Abstract
Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a highly contagious disease involving mostly upper respiratory tract in chickens, leading to significant economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. One of the major concerns regarding to IB is the emergence of new types of infectious bronchitis viruses (IBVs). The purpose of this study was to identify the IBVs isolated from Iranian broiler chickens with respiratory symptoms. Twenty-five broiler flocks around Ahwaz (southwest of Iran) were examined for IBV. The specimens including trachea, lung, liver, kidney, and ceacal tonsil, were collected from diseased birds and inoculated into chicken embryonated eggs. Harvested allantoic fluids were subjected to reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using primers in order to amplify spike 1 (S1) gene of IBV. The RT-PCR products of four IBV isolates were sequenced. The results showed that from 25 examined flocks with respiratory disease, 12 flocks (48.00%) were positive for IBV. In phylogenetic analysis, our isolates were closely related to the QX-like viruses such as PCRLab/06/2012 (Iran), QX, HC9, HC10, CK/CH/GX/NN11-1, CK/CH/JS/YC11-1, CK/CH/JS/2010/13, CK/CH/JS/2011/2 (China), QX/SGK-21, QX/SGK-11 (Iraq) with nucleotide homology up to 99.00%. This study indicates the role of IBVs in the respiratory disorders of broiler flocks located in southwest Iran, and also the existence of a variant of IBV, which is distinguishable from the other Iranian variants.
Key Words: Infectious bronchitis virus, Iran, QX-like viruses, S1 gene
Introduction
Infectious bronchitis (IB) is an acute contagious viral infection with low mortality and a significant reduction in performance in chicken. The causative agent of IB is infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) which is an enveloped, single-stranded, positive sense and RNA virus belonging to the family Coronaviridae, the genus gamma Coronavirus. The virus consists of three important structural proteins: the nucleocapsid (N), the membrane (M), and the spike (S1 and S2) glycoproteins. The nucleotide sequence of the S1 gene is highly variable, which makes it prone to mutation and emergence of new variants of the virus. For this reason, the molecular classification of IBVs is based on the investigation of the S1 gene.1 Vaccination is one of the best ways of immunization of susceptible birds. However, vaccinated flocks may experience disease involvement because there is almost no cross-protection among serotypes.2 Consequently, the viral strains that exist in a different geographical area must first be identified and their pathogenicity should be determined in order to select an appropriate virus strain for vaccination.
In Iran, Aghakhan et al. identified IBV by virus isolation and serological techniques. This isolate belonged to the Mass serotype.3 In previous studies conducted to identify IBV serotypes in Iran, the presence of 4/91 and Massachusetts serotypes have been reported.4,5 Recently, a new isolate of IBV (IRFIBV32) was identified by Boroomand et al. which had 95.00% similarity to 793/B strains.5 The other IBV serotypes also exist in Iran neighboring countries such as Dutch strains in Pakistan.6
In Ahvaz (southwest Iran), IBV vaccines including H120 and 4/91 are used in the vaccination program in broiler chicken flocks. However, IB continues to be responsible for the economic losses of the poultry industry in the region. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of IBV in broiler chicken respiratory complexes in Ahvaz, and also to study the partial S1 sequences among field isolates of IBVs.
Materials and Methods
Sampling. During January 2012 to December 2013, an attempt was made to reveal the role of IBVs in broiler chickens of Ahvaz which suffered from severe respiratory distress, including nasal discharge, coughing, wet rale, lacrimation, gasping, and high mortality. Twenty five broiler flocks aged 2 - 5 weeks old, some of which had a history of live vaccination against IBV were selected from different geographical parts of Ahvaz (north, east, south and west). Samples including trachea, lung, kidney, liver and cecal tonsil were obtained from dead birds, transferred in cold chain system to the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz and stored at – 70 ˚C until used.
Isolation and identification of IBV. The homo-geneous tissue samples were centrifuged at 4 ˚C and 3,000 rpm for 10 min. The supernatant was taken and antibiotics (penicillin, 10,000 IU mL-1, streptomycin, 10000 μg mL-1 and gentamycin, 50 μg mL-1, all from Sigma, St. Louis, USA) were added to prevent the growth of bacteria and fungi. An amount of 0.20 mL of the suspension was inoculated into the allantoic cavity of 9-day-old embryonated chicken eggs.7 The eggs were incubated at 37 ˚C and after 48 hr, the allantoic fluid was harvested and examined for IBV using reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). No bacterial and fungal contamination was observed in specific culture media. All experiments were carried out after approval by the Animal Committee of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
Extraction of RNA from the allantoic fluid was carried out using RNX-plus Solution (CinnaGen, Tehran, Iran) according to manufacturer’s instructions. The isolated RNAs were stored at – 80 ˚C.
