Botulinum toxin-A for the treatment of neuralgia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Aim

This meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin-A (BTX-A) for the treatment of neuralgia.

Methods

We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing BTX-A treatment with saline for alleviating neuropathic pain. Primary outcome measures were pain scores up to 24 weeks after treatment. Secondary outcomes were hours of sleep, Short Form-36 (SF-36) life quality questionnaire, and adverse events. We used Review Manager 5.3 for the data analyses.

Results

Twelve RCTs were included (n=495). Pain scores in the BTX-A group were significantly lower compared to the saline group at 4 weeks (mean difference [MD] =−1.64, 95% CI [−3.21, −0.07], P=0.04), 12 weeks (MD =−1.49, 95% CI [−2.05, −0.93], P<0.00001), and 24 weeks (MD =−1.61, 95% CI [−2.81, −0.40], P=0.009). There were no significant differences in hours of sleep, SF-36 questionnaire, or the incidence of injection pain or hematoma between the two groups. No serious adverse events associated with BTX-A were noted. Fourteen out of 108 patients (12.9%) with trigeminal neuralgia experienced mild facial asymmetry after the BTX-A treatment.

Conclusion

Based on the current evidence, BTX-A may be an effective and safe option for the treatment of neuralgia. Due to the limited number of patients included in this meta-analysis, more trials are still needed to confirm these results.

Introduction

Clinical examples of neuropathic pain include trigeminal neuralgia, diabetic neuropathic pain, postherpetic neuralgia, and postsurgical neuralgia. Of note, neuropathic pain is often difficult to treat and can lead to anxiety and depression, which seriously compromise patients’ quality of life.¹

Over the years, the pharmacotherapies used for neuropathic pain include pregabalin, gabapentin, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, carbamazepine, lamotrigine, opioids, and so on. However, the evidence for these interventions is often inconclusive.² In addition, side effects associated with the medications such as dizziness, ataxia, nausea, vomiting, somnolence, and rash can be troublesome and debilitating.³

Botulinum toxin-A (BTX-A), a potent neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum, blocks acetylcholine release at neuromuscular junctions and causes muscle relaxation.⁴ Animal studies have indicated several possible mechanisms for the analgesic effects of BTX-A: 1) it inhibits the release of pain mediators from both motor and sensory neurons, and blocks the release of calcitonin gene-related peptide and other neuropeptide;⁵ 2) it reduces chronic inflammation and acute injury by inhibiting neurotransmitter release;⁶ and 3) it deactivates the sodium channel in central nerve system neurons.⁷

Recent studies have shown promising analgesic effects of BTX-A on postherpetic neuralgia, trigeminal neuralgia, and other types of neuralgia.^8–19 However, sample sizes of the previous studies are relatively small. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we aim to evaluate the safety and efficacy of BTX-A in the treatment of neuralgia based on the evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

Methods

Search strategy

This study adheres to the guidelines of PRISMA statement and the recommendations of the Cochrane Collaboration (Table S1).^20,21

FM and KP independently searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases without language or publication date restrictions. The search strategies are shown in Table S2. Additional articles in the references and reviews were manually searched.

Inclusion criteria

The studies that fulfilled the following criteria were included in the meta-analysis:

1. Study design: RCT;

2. participants: adult patients with neuralgia;

3. interventions: use of BTX-A compared to saline;

4. outcome measures: pain scores, hours of sleep, the Short Form-36 (SF-36) life quality questionnaire, and adverse events.

Exclusion criteria

The studies that met the following criteria were excluded:

1. Insufficient data;

2. case reports, reviews, abstracts, editorials, or letters;

3. in vitro or animal experiments.

Data extraction

FM and KP independently screened the articles and extracted the following data: first author, publication date, country, sample size, groups and interventions, dose of BTX-A, and main outcomes. Any disagreement over study selection or data extraction was resolved by group discussion.

Primary and secondary outcomes

The primary outcome was the pain scores in visual analog scale (VAS) or numerical rating scale (NRS)²² at 4, 12, and 24 weeks after treatment (0= no pain, 10= maximum pain imaginable). The secondary outcomes were changes in hours of sleep and SF-36 at 12 weeks, and adverse events associated with the procedure.

Quality assessment

FM and KP independently assessed the risk of bias of the included studies using the Cochrane Collaboration tool.²¹ This tool includes seven areas: the generation of random sequence, allocation concealment, participant blind method, result evaluation blind method, data of incomplete results, report of selected results, and other potential sources of bias. For each area, the risk was rated as “high”, “low”, or “unclear”. Any disagreement over quality assessment was resolved by group discussion.

Statistical analysis

Data analyses were performed using Review Manager 5.3 (The Cochrane Collaboration, Copenhagen, Denmark). For continuous variables, mean differences (MDs) with 95% CIs were calculated, and for dichotomous variables, ORs with 95% CIs were calculated. I² was used to evaluate heterogeneity, with I²>50% indicating significant heterogeneity.²³ In view of the clinical heterogeneity, we applied a random-effects model in this meta-analysis.²⁴ A P-value of <0.05 denoted statistical significance.

