Table 1.
Overview results of studies on GM in SAD.
| Publication | Method | Group | Subcortical areas |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amy | HiC | Thal | Putamen | Caudate | |||
| Potts et al., 1994 [193] | Manual segmentation caudate, thalamus, putamen | 22 SAD vs 22 HC | n.a. | n.a. | = | = | = |
| Cassimjee et al., 2010 [64] | Whole brain VBM (SPM) | 11 SAD - treatment effect | = | = | = | = | = |
| Irle et al., 2010 [61] | Manual segmentation amygdala & hippocampus | 24 SAD vs 24 HC | − | − | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
| Liao et al., 2011 [50] | Whole brain VBM (SPM) | 18 SAD vs 18 HC | = | – | = | = | = |
| Syal et al., 2012 [55] | Whole brain CT FreeSurfer; volumes amygdala & hippocampus | 13 SAD vs 13 HC | = | = | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
| Frick et al., 2013 [51] | Whole brain CT using FACE | 14 male SAD vs 12 HC | = | = | = | = | = |
| Meng et al., 2013 [53] | Whole brain VBM (SPM) | 20 SAD vs 19 HC | - And negative correlation with disease duration | = | - And positive correlation with age of onset | = | = |
| Talati et al., 2013 – sample 1 [49] | Whole brain VBM (SPM) | 16 SAD vs 20 HC (16 PD) | = | + | = | = | = |
| Talati et al., 2013 – sample 2 [49] | Whole brain VBM (SPM) | 17 SAD vs 17 HC | = | = | = | = | = |
| Brühl et al., 2014 [54] | Whole brain & ROIs CT FreeSurfer; volumes subcortical ROIs | 46 SAD vs 46 HC | = | = | = | = | = |
| Frick et al., 2014 [66] | Whole brain VBM (SPM) + ROI approach; SVM study | 14 SAD vs 12 HC | = | = | = | = | = |
| Frick et al., 2014 [58] | Whole brain VBM (SPM) | 48 SAD vs 29 HC | = | = | = | = | = |
| Irle et al., 2014 [57] | Whole brain VBM (SPM); manual segmentation parietal ROIs | 67 SAD vs 64 HC | = | = | = | = | = |
| Machado-de-Sousa et al., 2014 [194] | Manual segmentation amygdala & hippocampus | 12 SAD, 12 SA, 14 HC | + | + | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
| Talati et al., 2015 [62] | Whole brain VBM (SPM) | 14 SAD - treatment effect | = | = | - After treatment | - After treatment | - After treatment |
| Tükel et al., 2015 [56] | Whole brain VBM (SPM) | 27 SAD vs 27 HC | = | = | = | = | = |
| Månnson et al., 2016, 2017 [195,196] | ROIs (amygdala, ACC, insula, hippocampus) as well as whole brain VBM (SPM) | 13 SAD - treatment effect | - After treatment | = | = | = | = |
| Steiger et al., 2016 [63] | Whole brain cortical volume & CT using Freesurfer | 33 SAD -treatment effect | = | = | = | = | = |
| Bas-Hoogendam et al., 2017 [60] | Whole brain VBM (FSL) | 178 SAD vs 213 HC | = | = | = | + | = |
| Zhao et al., 2017 [59] | Whole brain VBM (SPM) & whole brain CT using Freesurfer | 24 SAD vs 41 HC (and 37 MDD) | = | = | − | − | = |
| Publication | Frontal regions |
Parietal regions |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MPFC | DLPFC | VLPFC | OFC | PMC | ACC | PCC | Par | PC | |
| Potts et al., 1994 [193] | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a | n.a. | n.a. |
| Cassimjee et al., 2010 [64] | = | = | = | = | = | = | = | = | = |
| Irle et al., 2010 [61] | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
| Liao et al., 2011 [50] | + | = | = | = | = | = | = | = | = |
| Syal et al., 2012 [55] | = | − | = | − | − | = | − | − | − |
| Frick et al., 2013 [51] | = | = | = | = | = | Pos. relation symptoms | = | = | = |
