Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of irbesartan combined with atorvastatin calcium in the treatment of rats with coronary heart disease. One hundred sixty Wistar rats were selected to establish coronary heart disease model. Rats with coronary heart disease were randomly divided into 4 groups: Model, irbesartan, atorvastatin calcium and combination groups (irbesartan combined with atorvastatin calcium group). Rats in irbesartan group were treated with 50 mg/(kg.day) irbesartan; rats in atorvastatin calcium group were given atorvastatin calcium at a dose of 10 mg/(kg.day); rats in combination group were subjected to atorvastatin calcium at a dose of 10 mg/(kg.day) and irbesartan at a dose of 50 mg/(kg.day), while rats in model groups were given intragastric administration of normal saline at a dose of 2 ml/day. Serum lipids, including total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and TC/HDL-C, were measured by automatic biochemical analyzer. Expression of sPLA2-V in myocardium and aortic trunk of rats was detected by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and western blot analysis. After treatment, levels of serum TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C and TC/HDL-C in rats of each treatment group were better than those in model group (p<0.05). Expression level of sPLA2-V in myocardium and aortic trunk in model group was significantly higher than that in other groups (p<0.05). Expression level of sPLA2-V in combination group was significantly lower than that in irbesartan and atorvastatin calcium groups (p<0.05). Combination of irbesartan and atorvastatin calcium is superior to irbesartan or atorvastatin calcium alone in the treatment of rats with coronary heart disease. The possible explanation is that the two drugs can reduce the expression of sPLA2-V in myocardium and aortic trunk, which in turn relieved atherosclerosis and achieved better therapeutic effect.
Keywords: irbesartan, atorvastatin calcium, coronary heart disease, combination therapy, sPLA2-V, atherosclerosis
Introduction
Coronary heart disease is a common type of heart disease with high incidence. More than 20 million people die each year from cardiovascular disease, of which about 42% die of coronary heart disease (1). About 50% of people over the age of 50 suffer from coronary heart disease worldwide (2), and the incidence and mortality of coronary heart disease are still rising (3). Coronary heart disease has become the number one killer of human health. Current treatment of coronary heart disease mainly aims to control the disease, reduce complications, enhance postoperative care and reduce the number of treatment. Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment of coronary heart disease is the key to improve survival (4,5).
At present, diagnosis of coronary heart disease is mainly based on dyslipidemia (6). Treatment methods mainly include interventional, surgical and drug treatments, of which drug treatment is particularly important (7). Statins are widely used in drug treatment and show promising therapeutic effects. Statins also play an important role in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease (8). Clinical studies have confirmed that atorvastatin has a satisfactory effect in the treatment of coronary heart disease (9,10). In addition, therapeutic effect of angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) on coronary heart disease is also satisfactory. Irbesartan belongs to the ARB, and studies have shown that high-dose irbesartan can effectively reduce blood pressure, reduce the degree of carotid atherosclerosis, and relieve clinical symptoms (11). Type II secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) is a member of the family of calcium-dependent phospholipases that is highly expressed in atherosclerotic lesions, and can affect atherosclerosis and lead to coronary heart disease (12). sPLA2-V as a subtype of sPLA2, and has been detected in atherosclerotic plaques (13). In the present study, irbesartan and atorvastatin calcium were used together to investigate their effects on sPLA2-V expression in myocardium and aorta in rats with coronary heart disease, and to explore the possible mechanism.
Materials and methods
Experimental animals
One hundred sixty healthy male Wistar rats, 3–4 months old, weighing approximately 200 g, were provided by China Medical University (Taichung, Taiwan). The rats were kept in cages with controlled temperature and light cycles (24°C and 12/12 light cycles) with free access to water and food. The humidity was 60±10%. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Jinan Zhangqiu District Hospital of TCM (Jinan, China).
Drugs and major reagents
Irbesartan was purchased from Jiangsu Hengrui Medicine Co., Ltd. (state approval no. H20000513; Lianyungang, China). Atorvastatin calcium was purchased from Beijing Jialin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (state approval no. H20093819; Beijing, China). TRIzol and RT-PCR kit were purchased from Sangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) kits (all from Cyttel Bioscience Inc., Beijing, China). Skim milk powder (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA), rabbit anti-rat sPLA2-V polyclonal antibody (cat no. 16009-1-AP; 1:1,000) and goat anti-rabbit-HRP secondary polyclonal antibody (cat. no. SA00001-2; 1:800) were purchased from Wuhan Sanying Biotechnology, Wuhan, China. Protein electrophoresis buffer, transfer membrane buffer and washing, all from Sangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.