Results

Literature search and study characteristics

The PRISMA flow diagram is shown in Figure 1. Of the 211 articles initially identified, 56 duplicates were excluded. After reviewing the titles and abstracts, 38 articles remained. Finally, 12 RCTs were included in this meta-analysis.^8–19 The study characteristics are presented in Table 1. A total of 495 patients (266 in the BTX-A group and 229 in the saline group) were followed up for 8–24 weeks after the treatment.

Figure 1.

PRISMA flow diagram.

Note: Copyright © 2009. PLOS. Adapted from Moher D, Liberati A, Tetziaff J, Altman DG. The PRISMA Group. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6(6):e1000097.³³

Table 1.

Study characteristics

Study	Country	Groups and interventions	n	Injection route	Cause of pain	Follow-up (weeks)	Main outcomes
Apalla et al (2013)8	Greece	1. 100 U BTX-A 2. 0.9% saline	15 15	Subcutaneous	Postherpetic neuralgia	20	Pain VAS scores, sleep scores, injection pain
Attal et al (2016)9	France	1. Up to 300 U BTX-A 2. 0.9% saline	34 32	Subcutaneous	Peripheral neuropathic pain	24	Pain NRS scores, NPSI, HAD, quality of sleep, hours of sleep, PGIC, injection pain
Finlayson et al (2011)10	Canada	1. 75 U BTX-A 2. 0.9% saline	20 18	Intramuscular	Thoracic outlet syndrome	24	Pain VAS scores, DASH, SF-36 questionnaire
Fishman et al (2017)11	US	1. 300 U BTX-A 2. 0.9% saline	28 28	Intramuscular	Piriformis syndrome	12	Pain VAS scores, posterior tibial or fibular H-reflexes in flexion, injection pain
Han et al (2016)12	South Korea	1. 200 U BTX-A 2. 0.9% saline		20 Subcutaneous 20	Spinal cord injury	8	Pain VAS scores, SF-MPQ, quality of life, injection pain
Ranoux et al (2008)13	France	1. Up to 200 U BTX-A 2. 0.9% saline	15 14	Intradermal	Chronic neuropathic pain	24	Pain VAS scores, NPSI, BPI, HAD, PGIC, injection pain
Shehata et al (2013)14	Egypt	1. 100 U BTX-A 2. 0.9% saline	10 10	Subcutaneous	Trigeminal neuralgia	12	Pain VAS scores, paroxysms frequency, quality of life, facial asymmetry, hematoma, itching, injection pain
Wu et al (2012)15	China	1. 75 U BTX-A 2. 0.9% saline	22 20	Intradermal and/or submucosal	Trigeminal neuralgia	13	Pain VAS scores, PGIC, paroxysms frequency, facial asymmetry, transient edema
Xiao et al (2010)16	China	1. 100 U BTX-A 2. 0.9% saline	20 20	Subcutaneous	Postherpetic neuralgia	12	Pain VAS scores, quality of life, hours of sleep, opioid usage, injection pain
Yuan et al (2009)17	China	1. 50 U BTX-A 2. 0.9% saline	9 9	Intradermal	Diabetic neuropathic pain	12	Pain VAS scores, CPSQI, SF-36 questionnaire
Zhang et al (2014)18	China	1. 25 U BTX-A 2. 75 U BTX-A 3. 0.9% saline	25 28 27	Intradermal and/or submucosal	Trigeminal neuralgia	9	Pain VAS scores, PGIC, paroxysms frequency, proportion of responders, facial asymmetry, transient edema
Zúñiga et al (2013)19	Argentina	1. 50 U BTX-A 2. 0.9% saline	20 16	Subcutaneously	Trigeminal neuralgia	12	Pain VAS scores, functional impact scores, SF-36 questionnaire, paroxysms, hematoma, facial asymmetry

Abbreviations: BPI, Brief Pain Inventory; BTX-A, botulinum toxin-A; CPSQI, Chinese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; DASH, Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand; HAD, Hospital Anxiety and Depression; NPSI, Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory; NRS, numerical rating scale; PGIC, Patient Global Impression of Change; SF-36, Short-Form 36; SF-MPQ, Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire; VAS, visual analog scale.

Risk-of-bias assessment

The risk-of-bias assessment is summarized in Figure 2. All trials were randomized and double-blind. Two studies did not detail the random sequence generation,^11,17 and two did not adequately report the allocation concealment.^11,15

Figure 2.

Cochrane risk-of-bias assessment: (A) risk-of-bias graph; and (B) risk-of-bias summary.

Pain scores

As shown in Figure 3, the BTX-A group had significantly lower pain scores than the saline group at 4 weeks (MD =−1.64, 95% CI [−3.21, −0.07], P=0.04), 12 weeks (MD =−1.49, 95% CI [−2.05, −0.93], P<0.00001), and 24 weeks (MD =−1.61, 95% CI [−2.81, −0.40], P=0.009).

Figure 3.

BTX-A vs saline for the treatment of neuralgia: pain scores at 4, 12, and 24 weeks.

Abbreviations: BTX-A, botulinum toxin-A; IV, inverse variance.

