Patients with chronic mesenteric ischemia have an altered sublingual microcirculation

Abstract

Background

Little is known about the microcirculatory alterations in patients with chronic mesenteric ischemia (CMI). We hypothesized that patients with CMI have an impaired microcirculatory function and show an oral microcirculatory response after caloric challenge compared to healthy controls.

Methods

All patients and controls received the standard workup for CMI. Sublingual micro-circulation was evaluated before (T0) and 20 minutes after (T1) feeding. The total vessel density (TVD; mm/mm²), perfused vessel density (PVD; mm/mm²), proportion of perfused vessels (PPV; %) and microvascular flow index (MFI; AU) were assessed.

Results

We included 12 patients (63.2 years [IQR 48.8–70.4 years], 67% males) and 12 controls (32.7 years [IQR 27.7–38.1 years], 42% males). At baseline, patients with CMI had a decreased PPV of the sublingual small vessels (median 84.8% vs 95.7%, P=0.006), PPV of all vessels (PPV median 85.4% vs 95.3%, P=0.007) and microvascular flow index of all vessels (MFIa; median 3.00 vs 2.80, P=0.039) compared to healthy controls. After caloric challenge, PVD increased significantly in both small vessels (perfused vessel density of the small vessels [PVDs]) and all vessels (perfused vessel density of all vessels [PVDa]; PVDs [T0]) median 16.3 [IQR 13.3–22.1] vs [T1] median 19.9 [IQR 14.2–26.2], P=0.008; PVDa [T0] median 19.1 [IQR 16.2–23.6] vs [T1] median 22.2 [IQR 16.5–28.9], P=0.02; proportion of perfused vessels of the small vessels (PPVs; [T0] median 84.8% [IQR 75.3–90.4] vs [T1] median 91.0% [IQR 80.1–93.8], P=0.010). In contrast, no significant changes in microcirculatory parameters were observed after caloric challenge in healthy controls.

Conclusion

Patients with CMI have an impaired sublingual microcirculation at baseline and show a significant response in the sublingual microcirculation after caloric challenge, whereas healthy controls have a normal microcirculation at baseline and show no reactive response upon a caloric challenge as seen in CMI patients. Sublingual microcirculation visualization may offer a rapid noninvasive method to identify patients at risk for having CMI.

Introduction

Chronic mesenteric ischemia (CMI) results from insufficient blood supply to the stomach, small intestine and colon, leading to decreased mucosal perfusion and oxygenation.1 In most cases, CMI is caused by stenosis of the supplying arteries due to atherosclerosis. Chronic heart failure and pulmonary conditions can further contribute to or predominate CMI (so-called nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia [NOMI]).2

Patients with CMI have insufficient postprandial increase in the splanchnic blood flow after ingesting food, which causes a misbalance between oxygen delivery and metabolic demand and often results in postprandial discomfort.3 Until recently, it was thought that CMI could only occur in the presence of at least two occluded mesenteric arteries, but studies have shown that a significant stenosis of a single artery can also lead to clinically relevant gastrointestinal ischemia.4,5 In patients with single-vessel CMI, the symptoms are thought to be related to insufficient collateral circulation.2 Another underlying cause might be that patients with CMI have microcirculatory alterations associated with systemic disorders of the circulatory system. The majority of patients with CMI have hypertension, diabetes and other cardiovascular conditions.6 Therefore, microvascular pathology in this patient group is very likely, which might explain why single-vessel stenosis can lead to clinical symptoms even in the presence of seemingly sufficient collateral circulation.

However, the microcirculation has not been studied in patients with CMI. In patients with hemodynamic shock and acute gastrointestinal ischemia, a correlation between intestinal ischemia and sublingual microcirculatory alterations has been observed during investigations of buccal, sublingual and intestinal mucosa.7–10 Another study reported decreased microvessel density and erythrocyte velocity in both the sublingual and gut regions.11 Sublingual capillary perfusion correlated with the hypoxic state of the gastric mucosa in these patients.9,12,13 The sublingual PCO₂ in patients with septic shock paralleled gastric PCO₂ as measured using gastric tonometry.14 Similarly, in elective stoma surgery complicated by sepsis, sublingual and ileal microcirculatory alterations were correlated.