Model construction
The 160 healthy rats were fed with high-fat diet (2% cholesterol, 10% lard, 0.5% sodium cholate, 87.3% basal diet) daily for 6 weeks, followed by intraperitoneal injection of pituitrin at a dose of 30 U/kg for 3 consecutive days. All rats were subjected to electrocardiogram and lipids test and 152 rats showed myocardial ischemia and hyperlipidemia, which are the symptoms of coronary heart disease, considering the model was constructed successfully.
Animal grouping and treatment
Rats with coronary heart disease were randomly divided into 4 groups to receive corresponding treatment, 38 rats in each group. Rats in irbesartan group were treated with 50 mg/(kg.day) irbesartan through intragastric administration. Rats in atorvastatin calcium group were given intragastric administration of atorvastatin calcium at a dose of 10 mg/(kg.day). Rats in combination group were subjected to intragastric administration of atorvastatin calcium at a dose of 10 mg/(kg.day) and irbesartan at a dose of 50 mg/(kg.day), while rats in model groups were given intragastric administration of normal saline at a dose of 2 ml/day. Treatment was performed for 12 weeks.
Detection indicators
Collection of specimens
After intragastric administration for 12 weeks, rats in each group were fasted for 16 h and anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of 10% chloral hydrate. Chest was opened, and heart was punctured to collect blood, followed by centrifugation at 8,000 × g for 15 min to prepare serum. Heart and aortic trunk were dissected, and the right apex of left ventricular myocardium was taken, rinsed with pre-cooling 0.9% saline, and then placed in 4% paraformaldehyde solution for fixation.
Automatic biochemical analyzer was used to measure TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C and TC/HDL-C according to the instructions of corresponding kit (Cyttel Bioscience Inc.).
RT-PCR to detect the expression of sPLA2-V
TRIzol was used to extract total RNA from the apex and aorta, and cDNA was synthesized by using RNA as template through reverse transcription according to the instructions of the kit, and 1 µl of cDNA was used as template in PCR amplification (Table I). Reaction conditions were: 95°C for 10 min; 95°C for 50 sec, followed by 30 cycles of 56°C for 50 sec and 72°C for 60 sec, and 72°C for 10 min. PCR products were detected by 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis. GAPDH was used as endogenous control to normalize the intensity of each band to reflect the relative expression level of each gene.
Table I.
Primer sequences used in PCR reaction.
| Genes | Primers sequence | Length of product (bp) |
|---|---|---|
| sPLA2-V | F: 5′-TCACGCTGGCTTGGTTCCTG-3′ | 320 |
| R: 5′-CAATCATGGACTTCAGTTCT-3′ | ||
| GAPDH | F: 5′-TGACTCCACTCACGGCAAATTCAA-3′ | 580 |
| R: 5′-CTAGTTGAATGCTTGGATGTACAA-3′ |
sPLA2-V, type II secretory phospholipase A2-V.
Detection of sPLA2-V protein expression
The preserved myocardial and aortic specimens was mixed with lysis solution (1 ml/100 mg), homogenized on ice, and then transferred to a centrifuge tube, followed by centrifugation at 3,000 × g for 8 min to collect supernatant. Protein (20 µg) was mixed with equal volume of 2X loading buffer and boiled in water for 5 min, followed by electrophoresis under 100 V until the dye moved to the lower 1/3 of the gel. Protein was transferred to PVDF membrane under 110 mA for 2 h. Then membranes were blocked with 5% skimmed milk powder, followed by incubation with rabbit anti-rat sPLA2-polyclonal antibody overnight. The next day, membranes were washed 3 times, 5 min for each time, followed by incubation with goat anti-rabbit-HRP secondary polyclonal antibody at room temperature for 1 h. Membranes were then washed 3 times, 5 min for each time, followed by addition of chemiluminescence substrate. Signals were detected by gel imager (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA).
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS 17.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Count data were analyzed by χ2 test. Measurement data were expressed as the mean ± SD, and analysis of variance was used for comparisons among multiple groups and the post-hoc test was Least Significant Difference test. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
Comparison of blood lipid indicators before treatment
Rats were randomly divided into different groups after model construction. There was no statistical difference in body weight among groups. Before treatment, no significantly differences in levels of TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C and TC/HDL-C were found among irbesartan, atorvastatin calcium, combination and model groups (p>0.05) (Table II).
Table II.
