Table 1.

Principal effects of C. xanthocarpa in metabolic disturbances.

Host	Effects	Extract/Doses	Reference
Rats	Reduced weight gain Decreased blood glucose levels	Leaf extract (infusion ad libitum)	[49]
	Decreased blood glucose levels Inhibited hepatic glycogen loss Preserved histopathological alterations in the pancreas without glomerular alterations	Leaf decoction (20g/L)	[50]
Mice	Demonstrated antiplatelet, antithrombotic without cytotoxic effects and gastric lesions	Leaf extract (30 and 100 mg/kg/day) and ASA (100 mg/kg/day)	[45]
	Attenuated proinflammatory markers, such as IL-6, IL-1, TNF-α, and IFN-γ Increased IL-10 Only C. xanthocarpa was able to decrease anti-oxLDL antibodies without ulcerogenic activity	Leaf extract (100 mg/kg/day) and ASA (100 mg/kg/day)	[58]
Rats	Decreased blood pressure in a dose-dependent manner (50 mg/kg) Reduced heart rate (50 to 200 mg/kg)	Leaf extract (25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, and 200 mg/kg)	[47]
Humans	Decreased LDL-c and total cholesterol levels without differences in triglyceride, VLDL-c, or HDL-c levels Reduced inflammation and oxidative stress Displayed protective effects on the endothelium.	Encapsulated leaf extract (500 mg, 750 mg or 1000 mg)	[42]
	Demonstrated antiplatelet effects	Leaf extract (1000 mg), ASA (100 mg), ASA (50 mg) + leaf extract (500 mg)	[46]

Principal studies of C. xanthocarpa in metabolic disorders accomplished in animal models (in vivo) and human clinical trials.