Abstract
Objective
Recent studies have indicated the possibility that genistein may improve depression via regulating the expression of miR-221/222. This study is to explore whether genistein could improve depression by altering miR-221/222 levels and investigate the possible mechanisms involved in the improvement effect of genistein.
Methods
The animal model of depression was established through unpredictable chronic mild stress. Nest building test and splash test were adapted to evaluate the effects of genistein on depressive symptoms in mice. qRT-PCR and western blot analysis were used to detect the expression of miR-221/222 and connexin 43 (Cx43) in the prefrontal cortex of the mice. In vitro, U87-MG astrocytes were treated with genistein and the expression of miR-221/222 and Cx43 was measured. The dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to verify whether Cx43 was a direct target of miR-221/222.
Results
The behavioral tests showed that genistein could significantly reduce depression symptoms of mice, and this remission was not affected by gender. Genistein in vivo and in vitro could reduce increased levels of miR-221 and miR-222 in the prefrontal cortex of depressed mice, while upregulate Cx43 expression. Dual-luciferase reporter assay suggested Cx43 was directly regulated by miR-221/222 in astrocytes.
Conclusion
Genistein can play its antidepressant effect through down-regulating miR-221/222 by targeting Cx43.
Keywords: Genistein, Major depression, miR-221/222, Cx43
INTRODUCTION
Major depression is a complex mental disorder characterized by physiological, affective, and cognitive impairments that lead to maladaptive behavior. It is a major public health concern which affects about 2–3% people worldwide. This disease is predicted to become the second leading cause of disability by 2,020 according to the World Health Organization [1,2]. The high lifetime prevalence of this disabling condition, coupled with limitations in existing medications, make necessary the development of improving the therapeutics.
Genistein, a dietary isoflavone from soy, has been widely studied due to its effects on cancer, osteoporosis and cardiovascular diseases, as well as its use to attenuate depressive symptoms [3-5]. In these studies, genistein was proved to have the ability of improving the quality of life and depressive symptoms in postmenopausal osteoporosis women. However, the mechanism of the effect of genistein on depression is still unclear.
Recently, more and more researchers paid attention to the effects of microRNAs on the pathophysiology of depression and their contribution to the action of antidepressants [6-8]. Some clinical and experiment researches showed that miR-221 was found significantly increased in the prefrontal cortex, cerebrospinal fluid and serum in depressed patients [9,10]. In addition, the antidepressant treatment can significantly reduce the expression of miR-221/222 in depressed cell model and patients [11,12], which suggesting that miR-221/222 may involve the occurrence of depression. Interestingly, some studies have reported genistein could work in cells by down-regulating miR-221/222 expression [13]. Therefore, we speculate that genistein may play its antidepressant role by regulating miR-221/222 expression. Further, bioinformatics research indicates that connexin 43 (Cx43) is a target of miR-221/222 [14], while the expression of Cx43 is closely related to depression [15]. Thus, it indicates that genistein may improve depression through regulating miR-221/222 expression and targeting Cx43.
In conclusion, we proposed to examine whether genistein could improve depression by regulating the expression levels of miR-221/222 and targeting Cx43 in this article. Besides, the effect of gender on genistein’s antidepressant activity was also studied.
METHODS
Establishment of the depression model and behavior tests
The depressive animal model referred to the reference of Nollet et al. [16] Briefly, BALB/c mice (8 weeks) were divided to three groups (normal, vehicle and genistein) in the experiment. The normal group was non-UCMS treated mice. The mice were placed in cages with a stable environment (inverted 12 h light/dark cycle, temperature 22±1°C, humidity 55±10%) and the UCMS regimen lasted 9 weeks. Genistein (5 mg/kg/day) and vehicle (DMSO) intraperitoneal administration began after two weeks of UCMS and continued until the end of the experiment. On the eighth week, behavioral tests (nest building test and splash test) were initiated and evaluated using the following methods.
The nest building test
1) As the stressed mice have been already individually housed, we isolated non-UCMS mice in clean individual cages for 24 h before the test;
2) One hour before the beginning of the dark phase (active period), we placed a cotton nest let in each cage;
3) The nest quality was evaluated using the following criteria:
Score 1: The cotton square is intact.
Score 2: The cotton square is partially used.
Score 3: The cotton is scattered but there is no form of nest.
Score 4: The cotton is gathered but there is no nest (“flat nest”).
Score 5: The cotton is gathered into a “ball” with a small passage for entry of the animal (as an igloo, with or without roof).