Comparison of TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C and TC/HDL-C among groups before treatment (mean ± SD).
| Groups (n=38) | Model group | Irbesartan group | Atorvastatin calcium | Combination group | F-value | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weight (g) | 601.52±28.52 | 603.35±30.33 | 603.98±30.15 | 602.82±30.03 | 0.004 | 1.000 |
| TC (mmol/l) | 5.01±1.04 | 5.03±1.12 | 5.05±1.03 | 5.04±1.08 | 0.001 | 0.435 |
| TG (mmol/l) | 2.26±0.26 | 2.27±0.28 | 2.23±0.25 | 2.24±0.28 | 0.014 | 0.996 |
| LDL-C (mmol/l) | 3.09±0.30 | 3.10±0.32 | 3.11±0.33 | 3.08±0.32 | 0.005 | 0.999 |
| HDL-C (mmol/l) | 1.17±0.24 | 1.16±0.22 | 1.13±0.24 | 1.15±0.21 | 0.017 | 0.389 |
| TC/HDL-C (mmol/l) | 4.40±0.88 | 4.42±0.90 | 4.43±0.93 | 4.40±0.87 | 0.001 | 0.679 |
TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
Comparison of blood lipid indicators after treatment
Levels of TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C and TC/HDL-C in rats of each group after 12 weeks of treatment were measured by automatic biochemical analyzer (Table III). Levels of TC, TG, LDL-C, and TC/HDL-C were significantly lower in irbesartan, atorvastatin calcium, and combination groups than those in model group (p<0.05). The decrease is more significant in combination group than that in irbesartan group or atorvastatin calcium group (p<0.05), while no significant difference was found between irbesartan and atorvastatin calcium groups. Levels of HDL-C were significantly higher in irbesartan, atorvastatin calcium, and combination groups than in model group (p<0.05). The increase is more significant in combination group than in irbesartan or atorvastatin calcium group (p<0.05), while no significant difference was found between irbesartan and atorvastatin calcium groups.
Table III.
Comparison of TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C and TC/HDL-C among groups after treatment (mean ± SD).
| Groups (n=38) | Model group | Irbesartan group | Atorvastatin calcium | Combination group | F-value | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TC (mmol/l) | 5.03±1.02 | 4.09±0.15a | 3.80±0.11a | 3.58±0.18b | 4.417 | 0.041 |
| TG (mmol/l) | 2.27±0.28 | 1.90±0.14a | 1.92±0.04a | 1.78±0.15b | 4.373 | 0.043 |
| LDL-C (mmol/l) | 3.21±0.11 | 2.98±0.09a | 2.98±0.15a | 2.54±0.13b | 5.085 | 0.029 |
| HDL-C (mmol/l) | 1.15±0.26 | 1.33±0.25a | 1.32±0.18a | 1.88±0.18b | 6.210 | 0.017 |
| TC/HDL-C (mmol/l) | 4.43±0.38 | 4.07±0.48a | 3.96±0.34a | 2.98±0.42b | 6.919 | 0.013 |
Compared with control group, p<0.05
compared with irbesartan group or atorvastatin calcium group, p<0.05. TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
Comparisons of expression level of PLA2-V mRNA in myocardium and aortic trunk among groups
GAPDH was as an endogenous control. sPLA2-V fragment was amplified by RT-PCR and analyzed by 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis to determine the relative expression of sPLA2-V mRNA in each sample. After treatment, in 38 rats of irbesartan group, expression level of sPLA2-V in apex of heart was significantly decreased in 15 rats, and expression level of sPLA2-V in aorta was significantly decreased in 11 rats. In atorvastatin calcium group, expression level of sPLA2-V in apex of heart was significantly decreased in 19 rats, and expression level of sPLA2-V in aorta was significantly decreased in 15 rats. In combination group, expression level of sPLA2-V in apex of heart was significantly decreased in 30 rats, and expression level of sPLA2-V in aorta was also significantly decreased in 30 rats (Fig. 1). Expression levels of sPLA2-V mRNA in apex and aorta were the highest in model group. Expression levels of sPLA2-V mRNA in apex and aorta of model groups were significant higher than those of irbesartan, atorvastatin calcium and combination groups (p<0.05). In addition, expression levels of sPLA2-V mRNA in apex and aorta of combination group were significantly lower than those in irbesartan and atorvastatin calcium groups (p<0.05).
Figure 1.
Comparisons of expression level of PLA2-V mRNA in myocardium and aortic trunk among groups. RT-PCR results showed that expression levels of sPLA2-V mRNA in apex and aorta of model groups (1) were significant higher than those of irbesartan group (2), atorvastatin calcium group (3) and combination group (4) (*p<0.05). In addition, expression levels of sPLA2-V mRNA in apex and aorta of combination group were significantly lower than those in irbesartan and atorvastatin calcium groups (*,#p<0.05). sPLA2-V, type II secretory phospholipase A2-V.