Secondary outcomes

As shown in Figure 4, there were no significant differences in changes in hours of sleep (MD =0.37, 95% CI [−0.28, 1.02], P=0.27) or SF-36 scores (MD =52.50, 95% CI [−35.88, 140.87], P=0.24) at 12 weeks between the two groups.

Figure 4.

BTX-A vs saline for the treatment of neuralgia: (A) changes in hours of sleep at 3 months; and (B) changes in Short Form-36 questionnaires at 12 weeks.

Abbreviations: BTX-A, botulinum toxin-A; IV, inverse variance.

The incidences of adverse events are presented in Figure 5. No significant difference in injection pain (OR =0.89, 95% CI [0.48, 1.64], P=0.71) or hematoma (OR =0.93, 95% CI [0.24, 3.67], P=0.92) was found between the groups. However, 14 out of 108 (12.9%) patients with trigeminal neuralgia reported mild facial asymmetry after BTX-A treatment (OR =7.5, 95% CI [1.64, 34.21], P=0.009).

Figure 5.

BTX-A vs saline for the treatment of neuralgia: adverse events.

Abbreviations: BTX-A, botulinum toxin-A; M-H, Mantel–Haenszel.

Discussion

In this study, we comprehensively summarized the current evidence and found lower pain scores up to 24 weeks after BTX-A treatment compared with saline in patients with neuropathic pain. Additionally, there were no serious adverse events associated with BTX-A injections.

Recently, there are several published meta-analyses regarding the use of BTX-A in neuralgia. Morra et al²⁵ evaluated BTX-A therapy in trigeminal neuralgia, suggesting that BTX-A may be an effective and safe option. However, only four RCTs were included in their study. Shackleton et al³ analyzed six RCTs and showed that BTX-A alleviated trigeminal neuralgia and postherpetic neuralgia. Another meta-analysis by Lakhan et al²⁶ indicated that BTX-A treatment improved diabetic neuropathic pain with the results of only two trials. In our study, we included 12 RCTs to determine the effects of BTX-A treatment at three different time points (4, 12, and 24 weeks). Our results suggested that BTX-A treatment could relieve neuropathic pain both in the short term and in the long run.

This meta-analysis included studies of trigeminal neuralgia, postherpetic neuralgia, diabetic neuropathic pain, and other types of chronic neuropathic pain (peripheral neuropathic pain, thoracic outlet syndrome, piriformis syndrome, and spinal cord injury). Of these, piriformis syndrome is a myofascial condition caused by a nerve entrapment where BTX-A injections reduce the pain by relieving muscle spasms. In cases of other conditions responsible for neuropathic pain including occipital neuralgia, carpal tunnel syndrome, and phantom limb pain, BTX-A was also reported to help reduce the pain. For six patients with occipital neuralgia, BTX-A improved the sharp/shooting type of pain.²⁷ One report showed that BTX-A relieved symptoms in five women with carpal tunnel syndrome suggesting the long-lasting antinociceptive effects of BTX-A,²⁸ while another study found it did not provide significant relief of carpal tunnel syndrome symptoms.²⁹ For amputee patients, BTX-A resulted in improvement of residual limb pain and pain tolerance.³⁰ However, no RCT for these types of neuropathic pain could be identified through our literature search.

The injection dose of BTX-A varied among the included studies. Most patients received a dose of 100–200 U, subcutaneously, intradermally, or intramuscularly. For patients with postherpetic neuralgia and trigeminal neuralgia, subcutaneous or intradermal injections of BTX-A were used, which mainly acted by blocking peripheral nerve endings. For other types of chronic neuropathic pain, intramuscular injections were carried out to help relieve muscle spasms.⁴

In our study, BTX-A injections failed to improve hours of sleep or quality of life surveyed by SF-36 questionnaire in patients with neuropathic pain. These results did not parallel with the improvement of pain scores after BTX-A treatment. Apart from the limited number of studies included for these two measurements, the complexity of contributory factors in life quality should also be noted for this inconsistency.

Regarding the safety of BTX-A, no significant adverse effects were noted. Overall, 59 out of 142 (41.5%) patients in the BTX-A group and 59 out of 137 (43.1%) patients in the saline group reported injection pain. Besides, there were seven out of 128 (5.5%) and seven out of 92 (7.6%) patients who exhibited hematoma at injection site. Out of 108 patients with trigeminal neuralgia, 14 (12.9%) developed mild facial asymmetry after the BTX-A treatment. However, this symp tom was self-limited without the need for other interventions. Compared to trigeminal neuralgia attacks, patients generally reported this complication tolerable.

Limitations

There are several limitations of this study. First, the current literature was limited, and the sample size was relatively small. Second, we were not able to explore the potential publication bias through funnel plot due to the insufficient number of studies. Third, some studies suggested that NRS and VAS for pain are not necessarily interchangeable in some clinical situations;^31,32 thus, potential bias may exist by pooling and analyzing these data. Next, heterogeneity exists for some of the results, so they should be interpreted with caution. Last, our study was underpowered to detect any effect of BTX-A on patients’ quality of life.

Conclusion

This study suggests that BTX-A may be a good choice for the treatment of neuralgia. More well-designed RCTs with large sample sizes are needed to confirm these findings.