The cDNA was synthesized using PrimeScriptTM RT reagent kit (Takara, Tokyo, Japan) according to manufacturer’s instructions.8 A fragment of the S1 gene (464 bp) was amplified using a pair of specific primers including XCE1 (5'-CACTGGTAATTTTTCAGATGG-3’) and XCE2 (5'-CTCTATAAACACCCTTACA-3').9 The PCR reaction and its thermal condition were set up as previously described.10 The PCR products were electrophoresed on 1.00% agarose gel.
Characterization of isolated IBVs. The IBV positive allantoic fluids were investigated for detection of influenza and Newcastle disease viruses by RT- PCR using specific primers. Out of 12 positive samples, four samples from different flocks were found to be infected with IBV alone. For genotyping, PCR products (S1 gene) of these four IBV isolates were sequenced in forward direction by BioNeer Co. (Seoul, South Korea) and their nucleotide sequences of their partial S1 gene were compared with each other and with previously reported isolates from Iran, neighboring countries, and reference strains of IBV (Table 1) in GenBank by using nBLAST, and ClustalW2. The phylogenetic relationship was established by http://www.phylogeny.fr/simple_phylogeny.cgi. The phylogenic tree was constructed using the neighbor joining method and MEGA software (version 4.0; Biodesign Institute, Tempe, USA). The topological stability of the tree was evaluated by 1000 bootstrap replications.
Table 1.
The percentage of nucleotide sequence identity of partial S1 gene of IBV isolates in the present study and the other IBV strains from GenBank.
| IBV isolates from GenBank |
IBV isolates in the present study
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IRIBVb/ KP751243 | IRIBVc /KP751244 | IRIBVe/ KP751245 | IRIBVf/KP751246 | |
| H120/ M21970 | 81.00 | 81.00 | 81.00 | 81.00 |
| M41/ GQ219712 | 81.00 | 81.00 | 81.00 | 81.00 |
| Ma5 /AY561713 | 81.00 | 81.00 | 81.00 | 81.00 |
| n4/91(UK) /JN192154 | 82.00 | 82.00 | 82.00 | 82.00 |
| n4/91/ AF093794 | 82.00 | 82.00 | 82.00 | 82.00 |
| variant2 / AF093796 | 83.00 | 84.00 | 83.00 | 83.00 |
| Connecticut IBAS1A:1-1542 | 80.00 | 80.00 | 80.00 | 80.00 |
| Beaudet X02342.1 | 80.00 | 80.00 | 80.00 | 80.00 |
| Gray/L14069.1 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Holte L18988.1 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| QX/ AF193423.1 | 94.00 | 94.00 | 94.00 | 94.00 |
| PCRLab/06/2012 /JX477827.1 | 99.00 | 99.00 | 99.00 | 99.99 |
| Iraq/QX/SGK-21|KU143898.1 | 99.00 | 99.00 | 99.00 | 99.00 |
| Iraq/QX/SGK11/KU143900.1 | 99.00 | 99.00 | 99.00 | 99.00 |
| CK/CH/JS/YC11-1 /KJ524587 | 99.00 | 99.00 | 99.00 | 99.00 |
| CK/CH/GX/NN111/ KJ524582 | 99.00 | 99.00 | 99.00 | 99.00 |
| HC10/ KC357726 | 99.00 | 99.00 | 99.00 | 99.00 |
| HC9/ KC357725 | 99.00 | 99.00 | 99.00 | 99.00 |
| CK/CH/JS/2011/2 JQ900126 | 99.00 | 99.00 | 99.00 | 99.00 |
| CK/CH/JS/2010/13 JQ900123 | 99.00 | 99.00 | 99.00 | 99.00 |
| IRIBVb/ KP751243 | 100.00 | 99.00 | 99.00 | 100.00 |
| IRIBVc /KP751244 | 99.00 | 100.00 | 99.00 | 99.00 |
| IRIBVe/ KP751245 | 99.00 | 99.00 | 100.00 | 99.00 |
| IRIBVf/KP751246 | 100.00 | 99.00 | 99.00 | 100.00 |
Results
The results showed that 12 flocks (48.00%) were positive for IBV (Fig. 1). The nucleotide sequences of four isolates were submitted to the GenBank sequence database and were given the accession numbers IRIBVb: KP751243, IRIBVc: KP751244, IRIBVe: KP751245 and IRIBVf: KP751246. A phylogenetic tree (Fig. 2), based on the hypervariable region of S1 gene sequences of four IBV isolates from the present study and other strains of IBV retrieved from GenBank, was generated. Based on the Phylogenetic analysis, these four isolates were clustered with QX-like viruses. The results demonstrated the occurrence of QX-like serotype/genotype in Ahvaz, Iran. The IBV isolates were closely correlated to PCRLab/06/ 2012 (Iran), QX, HC9, HC10, CK/CH/GX/NN11-1, CK/CH/ JS/YC11-1, CK/CH/JS/2010/13, CK /CH/JS/2011/2 (China), QX/SGK-21, QX/SGK-11 (Iraq) with nucleotide homology up to 99.00%.
