Table 8.
Comparison of relative risk ratios of all-cause and cause-specific mortality risk among current smokers compared with never smokers in NHIS-LMF and the five cohort studies analyzed by Carter et al. (2015), U.S. adults ages 55+ years
| Female |
Male |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Causes of Death | NHIS-LMF | Carter et al. | NHIS-LMF | Carter et al. |
| All-Cause Mortality | 2.3(2.2, 2.4) | 2.8 (2.7, 2.9) | 2.3(2.2, 2.4) | 2.8 (2.8, 2.9) |
| Diseases Established as Caused by Smoking | ||||
| Lip and oral cavity cancer | 4.3(2.4, 7.8) | 5.6 (3.7, 8.6) | 3.7(2.1, 6.6) | 5.7 (4.1, 8.1) |
| Esophageal cancer | 2.2(1.1, 4.1) | 5.1 (3.5, 7.4) | 3.0(2.0, 4.5) | 3.9 (3.0, 5.0) |
| Stomach cancer | 2.3(1.4, 3.7) | 1.7 (1.2, 2.5) | 1.6(1.0, 2.4) | 1.9 (1.4, 2.7) |
| Colorectal cancer | 1.6(1.3, 1.9) | 1.6 (1.4, 1.9) | 1.4(1.0, 1.7) | 1.4 (1.2, 1.7) |
| Liver cancer | 1.5(1.0, 2.4) | 1.8 (1.3, 2.5) | 2.6(1.7, 4.0) | 2.3 (1.8, 3.0) |
| Pancreatic cancer | 2.0(1.5, 2.5) | 1.9 (1.6, 2.2) | 2.2(1.6, 2.9) | 1.6 (1.4, 1.9) |
| Laryngeal cancer | 22.0 (7.3, 66.5) | 103.8 (24.2, 445.5) | 12.2 (4.7, 31.6) | 13.9 (8.3, 23.3) |
| Lung cancer | 17.2 (14.9, 19.8) | 22.9 (21.0, 25.0) | 13.3 (10.9, 16.1) | 25.3 (22.8, 28.1) |
| Cervical cancer | 1.6(0.8, 3.2) | —a | — | — |
| Urinary bladder cancer | 3.6(2.1, 6.1) | 3.9 (2.8, 5.5) | 6.3(4.0, 10.0) | 3.9 (3.0, 5.1) |
| Kidney and renal pelvis cancer | 2.2(1.2, 4.0) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.8) | 2.1(1.3, 3.5) | 1.8 (1.4, 2.4) |
| Acute myeloid leukemia | 1.4(0.7, 3.0) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.7) | 1.3(0.7, 2.5) | 1.9 (1.4, 2.7) |
| Diabetes | 1.6(1.3, 2.0) | 1.5 (1.3, 1.9) | 1.4(1.1, 1.8) | 1.6 (1.3, 1.9) |
| Ischemic heart disease | 2.0(1.9, 2.2) | 3.0 (2.8, 3.2) | 2.0(1.9, 2.2) | 2.6 (2.4, 2.7) |
| Other heart disease | 1.6(1.4, 1.8) | 1.9 (1.7, 2.1) | 1.7(1.4, 2.0) | 2.0 (1.8, 2.2) |
| Stroke | 1.71.5, 1.9) | 2.1 (1.8, 2.3) | 1.5(1.3, 1.8) | 1.9 (1.7, 2.2) |
| Atherosclerosis | 2.4(1.3, 4.2) | 2.1 (1.1, 4.0) | 2.1(1.1, 4.1) | 5.0 (3.2, 7.9) |
| Aortic aneurysm | 7.6(5.0, 11.6) | 10.1 (7.4, 13.6) | 8.4(5.2, 13.5) | 7.5 (5.8, 9.7) |
| Other arterial diseases | 3.6(2.3, 5.8) | 5.6 (3.9, 8.2) | 4.2(2.3, 7.8) | 5.3 (3.4, 8.2) |
| Pneumonia, influenza, and tuberculosis | 2.4(1.9, 2.9) | 1.9 (1.6, 2.4) | 2.0(1.5, 2.6) | 2.0 (1.6, 2.6) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 16.8 (14.6, 19.3) | 25.0 (21.2, 28.1) | 10.0 (8.1, 12.4) | 27.8 (24.1, 32.0) |
| Additional Diseases Associated With Smoking |
||||
| All other infections | 2.1(1.6, 2.6) | 2.5 (2.1, 3.0) | 1.9(1.4, 2.4) | 2.2 (1.8, 2.7) |
| Breast cancer | 1.3(1.1, 1.5) | 1.3 (1.2, 1.5) | — | — |
| Prostate cancer | — | — | 1.3(1.0, 1.6) | 1.4 (1.2, 1.7) |
| Rare cancers | 1.6(1.3, 2.0) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) | 2.3(1.7, 3.0) | 1.6 (1.2, 2.0) |
| Cancers of unknown site | 3.2(2.4, 4.2) | 2.7 (2.3, 3.2) | 4.0(2.8, 5.7) | 3.2 (2.8, 3.7) |
| Hypertensive heart disease | 1.7(1.2, 2.3) | 1.9 (1.4, 2.7) | 1.7(1.2, 2.3) | 2.9 (2.2, 3.9) |
| Essential hypertension/hypertensive renal disease |
2.0(1.3, 3.1) | 2.4 (1.7, 3.4) | 1.7(1.0, 3.0) | 2.6 (1.9, 3.6) |
| All other respiratory diseases | 1.6(1.2, 2.1) | 1.9 (1.5, 2.5) | 2.0(1.5, 2.8) | 2.0 (1.5, 2.6) |
| Intestinal ischemia | 2.8(1.8, 4.5) | 6.1 (4.2, 8.7) | 3.8(1.9, 7.5) | 5.6 (3.5, 9.0) |
| Liver cirrhosis | 1.7(1.1, 2.5) | 2.6 (2.0, 3.5) | 2.9(2.1, 4.0) | 3.6 (2.8, 4.6) |
| All other digestive diseases | 2.2(1.7, 2.8) | 2.1 (1.7, 2.5) | 2.3(1.7, 3.1) | 2.6 (2.0, 3.2) |
| Renal failure | 1.4(1.1, 1.9) | 1.9 (1.5, 2.5) | 1.3(0.9, 1.8) | 2.1 (1.6, 2.6) |
| Additional rare causes combined | 1.5(1.2, 1.9) | 2.0 (1.8, 2.3) | 1.4(0.9, 2.1) | 1.9 (1.5, 2.2) |
| Unknown causes | 2.4(1.7, 3.5) | 2.2 (1.9, 2.5) | 1.7(1.1, 2.8) | 1.9 (1.6, 2.2) |
Notes: Our NHIS-LMF data contain sufficient numbers of death to include deaths from cervical cancer. Although our overall study examines U.S. adults ages 35+, we limit the sample to ages 55+ here to directly compare our NHIS-LMF rate ratios to those of the five cohort studies presented by Carter and colleagues. Diseases established as caused by smoking are those recognized by the surgeon general (U.S. DHHS 2014). Additional diseases associated with smoking are those compiled by Carter et al. (2015). Dashes indicate sex-specific causes of death (e.g., cervical and breast cancer among women and prostate cancer among men).
Source: 1990–2011 NHIS-LMF
Carter et al. (2015) excluded cervical cancer deaths since the five cohort studies they analyze do not include enough deaths from this established cause.