To our knowledge, no study has investigated the relationship between sublingual microcirculation and hemodynamic changes in patients with CMI. Based on the findings in patients with acute ischemia, we formulated the hypothesis that 1) patients show an oral microcirculatory response after caloric challenge different from that of healthy individuals and 2) patients with CMI have impaired microcirculatory function compared with that of healthy individuals.

Methods

Study population

Patients with confirmed CMI were enrolled between September 2014 and August 2015. The current established approach for diagnosing CMI is based on three main components. The first component includes assessment of medical history, clinical symptoms and physical examination. The second component concerns radiological imaging of the mesenteric arteries, and the third component aims at detection of mucosal ischemia by means of a functional test. All patients and procedures are discussed by a dedicated multidisciplinary team consisting of a vascular surgeon, intervention radiologist and gastroenterologist, all specialized in CMI, leading to a final expert-based consensus diagnosis.

The diagnosis of CMI is established if a patient fulfills two of the three following criteria:15

1. Distinctive clinical presentation including presence of postprandial pain and otherwise unexplained weight loss of >5% of the normal body weight.

2. Significant stenosis of >70% of at least one of the mesenteric arteries demonstrated by radiological evaluation.

3. Mucosal ischemia detected by tonometry or visible light spectroscopy (VLS). Mucosal ischemia was defined as mucosal oxygen saturation <58%, <62%, or <63% for measurements in the duodenum, duodenal bulb and antrum of the stomach, respectively, based on previous assessments in patients and healthy controls.2,16,17

A definitive diagnosis of CMI is made after persistent relief of symptoms on follow-up after treatment, which included revascularization in patients with stenotic CMI and vasodilatory medication in patients with NOMI.

This is not the ideal gold standard; however, it is currently the most reliable way to establish CMI. For single-vessel disease, all three criteria should apply.2,16,17

Nonsmoking healthy subjects with patent gastrointestinal arteries as determined by abdominal duplex ultrasound, no gastrointestinal complaints and unremarkable medical history were asked to participate in our study on a voluntary basis.

All patients provided written informed consent prior to participation to the study. Approval for the study was obtained from the institutional review board of the Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands (MEC number 2013-003).

Assessment of microcirculation

We measured sublingual microcirculation according to the latest consensus guidelines using the Cytocam-IDF device before (T0) and 20 minutes after (T1) enteral feeding.18 Patients and healthy controls received enteral feeding through an endoscopically placed feeding tube in the antrum. Through the feeding tube, patients were given 300 mL of compound liquid food (Nutrison Energy^®; Nutricia Advanced Medical Nutrition, Zoetermeer, the Netherlands), a solution of carbohydrates, protein and fat with a low volume and a high caloric content (450 kcal). At each time point, microcirculation was assessed at three different sublingual mucosal locations for a minimum of 4 seconds per sequence as previously described.19 The locations concerned the sublingual mucosal tissue surface at the floor of the mouth adjacent to the lingual frenulum. Great care was taken to clear saliva before image acquisition. Film sequences were repeatedly taken until three sequences of good quality were obtained. The quality of the images was assessed using the Massey score for microcirculation image quality.20 Video-image analysis was performed blindly by one independent researcher (MSTD) according to protocol using Automated Vascular Analysis (AVA) 3.0.21 The following parameters were obtained for small vessels and all vessels: total vessel density (TVD; mm/mm²), perfused vessel density (PVD; mm/mm²), proportion of perfused vessels (PPV; %) and microvascular flow index (MFI; AU). The definition for PVD is the total length (mm) of perfused vessels divided by the total mucosal surface, and PPV is defined as the proportion of perfused vessels divided by the total vessels on the recorded surface.