| Meng et al., 2013 [53] | = | = | = | = | = | = | = | = | − |
| Talati et al., 2013 – sample 1 [49] | − | = | = | = | − | − | − | − | − |
| Talati et al., 2013 – sample 2 [49] | = | − | = | − | + | = | = | + | = |
| Brühl et al., 2014 [54] | = | + | = | = | = | + ROI approach | = | + | + |
| Frick et al., 2014 [66] | = | = | = | = | = | = | = | = | = |
| Frick et al., 2014 [58] | = | = | = | = | = | = | Pos. relation symptoms | = | = |
| Irle et al., 2014 [57] | = | = | = | = | + | = | = | Both + and – (neg. relation LSAS avoidance) | Both + and – (neg. relation LSAS avoidance) |
| Machado-de-Sousa et al., 2014 [194] | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
| Talati et al., 2015 [62] | = | = | = | = | = | = | = | = | = |
| Tükel et al., 2015 [56] | = | = | = | = | = | = | = | + | + |
| Månnson et al., 2016, 2017 [195,196] | - after treatment | = | = | = | = | = | = | = | - after treatment |
| Steiger et al., 2016 [63] | = | Relation with treatment success | = | = | = | = | = | - After treatment | = |
| Bas-Hoogendam et al., 2017 [60] | = | = | = | = | = | = | = | = | = |
| Zhao et al., 2017 [59] | − | = | = | − | − | + | = | + | = |
| Publication | Temporal regions |
Occipital regions |
Cerebellum | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ins | TC | OCC | FFG | ||
| Potts et al., 1994 [193] | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
| Cassimjee et al., 2010 [64] | = | - After treatment | = | = | - After treatment |
| Irle et al., 2010 [61] | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
| Liao et al., 2011 [50] | = | − | = | = | n.a. |
| Syal et al., 2012 [55] | − | − | = | − | n.a. |
| Frick et al., 2013 [51] | = | + | = | + | n.a. |
| Meng et al., 2013 [53] | = | = | = | = | n.a. |
| Talati et al., 2013 – sample 1 [49] | = | + | + | + | n.a. |
| Talati et al., 2013 – sample 2 [49] | = | both – and + | = | = | n.a. |
| Brühl et al., 2014 [54] | + (ROI approach, uncorrected) | + (ROI approach, uncorrected) | = | = | n.a. |
| Frick et al., 2014 [66] | = | = | = | = | n.a. |
| Frick et al., 2014 [58] | = | = | + | + | n.a. |
| Irle et al., 2014 [57] | = | = | = | = | n.a. |
| Machado-de-Sousa et al., 2014 [194] | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
| Talati et al., 2015 [62] | = | = | = | = | + after treatment |
| Tükel et al., 2015 [56] | = | + | = | + | n.a. |
| Månnson et al., 2016, 2017 [195,196] | = | = | = | = | n.a. |
| Steiger et al., 2016 [63] | = | = | - After treatment | = | n.a. |
| Bas-Hoogendam et al., 2017 [60] | = | = | = | = | n.a. |
| Zhao et al., 2017 [59] | + | + | = | = | n.a. |
=: no difference; +: increase; −: decrease; n.a.: not data available.
ACC: anterior cingulate cortex; Amy: amygdala; CT: cortical thickness; DLPFC: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; FFG: fusiform gyrus; GM: gray matter; HC: healthy control participants; HiC: hippocampus; Ins: insula; MDD: patients with major depressive disorder; MPFC: medial prefrontal cortex; Occ: occipital cortex; OFC: orbitofrontal cortex; Par: parietal cortex; PC: (pre)cuneus; PCC: posterior cingulate cortex; PD: patients with panic disorder; PMC: premotor cortex; ROI: region of interest; SA: social anxiety; SAD: patients with social anxiety disorder; SVM: support vector machine; TC: temporal cortex; Thal: thalamus; VBM: voxel-based morphometry; VLPFC: ventrolateral prefrontal cortex.