Figure 5. Annual percent shifts in crop yield (t/ha) for 51 cassava-growing provinces in Thailand, reflective of the mealybug invasion and ensuing biological control.

Shifts (A–D) cover the country-wide spread of P. manihoti from late 2008 until 2011, the first small-scale release of A. lopezi (Nov. 2009) and subsequent nation-wide distribution of the parasitoid from June 2010 onward. Province-level yield shifts depict the percent change of crop yield in one given year, as compared to the previous year.