Statistical analyses

Baseline characteristics were calculated using descriptive statistics. Data were expressed as median and IQR or count and percentage (%), as appropriate. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test was performed to study the differences between baseline and postprandial parameters of the microcirculation in CMI patients and healthy controls. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 21.0 program (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). A two-sided P-value of <0.050 was considered as significant.

Results

Patient characteristics

During the study period, 49 consecutive patients with clinical suspicion of CMI were eligible for the study. Informed consent was received from 31 (63%) patients. Reasons for nonparticipation were mostly poor condition of the patient or anxiety regarding undergoing multiple tests. Three (6%) patients failed to complete this workup, leaving a total of 28 (57%) participants in the study. The results of the diagnostic workup of these 28 patients were discussed by a multidisciplinary expert panel. A consensus diagnosis of CMI was made in 14 (50%) patients, whereas CGI was ruled out in 14 (50%) patients.

During follow-up (median 3.0 [IQR 1–6] months), two patients were lost to follow-up, leaving a total of 12 patients with CMI (11 patients with occlusive CMI and one patient with NOMI). For the characteristics of patients and controls, see Table 1.

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of CMI patients and controls

	CMI (n=12)	Controls (n=12)
Agea	63.2 (48.8–70.4)	32.7 (27.7–38.1)
Gender
Male	8 (67)	5 (42)
Female	4 (33)	7 (58)
BMI (kg/m2)a	24.2 (21.5–28.3)	22.3 (20.4–24.8)
Symptomatology
Abdominal pain	10 (83)	0
Postprandial pain	9 (75)	0
Exercise-induced pain	4 (33)	0
Weight loss	7 (58)	0
Weight loss (kg/months)a	2.0 (1.1–3.0)	0
Diarrhea	2 (17)	0
Nausea	5 (42)	0
Duration of symptoms (months)a	10.0 (6.0–21.0)	0
Cardiovascular comorbidity
History of CVD	8 (67)	0
CAD alone	0 (0)	0
PAD alone	4 (33)	0
Both	4 (33)	0
Hypertension	7 (58)	0
DM type II	3 (25)	0
Hypercholesterolemia	6 (50)	0
Family history of CVD	5 (42)	0
Smokingb	10 (83)	4 (40)
Current	6 (50)	1 (8)
Former	4 (33)	3 (25)
Pack yearsa	162 (0–356)	0
Alcohol use	6 (50)	8 (67)
Alcohol (U/day)c	0 (0–1.8)	0.6 (0–1.0)
Mesenteric artery stenosisd
No stenosis	1 (8)	0
Single artery stenosis	4 (33)	0
Multi artery stenosis	7 (58)	0
VLS measurement
Antruma	58.5 (53.5–59.0)	61.5 (60.0–63.0)
Duodenal bulba	53.0 (48.8–54.0)	59.0 (54.0–63.8)
Descending duodenuma	49.5 (45.3–52.8)	51.5 (47.5–56.0)

Notes: Values represent the number and percentage of patients unless otherwise specified.

^aMedian, IQR.

^bIncludes current and former smokers.

^cMedian, range.

^dStenosis of the mesenteric arteries is defined as >70% lumen reduction on CTA or MRA.

Abbreviations: BMI, body max index; CAD, cardial arterial disease; CMI, chronic mesenteric ischemia; CTA, computed tomography angiography; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; MRA, magnetic resonance angiography; PAD, peripheral arterial disease; VLS, visible light spectroscopy.

