Figure 2.

Regional variations in asthma outcomes in England, standardised event ratios by English Government Office Region and sex, with 95% CI bars, ranked by the Standard Events Ratios (SERs) for mortality in males and females combined: (A) mortality 2002–2015, ONS mortality; (B) emergency admissions 2008–12, Hospital Episode Statistics; (C) prevalence of clinician-diagnosed-and-treated asthma 2010, Health Survey for England 2010; (D) prevalence of recent severe asthma 2010*, Health Survey for England 2010. Footnotes. †95% CI too small to be visible. *Clinician-diagnosed-and-treated asthma; a combination of the questions: ‘Did a doctor or nurse ever tell you that you had asthma?’ AND ‘Over the last 12 months, have you used an inhaler, puffer or nebuliser prescribed by a doctor to treat your asthma, wheezing or whistling, or difficulty in breathing?’. Recent severe asthma; a combination of any of the following: in the last 12 months has had sleep disturbed one or more nights per week due to wheezing/whistling in chest, has found in the last 12 months chest wheezing ±whistling interfered with normal activities ‘quite a bit’ or ‘a lot’, has experienced symptoms of asthma ‘every day’ or ‘most days’, had difficulty sleeping one or more days due to usual asthma symptoms in the last week or had usual asthma symptoms during the day one or more days in the last week. Government Office Regions (GOR), SW South West, NE North East, E East of England, EM East Midlands, NW North West, Lon London, YH Yorkshire and Humberside, WM West Midlands.