The splash test
1) A mouse was placed in the “splash cage”;
2) With the sprayer, we splashed the back of the mouse with a high viscosity 10% sucrose solution to stimulate grooming behavior, and quickly placed the mouse back into its home cage;
3) We measured the latency to initiate the first grooming behavior, as well as the frequency and duration of grooming over a 5-min period. We started the stopwatch when the mouse was returned to its home cage immediately after being splashed with 10% sucrose solution.
The details of animal experimental design are shown in Figure 1A. The study was approved by Ethics Committee of Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, the Fourth Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University (Hangzhou, China).
Figure 1.
Genistein improves depression of UCMS model mice. A: Experimental design. B-E: The nest building test and splash test results of mice treated with different methods. F: The analysis of the impact of gender on the test results. *p<0.01 compared with the normal group, †p<0.05 and ‡p<0.01 compared with the vehicle group.
Cell culture and treatment
Human U87-MG, a primary glioblastoma cell line, was provided by American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). The cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) (Gibco, Carlsbad, CA, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Gibco BRL, Gaithersburg, MD, USA), 2 mM glutamine, 100 μg/mL streptomycin and 100 units/mL penicillin (Hyclone, Logan, UT, USA) at 37°C in a humidified (5% CO2, 95% air) atmosphere. The vehicle and genistein (10 μM) solutions were freshly prepared and applied to cultured cells.
RNA extraction and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction
Total RNA was extracted from prefrontal cortex of mice and cultured cells using an RNeasy mini kit or miRNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instruction. MiR-221/222 expressions were measured by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) using an Applied Biosystems 7,500 Fast Sequence Detection System (Applied Biosystems Inc., Carlsbad, CA, USA) and genespecific Taqman assay kits (Applied Biosystems Inc.). GAPDH and U6 expression were served as loading controls for Cx43 and miR-221/222, respectively. The primers of miR-221/222 and Cx43 are listed in Table 1 and 2. Cycling conditions were as follows: 95°C for 10 min and 40 cycles of 15 s at 95°C and 60 s at 60°C.
Table 1.
List of primers used for qRT-PCR in cell model
| Primers | Forward | Reverse |
|---|---|---|
| miR-221 | 5'-GCTACATTGTCTGCTGGGTTTCA-3' | 5'-AGCTTTCTTGCGGTCCTTTCTCTG-3' |
| miR-222 | 5'-TCTGGCTACTGGGTCTCTGATG-3' | 5'-TCCTCCCCCTTGTAGTATTGAA-3' |
| Cx43 | 5'-CCCCACTCTCACCTATGTCTCC-3' | 5'-ACTTTTGCCGCCTAGCTATCCC-3' |
| GAPDH | 5'-GGGAGCCAAAAGGGTCATCATCTC-3' | 5'-CCATGCCAG TGAGCTTCCCGTTC-3' |
| U6 | 5'-CGCTTCGGCAGCACATATAC-3' | 5'-TTCACGAATTTGCGTGTCAT-3' |
Table 2.
List of primers used for qRT-PCR in animal model
| Primers | Forward | Reverse |
|---|---|---|
| miR-221 | 5'-AGCUACAUUGUCUGCUGGGUUUC-3' | 5'-AACCCAGCAGACAAUGUAGCUUU-3' |
| miR-222 | 5'-AGCUACAUCUGGCUACUGGGU-3' | 5'-CCAGUAGCCAGAUGUAGCUUU-3' |
| Cx43 | 5'-CCCCACTCTCACCTATGTCTC-3' | 5'-ACTTTTGCCGCCTAGCTATCC-3' |
| GAPDH | 5'-GTGCTGAGTATGTCGTGGAGTC-3' | 5'-CAGTTGGTGGTACAGGAGGC-3' |
| U6 | 5'-CTCGCTTCGGCAGCACATATACT-3' | 5'-ACGCTTCACGAATTTGCGTGTC-3' |
Western blot analysis
The protein levels of Cx43 in prefrontal cortex of treated mice and U87-MG cells transfected with As-miR-221/222 were detected by western blot analysis. The protein (40 μg) was electrophoresed in 10% SDS-PAGE (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) and transferred to PVDF membrane at 75 mA overnight at 4°C. Next day, the PVDF membrane was blocked and incubated with 1:500 anti-Cx43 rabbit monoclonal antibody (Sigma-Aldrich, St-Louis, MO, USA) overnight at 4°C. The secondary antibody was goat anti-rabbit IgG-HRP (Sigma-Aldrich) diluted 1:2,500 in fresh blocking solution for 2 h at room temperature. α-tubulin was used as an endogenous control to normalized expression data. Protein expression was measured and quantified using image analysis system (Image Quant LAS 4,000 mini).