Sublingual microcirculation

A snapshot of a recorded image of the sublingual microcirculation of a healthy volunteer obtained during the study is shown in Figure 1. Absolute data and ranges for the micro-vascular variables of all patients and controls are provided in Table 2. Compared to the baseline (T0), perfused vessel density of the small vessels (PVDs) and perfused vessel density of all vessels (PVDa) significantly increased in patients with CMI after caloric challenge (T1; PVDs median 16.3 mm/mm² [IQR 13.3–22.1 mm/mm²] vs 19.9 mm/mm² [IQR 14.2–26.2 mm/mm²], P=0.008; PVDa median 19.1 mm/mm² [IQR 16.2–23.6 mm/mm²] vs 22.2 mm/mm² [IQR 16.5–28.9 mm/mm²], P=0.020; Table 3 and Figure 2). Furthermore, there was a significant increase in the proportion of perfused vessels of the small vessels (PPVs) between baseline (T0) and after caloric challenge (T1; median 84.8% [IQR 75.3%–90.4%] vs 91.0% [IQR 80.1%–93.8%], P=0.010). This did not pertain to the proportion of perfused vessels of all vessels (PPVa; median 85.4% [IQR 79.8%–91.5%] vs 90.4% [IQR 81.4–94.4], P=0.050; Figure 3). In addition, there was a nonsignificant increase in total vessel density of the small vessels (TVDs) after caloric challenge (median 20.8 mm/mm² [IQR 17.6–23.8 mm/mm²] vs 22.4 mm/mm² [IQR 17.8–32.2 mm/mm²], P=0.090). In contrast, there was no significant difference in microcirculation between the values at baseline and after caloric challenge in healthy volunteers (Figure 4 and Table 3).

Figure 1.

Recorded image of the sublingual microcirculation of a healthy volunteer obtained during the study.

Table 2.

Individual data of sublingual microcirculation of patients with CMI and healthy controls

Patient	Time pointa	Parameters
		TVDs (mm/mm2)	TVDa (mm/mm2)	PVDs (mm/mm2)	PVDa (mm/mm2)	PPVs (%)	PPVa (%)	MFIs (AU)	MFIa (AU)
1	0	19.13	24.22	17.19	22.25	90.50	92.27	2.83	2.94
	1	18.76	21.81	16.29	19.24	86.48	87.66	3.00	2.84
2	0	15.36	18.00	13.58	16.17	87.58	89.20	3.00	2.61
	1	13.87	15.01	13.32	14.46	95.97	96.17	3.00	2.90
3	0	17.64	21.08	13.27	16.71	75.34	79.35	2.67	2.56
	1	17.51	21.93	14.33	17.95	82.80	83.28	2.50	2.80
4	0	23.95	25.18	21.78	23.01	91.44	91.78	3.00	2.97
	1	34.90	38.03	32.31	35.44	92.92	93.46	3.00	3.00
5	0	23.45	25.04	22.25	23.84	94.80	95.20	3.00	3.00
	1	25.42	28.44	24.96	27.98	98.05	98.36	3.00	3.00
6	0	20.54	24.13	10.82	13.43	52.52	55.79	1.58	1.94
	1	19.90	23.94	12.58	16.21	62.63	66.41	2.33	2.58
7	0	21.11	23.87	15.35	17.00	73.64	72.98	2.75	2.50
	1	16.50	18.31	15.47	17.26	92.81	93.74	3.00	2.94
8	0	31.68	34.26	28.80	31.37	89.98	90.70	3.00	3.00
	1	34.45	35.76	31.09	32.20	90.40	90.08	3.00	2.93
9	0	11.88	15.65	8.98	12.75	75.25	81.11	2.83	2.70
	1	18.52	20.77	14.21	16.10	77.20	78.16	2.89	2.49
10	0	23.66	25.68	19.24	21.25	81.95	83.09	2.67	2.89
	1	27.78	27.78	25.43	25.24	91.57	90.79	3.00	2.89
11	0	28.70	31.06	22.72	25.08	79.47	81.06	2.75	2.75
	1	33.67	36.33	26.51	29.17	79.22	80.79	2.58	2.82
12	0	17.56	19.01	15.12	16.26	88.39	87.66	3.00	2.85
	1	24.85	27.32	23.42	25.88	94.11	94.62	3.00	3.00
Control
1	0	33.52	34.51	32.70	33.68	97.39	97.46	3	3
	1	27.14	28.13	25.32	26.30	92.41	92.68	3	3
2	0	23.11	25.21	20.52	22.61	86.80	88.16	3	2.75
	1	20.27	22.52	19.47	21.72	95.39	96.05	3	3
3	0	24.46	25.55	23.49	24.58	95.29	94.34	3	3
	1	29.36	31.45	28.23	30.32	96.30	96.51	3	3
4	0	16.38	16.88	16.34	16.84	99.77	99.78	3	3
	1	17.01	17.74	15.49	16.22	91.21	91.94	2.83	2.78
5	0	20.58	22.81	13.00	14.58	61.76	62.43	2.75	2.47
	1	19.70	23.01	16.92	20.24	82.52	84.60	2.75	2.86
6	0	16.33	19.05	13.88	17.66	89.69	91.99	2.83	2.74
	1	24.56	26.22	24.56	26.38	100.00	100.00	3	3
7	0	20.94	22.54	19.04	20.35	90.96	90.21	3	3
	1	23.87	24.20	22.14	22.47	92.68	92.78	3	3.03
8	0	19.63	20.32	19.54	20.23	99.60	99.60	3	3
	1	16.85	19.73	16.59	19.28	98.18	97.66	3.13	3
9	0	24.50	26.35	22.19	24.04	90.81	91.21	3	3
	1	23.32	23.32	19.85	23.09	98.91	99.03	3	3
10	0	23.36	25.88	23.28	25.81	99.68	99.70	3	3
	1	19.56	22.78	18.28	21.41	92.66	93.57	3	3
11	0	25.15	25.88	24.14	24.88	96.11	96.20	3	2.93
	1	26.13	29.46	24.34	27.67	90.78	92.32	3	3
12	0	23.48	25.33	23.06	24.87	97.79	97.73	3	3
	1	23.26	25.90	23.14	25.59	99.46	98.83	3	3

