days (interquartile range 5–10 days).

Table 3.

Details of surgical procedure with length of hospitalization

Adverse event and adjusted Charlson comorbidity index prediction

The adverse event rate is shown in Table 4. The rate of Grade 3–5 adverse event rate was 16.7% (11 patients, n = 66). Among the whole cohort, 11 patients (16.7%) had a high score on CCI and ACCI. The rate of Grade 3–5 adverse events was higher in the cohort of patients with high CCI score (41.7% vs. 11.1%, p-0.022) [Table 5] and high ACCI score (45.5% vs. 10.9%, p-0.014) Table 6. On multivariate analysis, ACCI score showed a statistical trend towards prediction of occurrence of adverse events Table 7. The sensitivity, specificity, and negative and positive predictive values were 45.5%, 89.1%, 89.1%, and 45.5%, respectively.

Table 4.

Adverse event details

Table 5.

Relation between age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity index and Grade 3-5 adverse events

Table 6.

Relation between Charlson comorbidity index and Grade 3-5 adverse events

Table 7.

Relation between age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity index and Grade 3-5 adverse events

The mean length of postoperative stay in a cohort of patients with low ACCI score was 7.7 days (standard deviation [SD] 4.5 days) while that in patients with high ACCI score was 9.4 days (SD 4.8 days) (P = 0.319).

Discussion

This study confirmed the importance of CCI and ACCI in patients undergoing pelvic surgeries for pelvic malignancies. Among a cohort of patients having a 6 or more score on ACCI, the proportion of grade 3–5 adverse events was 45.5% against 10.9% in patients with a score <6. Similar prediction was seen with CCI score of 4 or more. Both CCI and ACCI were defined for prediction of perioperative complications and overall survival postsurgery.[7] Subsequently, these scores have been validated in a number of populations and for prediction of complications to other treatment modalities too.[10,11,12,13] However, the ACCI prognostic score had never been prospectively validated in pelvic cancer surgeries.

CCI has been validated in ovarian cancer by using Danish national database in two studies.[14,15] However, both studies were retrospective in nature, and thus the capture of comorbidities and adverse events both are likely to be inadequate. Similar validation of ACCI in a retrospective setting was done by Suidan et al.[8] Our study on the other hand had noted all the medical and surgical comorbidities. A list of 25 adverse events both surgical and medical combined were specifically identified and patients were evaluated for same. Morbidity and mortality related to surgical procedures in cancer patients are a source of concern for treating surgeons. Surgical decisions were frequently influenced by patient's age and comorbidity. These decisions were on the basis of subjective assessment of treating physician probably as CCI or ACCI were not validated in the author's country. Post these results, now ACCI needs to be routinely used in clinical practice.

The study is not without its limitations. The study had to be stopped due to slow recruitment. However, the revised sample was powered to show an estimated sensitivity of 85% with a marginal error rate of 10%. Approximately 15–20 min were required per patient for ACCI scoring. The devotion of this time in busy outpatient departments of low-middle income countries might be difficult. However, devotion of this time would help surgeons inappropriate resource utilization. A high CCI or ACCI identify patients in whom adverse events are likely and would identify patients in whom the higher cost of treatment would be incurred in future. The study identified that ACCI predicts for development of grade 3–5 adverse events, but the study does not provide an algorithm for surgical workup and interventions in these patients.

Conclusion

CCI and ACCI can predict for postsurgical adverse events. It has a high negative predictive value for nonoccurrence of adverse events.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.