Figure 1.

Models of Neurulation and Cortical Folding

(A) Experimental data (left column) and simulation results (right column) from stages 14 (top row) and 17 (bottom row) of axolotl neurulation (adapted with permission from Chen and Brodland (2008)). For the right column, yellow represents neural plate tissue, green represents non-neural ectoderm, and blue represents the neural ridges. The height of each image represents approximately 2 mm.

(B) A simulation of cortical folding in humans where the brain is treated as a soft elastic solid and the cortex expands tangentially. GW, gestational weeks. Adapted with permission from Tallinen et al. (2016).