Fig. 1.
The PCR products of the amplified S1 gene of IBV isolates on 1% agarose gel. Lane M: 100 bp molecular marker (CinnaGen); lanes 1-4, 6 and 9: negative samples; Lanes 5, 7 and 8: IBV positive samples (464 bp), lane 10: negative control, lane 11: positive control (4/91 vaccine strain).
Fig. 2.
Phylogenetic tree generated based on the hypervariable region of S1 gene sequences of four IBV isolates from the present study and other strains of IBV retrieved from GenBank using the neighbor joining method.
Discussion
Infectious bronchitis virus is one of the main pathogens of commercial and backyard chickens with several serotypes and genotypes circulating in the world. Based on our findings, 12 out of 25 examined flocks (48.00%) were found to be infected with IBV, which show the prominent role of the virus in respiratory involvement of Ahvaz broiler flocks. The IBV isolates in the present study were completely different from IBV vaccine strains (H120, Ma5 and 4/91) used for vaccination in Ahvaz, which indicates the incidence of IB infection despite stringent vaccination. The determination of the IBV genotype is necessary not only to understand the evolution of the virus but also for developing vaccines based on circulating IBV strains in the region.10 One of the significant features of the IB viruses is the emergence of new variants of the virus throughout the world. Therefore, new serotypes and new variants of IBVs are still isolated from chickens, even from vaccinated flocks.10,11 The new IBV serotypes should be identified quickly in order to develop an effective vaccination strategy. Several years ago, Massachusetts serotype was identified in poultry flocks of Iran.4 In recent years, 793B or 4/91 serotype has been identified in Iran by several researchers.5,4,12 Furthermore, the distribution of different IBV genotypes (different from the vaccine strain; Massachusetts) was already reported in Iran.13-15
Phylogenetic analysis showed that Isolated IBVs in the present study clustered with QX-like viruses. For the first time, in 1996, QX strain of IBV was identified in China, after which the occurrence of the QX-liked virus was informed and it became one of the most prevalent IBV genotypes in various countries.16 QX-like IBVs were extended from China, to Europe and recently to the south of Africa.17 Also, in Iraq, this genotype was also identified.18 The PCRLab/06/2012 (JX477827) strain of IBV was isolated in Iran and classified as QX-like viruses.19 The findings of the present study revealed that QX strains of IBV may be originated from other countries (probably Iraq) which has been transmitted to Ahwaz. There is little information about the type of IBV spread between the Middle East countries. However, borderline migrations of birds is probably an important factor.20
Taken together, this is the first report indicating the circulation of QX-like viruses in Ahvaz broiler chickens with respiratory signs. Finally, a comprehensive study on the pathogenesis of these IBV isolates is suggested.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Dean for Research of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz for providing financial support for this work. The author disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This study was supported by the research grant (31400/02/3/95) provided by Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz.