Notes:

^aTime point 0 is the baseline before caloric challenge, and time point 1 is after caloric challenge.

^bP<0.050 is considered as significant.

Abbreviations: CMI, chronic mesenteric ischemia; MFIa, microvascular flow index of all vessels; MFIs, microvascular flow index of the small vessels; PPVa, proportion of perfused vessels of all vessels; PPVs, proportion of perfused vessels of the small vessels; PVDa, perfused vessel density of all vessels; PVDs, perfused vessel density of the small vessels; TVDa, total vessel density of all vessels; TVDs, total vessel density of the small vessels.

Table 3.

Difference in sublingual microcirculatory parameters before and after caloric challenge

Parameters	Time pointa	Patients (n=12)		Controls (n=12)
		Median (IQR)	P-valueb	Median (IQR)	P-valueb
TVDs (mm/mm2)	0	20.8 (17.6–23.8)	0.090	23.2 (20.1–24.5)	0.810
	1	22.4 (17.8–32.2)		23.3 (19.6–25.3)
TVDa (mm/mm2)	0	24.2 (19.5–25.6)	0.180	25.3 (21.4–25.9)	0.750
	1	25.6 (21.0–33.9)		23.8 (22.7–27.2)
PVDs (mm/mm2)	0	16.3 (13.3–22.1)	0.008	21.4 (17.7–23.4)	1.00
	1	19.9 (14.2–26.2)		21.0 (17.6–24.5)
PVDa (mm/mm2)	0	19.1 (16.2–23.6)	0.020	23.3 (18.9–24.9)	0.580
	1	22.2 (16.5–28.9)		22.8 (20.8–26.3)
PPVs (%)	0	84.8 (75.3–90.4)	0.010	95.7 (90.3–98.7)	0.430
	1	91.0 (80.1–93.8)		94.0 (91.8–98.5)
PPVa (%)	0	85.4 (79.8–91.5)	0.050	95.3 (90.7–98.7)	0.430
	1	90.4 (81.4–94.4)		94.8 (92.5–98.2)
MFIs (AU)	0	2.8 (2.7–3.0)	0.170	3.0 (3.0–3.0)	0.790
	1	3.0 (2.7–3.0)		3.0 (3.0–3.0)
MFIa (AU)	0	2.8 (2.6–3.0)	0.140	3.0 (2.8–3.0)	0.120
	1	2.9 (2.8–3.0)		3.0 (3.0–3.0)

Notes:

^aTime point 0 is at baseline before caloric challenge, and time point 1 is after caloric challenge.