Luciferase activity assay
To test whether the Cx43 is a direct target gene of miR-221/222, the human 3’-UTR segment of wild-type Cx43 gene was amplified and cloned into the pGL3/luciferase vector (Promega, Madison, WI, USA). The mutant 3’-UTR of Cx43 mRNA was obtained by replacing the predicted miRNA binding site sequence. U87-MG cells were plated into 24-well plates (3×104 cells/well). After 24 hours, cells were co-transfected with 800 ng luciferase vector, including the 3’-UTR of Cx43 and miRNA-221/222 mimic at a final concentration of 100 nM with Lipofectamine 2,000. Luciferase activity was measured 72 h after being transfected by the Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay System (Promega).
Statistical analysis
All experiments were carried out in triplicates and presented as mean±standard errors. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 17.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). p< 0.05 was considered significant and p<0.01 was considered highly significant.
RESULTS
Genistein treatment improves depressive symptoms of UCMS mice
The unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) mouse model was used to screen for antidepressant drug candidates. According to Figure 1B, the nest building score of vehicle group was significantly lower than that of the normal group (non-UCMS group, p<0.01) which meant the UCMS mice have appeared the symptoms of depression. Furthermore, the results showed that the time of latency to groom of vehicle group was dramatically increased than that of normal group (p<0.01) while the grooming frequency and time of grooming were significantly decreased when compared to the normal group (p<0.01) (Figure 1C-E). These results indicated that the UCMS model has been successfully established in the paper. The results showed genistein could obviously increase the nest building score, grooming frequency and time of grooming, while decrease the time of latency to groom compared to the vehicle group (p<0.01) (Figure 1C-E). These data indicated genistein could improve the depressive symptoms of the UCMS-treated mice.
Besides, we also investigated the effect of gender on the results of nest building test and splash test. According to Figure 1F, the results showed there was no difference between male and female mice in the test results (p>0.05). Thus, it indicates that genistein could improve depression of the UCMS mice no matter male or female.
Genistein decreases miR-221/222 but increases Cx43 expression levels in vivo
The mRNA expression of miR-221/222 and the protein level of Cx43 in mice treated with non-UCMS (normal), UCMS (vehicle) and UCMS (genistein) were detected according to the qRT-PCR and western blot analysis. The results showed that the miR-221/222 cluster was significantly up-regulated in UCMS-treated mice (p<0.01) (Figure 2A and B) and genistein could significantly inhibit the expression level of miR-221/222 in UCMS-treated mice (p<0.01) (Figure 2A and B) . According to the results (Figure 2C and D), the mRNA and protein expression levels of Cx43 in vehicle group were obviously lower than those in normal group (p<0.01), but significantly increased in the genistein group (p<0.01). These results indicated the up-regulation of miR-221/222 and down-regulation of Cx43 in UCMS-induced depression and genistein could increase the expression level of Cx43 but decrease the expression levels of miR-221/222 in UCMS-treated mice which meant genistein might improve depression through regulation of miR-221/222 and Cx43.
Figure 2.
Genistein reduces the expression of miR-221/222 and increased the expression of Cx43. A and B: The expression of miR-221/222 in the prefrontal cortex of the mice in different groups. C: The mRNA expression of Cx43 in the prefrontal cortex of different groups. D and E: The protein level of Cx43 in the prefrontal cortex of different groups. *p<0.01 compared with the normal group, †p<0.05 and ‡p<0.01 compared with the vehicle group.
Genistein decreases miR-221/222 but increases Cx43 expression levels in vitro
The U87-MG cells were incubated with genistein (10 μM) for 72 h and then detected the mRNA expression of miR-221/222 and the protein level of Cx43. The results showed that genistein could significantly inhibit the expression level of miR-221/222 but increase the expression level of Cx43 when compared to the vehicle control (p<0.01) (Figure 3). The results were consistent with those in vivo which indicated genistein could really decrease the expression levels of miR-221/222 but increase the expression level of Cx43.
Figure 3.
Genistein decreases the expression level of miR-221/222 in human astrocytoma and increases the expression level of Cx43. A: The expression of miR-221/222 in cells with different treatments. B: The mRNA expression of Cx43 in cells treated with different methods. C and D: The protein level of Cx43 in cells of different groups. *p<0.01.