Conflict of interest
The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
References
- 1.Jackwood MW, de Wit S. Infectious bronchitis. In: Swayne DE, Glisson JR, McDougald LR, et al., editors. Diseases of poultry. 13th ed. Ames, USA: Blackwell Publishing; 2013. pp. 139–159. [Google Scholar]
- 2.Cavanagh D. Severe acute respiratory syndrome vaccine development: experiences of vaccination against avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus. Avian Pathol. 2003;32(6):567–582. doi: 10.1080/03079450310001621198. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Aghakhan SM, Abshar N, Fereidouni SR, et al. Studies on avian viral infections in Iran. Arch Razi Ins. 1994;44:1–5. [Google Scholar]
- 4.Haqshenas G, Asasi K, Akrami H. Isolation and molecular characterization of infectious bronchitis virus isolate Shiraz 3 IBV by RT-PCR and restriction enzyme analysis. Iranian J Vet Res. 2005;6:9–15. [Google Scholar]
- 5.Boroomand Z, Razeghian I, Asasi K, et al. Isolation and identification of a new isolate of avian infectious bronchitis virus IRFIBV32 and study of its pathogenicity. Online J Vet Res. 2011;15(4):366–380. [Google Scholar]
- 6.Ahmed Z, Naeem K, Hameed A. Detection and seroprevalence of infectious bronchitis virus strains in commercial poultry in Pakistan. Poultry Sci. 2007;86:1329–1335. doi: 10.1093/ps/86.7.1329. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Swayne DE, Glisson JR, Jackwood MW, et al. A Laboratory manual for the isolation and identification of avian pathogens. 4th ed. Texas, USA: American Association of Avian Pathologists; 1998. pp. 169–174. [Google Scholar]
- 8.Liu S, Kong X. A new genotype of nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus circulating in vaccinated and non-vaccinated flocks in China. Avian Pathol. 2004;33:321–327. doi: 10.1080/0307945042000220697. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Adzhar A, Gough RE, Haydon D, et al. Molecular analysis of the 793/B serotype of infectious bronchitis virus in Great Britain. Avian Pathol. 1997;26(3):625–640. doi: 10.1080/03079459708419239. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.DeWit JJ, Cook JK. Factors influencing the outcome of infectious bronchitis vaccination and challenge experiments. Avian Pathol. 2014;43:485–497. doi: 10.1080/03079457.2014.974504. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Yu L, Wang Z, Jiang Y, et al. Molecular epidemiology of infectious bronchitis virus isolates from China and Southeast Asia. Avian Dis. 2001;45:201–209. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Seyfi Abad Shapouri MR, Mayahi M, Assasi K, et al. A survey of the prevalence of infectious bronchitis virus type 4/91 in Iran. Acta Vet Hung. 2004;52(2):163–166. doi: 10.1556/AVet.52.2004.2.4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Hosseini , H , Fard MH, Charkhkar S, et al. Epidemiology of avian infectious bronchitis virus genotypes in Iran (2010-2014) Avian Dis. 2015;59(3):431–435. doi: 10.1637/11091-041515-ResNote.1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Modiri Hamadan A, Ghalyanchi Langroudi A, Hashemzadeh M, et al. Genotyping of Avian infectious bronchitis viruses in Iran (2015-2017) reveals domination of IS-1494 like virus. Virus Res. 2017;15(240):101–106. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.08.002. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Najafi H, Ghalyanchi Langroudi A, Hashemzadeh M, et al. Molecular characterization of infectious bronchitis viruses isolated from broiler chicken farms in Iran, 2014-2015. Arch Virol. 2016;161(1):53–62. doi: 10.1007/s00705-015-2636-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Sasipreeyajan TPJ. The pathogenesis of a new variant genotype and QX-like infectious bronchitis virus isolated from chickens in Thailand. Thai J Vet Med. 2012;42:51–57. [Google Scholar]
- 17.Amin OG, Valastro V, Salviato A, et al. Circulation of QX-like infectious bronchitis virus in the Middle East. Vet Rec. 2012;171:530. doi: 10.1136/vr.100896. doi: 10.1136/vr.100896. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Seger W, Ghalyanchi Langeroudi A, Karimi V, et al. Genotyping of infectious bronchitis viruses from broiler farms in Iraq during 2014-2015. Arch Virol. 2016;161(5):1229–1237. doi: 10.1007/s00705-016-2790-2. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19.Bozorgmehri-Fard M, Charkhkar S, Hosseini H. Detection of the Chinese genotype of infectious bronchitis virus (QX-type) in Iran. Iran J Virol. 2014;7:21–24. [Google Scholar]
- 20.Mahmood ZH, Sleman RR, Uthman AU. Isolation and molecular characterization of Sul/01/09 avian infectious bronchitis virus, indicates the emergence of a new genotype in the Middle East. Vet Microbiol. 2011;150:21–27. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.12.015. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]