^bP<0.050 is considered as significant.

Abbreviations: MFIa, microvascular flow index of all vessels; MFIs, microvascular flow index of the small vessels; PPVa, proportion of perfused vessels of all vessels; PPVs, proportion of perfused vessels of the small vessels; PVDa, perfused vessel density of all vessels; PVDs, perfused vessel density of the small vessels; TVDa, total vessel density of all vessels; TVDs, total vessel density of the small vessels.

Figure 2.

PVDs (mm/mm²) of all patients with CMI at baseline (T0) and after caloric challenge (T1).

Note: Boxes represent medians with IQRs, whiskers extend to the most and least extreme scores and ^* denotes <0.050.

Abbreviations: CMI, chronic mesenteric ischemia; PVDs, perfused vessel density of the small vessels.

Figure 3.

PPVs (mm/mm²) of all patients with CMI at baseline (T0) and after caloric challenge (T1).

Note: Boxes represent medians with IQR, whiskers extent to the most and least extreme scores and ^* denotes <0.050.

Abbreviations: CMI, chronic mesenteric ischemia; PPVs, proportion of perfused vessels of the small vessels.

Figure 4.

PPVs (mm/mm²) of patients with CMI and healthy controls at baseline (T0) and after caloric challenge (T1).

Note: Boxes represent medians with IQR, whiskers extend to the most and least extreme scores and ^* denotes <0.050.

Abbreviations: CMI, chronic mesenteric ischemia; PPVs, proportion of perfused vessels of the small vessels.

At baseline (T0), patients with CMI had a decreased PPVs (median 84.8% vs 95.7%, P=0.006), PPVa (median 85.4% vs 95.3%, P=0.007; Figure 4) and microvascular flow index of all vessels (MFIa; median 2.8 vs 3.0, P=0.039) compared with those of healthy controls. After caloric challenge (T1), patients with CGI had a decreased PPVa compared to the healthy controls (median 90.4% vs 94.8%, P=0.039) and MFIa (median 2.9 vs 3.0, P=0.014). The difference in sublingual microcirculatory parameters between patients and healthy controls is shown in Table 3. Video clips of an example of sublingual microcirculation of a healthy individual and of CMI patients can be found in Videos S1–S4.

Discussion

The main findings of our study were that: 1) at baseline, patients with CMI have a significantly lower PPV and a lower microcirculatory flow index than those of healthy controls; 2) increased metabolic demand induced by food intake caused in CMI patients an increase in PVD and in PPV, whereas this did not occur in the healthy controls; and 3) despite the increase in PVD and PPV of the CMI patients, levels did not reach the normal levels of the healthy controls. These latter findings are consistent with the idea that the compromised microcirculation of CMI patients requires recruitment of the microcirculation to meet the metabolic demand imposed by food intake, but that this does not occur in health where there is sufficient microcirculatory reserve to meet such a demand.

Previous studies in patients with CMI focused on macro-vascular alterations.22–24 Patients with CMI have an impaired postprandial increase in the splanchnic blood flow, leading to insufficient oxygen delivery to meet the metabolic demand of the gastrointestinal tract.3 Another underlying cause might be that patients with CMI have microcirculatory alterations associated with systemic disorders of the circulatory system, which may also be attributed to the presence of clinical symptoms.6 Systemic microvascular pathology in this patient group is very likely, given the high association with cardiovascular conditions. This might explain why single-vessel stenosis can lead to clinical symptoms even in the presence of sufficient collateral circulation. We therefore hypothesized that patients with CMI may also exhibit microcirculatory alterations relative to healthy controls. We also hypothesized that sublingual microcirculation is responsive to enteral caloric challenges and that, based on preexisting microcirculatory alterations in CMI, microcirculation provides a way to indirectly assess intestinal microcirculation.