The Cx43 is a direct target gene of miR-221/222
To test whether miR-221/222 directly targets Cx43, we measured the miR-221 and miR-222 expressions in U87-MG cells treated with As-miR-221 and As-miR-222, respectively. According to Figure 4A, it showed that the expression levels of miR-221 and miR-222 were both significantly lower than those in control group (UCMS-mice without AS-221/222, p<0.01), while the western blot analysis showed the protein expression of Cx43 was dramatically increased when compared to the control (p<0.01) (Figure 4B). The results indicated there was an inverse correlation between miR-221/222 and Cx43. Furthermore, the luciferase reporter assay was used to verify whether Cx43 is a direct target of miR-221/222 by cotransfection of miR-221/222 and a luciferase reporter plasmid containing the 3’-UTR of Cx43. The results indicated miR-221/222 might bind to the complimentary DNA sequence on 3’-UTR of Cx43 gene (Figure 4C). Consistent with the binding data, a decrease in relative luciferase activity was shown when the Cx43 was co-transfected with the miR-221/222 (both p<0.01). These results suggest that the Cx43 3’-UTR is the functional target site for miR-221/222.
Figure 4.
MiR-221/222 directly targets Cx43 in U87-MG cells. A: The relative mRNA levels of miR221/222 in cells treated with AsmiR221/222. B: The protein level of Cx43 in U87-MG cells when treated with As-miR221/222. C: The binding sites of miR-221/222 and Cx43. D: The result of dual luciferase reporter assay. *p<0.01.
DISCUSSION
Major depression is a serious disorder that has enormous consequences for the quality of life, and is one of the most prevalent forms of mental illness [17]. Patients suffered from major depression have high rates of morbidity and mortality, with profound economic and social consequences [18]. Moreover, the major depression not only affects 5% of the population, but also the numbers are increasing every year. Thus, it is necessary to find new agents and therapeutics.
For the purpose above, we first performed in vivo and in vitro study to test the effect of genistein on major depression and investigate the possible mechanism of it. To confirm and verify whether genistein could improve depression, the unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) mice model of depression was used to identify genistein treatments for this condition. According to the results of Figure 1, the mice treated with 10 μM genistein got the higher scores, more time of grooming and more times of grooming frequency while less time of latency to groom than those of vehicle group. The results confirmed genistein could improve the depressive symptoms of the UCMS treated mice. Briley et al. [19] reported that it was a clinically and biologically heterogeneous disorder, with 10–30% of women and 7–15% of men likely to suffer from depression in their life time. It means the morbidity of depression among men is nearly half of that of women, however, there is no obvious difference between male and female according to Figure 1F.
Then we investigated the miR-221/222 expression and the mRNA and protein levels of Cx43 in UCMS-treated mice and U87-MG cells treated with genistein. MiRNAs are encoded in the genomes of all multicellular organisms and can be transcripted from either an intergenic cluster or single genetic regions [20]. The miR-221 and miR-222 were reported to be related to depression [9,11,21]. The Cx43 has been identified as a depressive suppressor and major component for the establishment of gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) in glial cells, which is frequently reduced or deleted in high-grade gliomas [14,15]. According to Figures 2 and 3, the expression levels of the miR-221 and miR-222 were significantly reduced while Cx43 expression was up-regulated in UCMS-treated mice and U87-MG cells when treated with genistein. These results showed that genistein might improve major depression through suppressing miR-221/222 or increased the expression level of Cx43.
Besides, the results also indicated that the expression levels of miR-221/222 were inverse correlation with those of Cx43 in depressive cells and mice. According to the bioinformatic analysis, Cx43 may be one of the target genes of miR-221/222. Thus, we investigated whether Cx43 is a target gene of miR-221/222 in the present study. We transfected As-miR-221/222 into U87-MG human astrocytoma cells and the expression of the miR-221/222 cluster and protein level of Cx43 were detected by qRT-PCR and western blot analysis. Luciferase reporter assays were exploited to confirm Cx43 as a target gene of miR-221/222. According to Figure 4, we found that the protein level of Cx43 was significantly reduced while miR-221/222 expression was down-regulated in U87-MG cells transfected with As-miR-221/222. Moreover, the luciferase reporter assay verified that Cx43 is a target gene of miR-221/222. Thus, the results indicated that genistein could improve major depression via inhibiting the expression level of miR-221/222, at least in part, by targeting Cx43.
In summary, the unpredictable chronic mild stress model in mice was established to study the etiological and developmental components of major depression, and to screen for antidepressant drug candidates. Genistein could significantly improve the major depression no matter male or female according to the results. And the mechanism of the improvement effect of genistein on major depression was the down-regulation of miR-221/222 and then targeting Cx43. Thus, miR-221/222 may be as an early diagnostic biomarker and genistein may be as a novel therapeutic drug of major depression.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.: LY16H160044, GF18H160085), Science and Technology Plan of Zhejiang Province, China (Grant No.: 2018251342), Zhejiang Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Project (Grant No.: 2015ZA134), and Northern Regional Special Disease Center of Zhejiang Province Fund and Hangzhou Key Disciplines Fund.
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