Comparisons of expression level of PLA2-V protein in myocardium and aortic trunk among groups
Western blot analysis results were shown in Fig. 2. Expression levels of sPLA2-V protein in apex and aorta of model group were significant higher than those of irbesartan, atorvastatin calcium and combination groups (p<0.05). In addition, expression levels of sPLA2-V protein in apex and aorta of combination group were significantly lower than those in irbesartan and atorvastatin calcium groups (p<0.05).
Figure 2.
Comparisons of expression level of PLA2-V protein in myocardium and aortic trunk among groups. Western blot analysis results showed that expression levels of sPLA2-V protein in apex and aorta of model group (1) were significant higher than those of irbesartan group (2), atorvastatin calcium group (3) and combination group (4) (*p<0.05). In addition, expression levels of sPLA2-V protein in apex and aorta of combination group were significantly lower than those in irbesartan and atorvastatin calcium groups (*,#p<0.05). sPLA2-V, type II secretory phospholipase A2-V.
Discussion
Coronary heart disease is a common disease endangering the health of the elderly, and the incidence is increasing year by year (14). Atherosclerosis can lead to organ disease (15). Occurrence of coronary heart disease may be related to dyslipidemia, genetic, environmental and other factors (16,17).
At present, dyslipidemia is considered to be the pathological basis of atherosclerosis. TC and HDL-C play roles of promoting and inhibiting atherosclerosis respectively. TC/HDL-C ratio can reflect the balance between atherosclerosis and anti-atherosclerosis lipoproteins, and the status of cardiovascular events (18). In this study, Wistar rat model of coronary heart disease was established to explore the therapeutic effect of irbesartan and atorvastatin calcium on blood lipids. Results showed that all blood lipid indexes including TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C and TC/HDL-C were improved in irbesartan, atorvastatin calcium and combination groups compared with model group. Compared with irbesartan and atorvastatin calcium groups; TC, TG, LDL-C and TC/HDL-C decreased significantly, while HDL-C increased significantly in combination group, indicating that both irbesartan and atorvastatin calcium can effectively treat coronary heart disease, and the combined treatment is even better. Irbesartan can inhibit vasoconstriction, reduce the release of aldosterone, reduce blood pressure, and effectively treat coronary heart disease (19). In this study, irbesartan group also showed significantly improved blood lipid indexes, which is consistent with previous studies. Atorvastatin calcium can significantly reduce carotid atherosclerosis plaque in patients with ischemic attacks and improve blood lipid levels to achieve effective treatment of coronary heart disease (20). In this study, treatment with atorvastatin calcium significantly improved lipid indicators and reduced symptoms of coronary heart disease.
sPLA2-V is a subtype of sPLA2 that is mainly produced by vascular smooth muscle cells and macrophages. Higher expression level of sPLA2-V in atherosclerotic plaques than normal level indicates the risk of coronary heart disease (21). Irbesartan can inhibit atherosclerosis by reducing sPLA2-V expression (22,23). In this study, sPLA2-V expression level in irbesartan group was significantly lower than that in model group, suggesting that irbesartan may inhibit the expression of sPLA2-V, thereby inhibiting the progression of atherosclerosis. Ikonomidis and Michalakeas (24) found that atorvastatin can reduce serum sPLA2IIa expression levels to achieve anti-atherosclerotic effect. In addition, irbesartan combined with revastatin can inhibit the expression of sPLA2-V (25), but the effects on irbesartan combined with atorvastatin calcium on expression of sPLA2-V remain unknown. In this study, atorvastatin calcium treatment effectively reduced sPLA2-V expression level in rats with heart disease, and the decrease was more significant in combination group than in irbesartan and atorvastatin calcium groups, while no significant differences were found between irbesartan and atorvastatin calcium groups, indicating that irbesartan combined with atorvastatin calcium is superior to irbesartan or atorvastatin calcium alone in inhibiting the expression of sPLA2-V.
In conclusion, therapeutic effect of combination of irbesartan and atorvastatin calcium is better than that of irbesartan or atorvastatin calcium alone in the treatment of rats with coronary heart disease. The possible explanation is that the two drugs can reduce the expression of sPLA2-V in myocardium and aortic trunk, which in turn relieved atherosclerosis and achieved better therapeutic effect.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
No funding was received.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the present study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Authors' contributions
TL was a major contributor in writing the manuscript, and designing the methods and the idea of this paper, and responsible for reviewing. WY participated in the analysis and discussion of the data, and responsible for the collection of the data and the follow-up management of the patients. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Jinan Zhangqiu District Hospital of TCM (Jinan, China).
Patient consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the present study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.