Our study shows that patients with CMI experience a significant need to recruit the microcirculation to meet the metabolic stress induced by the caloric challenge and thus have a response to the ingestion of food of highly caloric food. However, this hyperemic response to the ingestion of food was not seen in the healthy volunteers. Therefore, it seems that patients with CMI have a poor microcirculation to begin with, despite the increase in microcirculatory parameters after a caloric challenge to compensate for the microcirculatory shortcoming. In contrast, it seems that healthy controls begin with normal microcirculation; therefore, no compensatory microcirculatory mechanism is initiated to ingest food. From this reasoning, it follows that microcirculation before food exposure in CMI patients is lower than that in healthy individuals and that the compensatory increase after food challenge does not reach normal levels. Further studies including more patients and healthy controls using the current protocol are needed to further investigate this matter.

Our study has several limitations. The first limitation is the diagnosis of CMI. The diagnosis of CMI is a clinical challenge. This is first because patients with CMI may present with a variety of symptoms. Furthermore, there is no single, accurate test to diagnose or exclude CMI. The role of clinical symptoms alone in the diagnosis of CMI is limited.22,25 The combination of postprandial pain, weight loss and presence of an abdominal bruit is known as the classical triad of CGI. Indeed, our study could have benefitted from a careful assessment of clinical symptoms related to CMI following our challenge with a meal and measurement of the microcirculatory response, and this omission could be considered as a limitation of our study. This is however only present in 16%–21% of patients and has limited predictive value for diagnosing CGI.22,26,27 This supports the current diagnostic approach that combines assessment of clinical symptoms with radiological imaging of the gastrointestinal arteries and functional testing by tonometry or VLS.2 This is not the ideal gold standard; however, it is currently the most reliable way to establish CMI. Patients with CMI and the healthy controls were under conscious sedation with intravenous midazolam and fentanyl at the time of the second sublingual microcirculatory measurements after caloric challenge but not during the baseline sublingual measurements. A recent study showed that the sublingual microcirculation in patients with shock was greater after the infusion of midazolam.28 In this study, the PPV was significantly greater after the infusion of midazolam (PPV median 96.4% [IQR 93.7–97.6] vs 92.7% [IQR 88.3–94.7], P<0.005). Therefore, one could hypothesize that the hyper-emic response in our patients after caloric challenge might be partly due to the effect of midazolam. This phenomenon was not observed in the healthy controls. Therefore, the effect of conscious sedation seems limited. Furthermore, the small sample size of patients and controls could be affected by confounders. The major four confounders in this study are cardiovascular comorbidities, age, smoking and diabetes. It is suggested that a possible confounder in the results could be the difference in age between the control group (mean age 32 years) and CMI patients (mean age 63 years). However, a recent study by Kanoore Edul et al29 showed that that there is no relation between age and sublingual microvascular vascular density. In addition, as one-third of the patients have generalized arterial atherosclerosis, this could affect the sublingual microcirculation. However, to find patients with CMI without any history of CVD would however be very difficult and would decrease the sample size in our study. Yet in our study, one-third of our patients had no cardiovascular morbidity at all. Additionally, half of the patients are current smokers, which could induce microcirculatory changes in the mouth as suggested by Morozumi et al.30 However, there are a number of critical comments that can be made about this study. The study concerns the effects of smoking cessation on flow (eg, most likely simply related to the amount of circulating carbon monoxide). The first is that a similar study had been carried out using the same technique and location and it was found the opposite in that there was no difference in gingival microcirculatory flow between smokers and nonsmokers.31 It should also be pointed out that the laser Doppler technique used in these studies has known short comings in assessing the microcirculation. This includes that it measures an unspecific physiological compartment and is a nonquantitative measurement expressed in arbitrary units. It does not measure the microcirculatory vessel density in a quantitative manner (eg, mm/mm²) as measured by handheld video microscopy where there is direct observation of the microcirculation. We investigated the effect of smoking using handheld video microscopy in a previous study in the same location as the study by Morozumi et al (the gin-giva), and in contrast to their study, we found no effects of smoking on the gingival microcirculation.32 Another study looking at the sublingual microcirculation using handheld video microscopy confirmed these findings where no effect was found on sublingual microcirculation.29 This latter study also showed that smoking and age do not affect the microcirculation.29 However, it did show microcirculatory changes in patients with hypertension compared to patients without hypertension. However, these changes were only seen for TVD. If we compare the PPVs in the CMI patients with this study, there is a difference of 85.4% vs 100%. We cannot compare the other microcirculatory parameters as we used the IDF device and the study of Kanoore et al used the stream dark field device. Indeed, diabetes mellitus (DM) could have affected the microcirculation; however, only 25% of the CMI patients had DM type 2, and therefore, we do think the influence is minimal on the microcirculation in our study. All these confounders can affect the microcirculatory differences between the patients and healthy controls; however, this does not affect the microcirculatory differences within a patient. Future research should focus on better matching of patients and controls by including controls known with DM and a smoking history to set the correct baseline from which a comparison can be established, thereby eliminating these confounders. A different type of confounder could have been the physiological metabolic response to a meal in the maxillomandibular musculature in the form of a reactive hypereamic response following ingestion of food. Indeed, a delayed reactive hyperemic response has been measured in the masseter in volunteers following clenching.33 However, this hyperemic response was found to be over within 2 minutes, whereas our microcirculatory measurements were performed 20 minutes after the administration of the meal, so we do not think this response could be a confounder. In addition, we administered the meal not orally but instead by a feeding tube placed in the antrum of the stomach. Finally, this study focuses more on the physiology of the microcirculation before and after a meal in CMI patients; therefore, no definite conclusions should be drawn from the differences with the healthy controls as no other studies have been performed on microcirculation after a meal. More and larger studies are needed to confirm the findings of our study.

To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the sublingual microcirculation in patients with CMI. Patients with CMI have less perfused capillaries in the sublingual microcirculation before food exposure compared with that of healthy controls and that the compensatory increase after food challenge in these patients does not reach normal levels. Furthermore, we found patients with CMI experience a significant increase in PVD and PPV after stimulation with food and therefore have a hyperemic response to the ingestion of food. However, this response is not sufficient to increase the microcirculation of CMI patients to the microcirculatory state of healthy volunteers with or without caloric challenge.

This study provides us additional insight into the relationship between the microcirculation and hemodynamic changes in the gastrointestinal tract. These findings may lead to the development of diagnostic methodology to identify patients at risk of having CMI. To establish such a clinical screening methodology for the identification of patients at risk for CMI, larger studies focusing on the sensitivity and specificity of measured alterations in the sublingual microcirculation would have to be undertaken.

Supplementary materials

Video S1 Capturing sublingual microcirculation of a patient with chronic mesenteric ischemia before caloric challenge.

Video S2 Capturing sublingual microcirculation of a patient with chronic mesenteric ischemia after caloric challenge.

Video S3 Capturing the sublingual microcirculation of a healthy control before caloric challenge.

Video S4 Capturing the sublingual microcirculation of a healthy control after caloric challenge.

Abbreviations list

CAD

cardial arterial disease

CMI

chronic mesenteric ischemia

CTA

computed tomography angiography

CVD

cardiovascular disease

DM

diabetes mellitus

NOMI

nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia

MFIa

microvascular flow index of all vessels

MFIs

microvascular flow index of small vessels

MRA

magnetic resonance angiography

PAD

peripheral arterial disease

PPVa

proportion of perfused vessels of all vessels

PPVs

proportion of perfused vessels of the small vessels

PVDa

perfused vessel density of all vessels

PVDs

perfused vessel density of the small vessels

TVDa

total vessel density of all vessels

TVDs

total vessel density of the small vessels

VLS

visible light spectroscopy