Papillary thyroid carcinoma with tall cell features is as aggressive as tall cell variant: a meta-analysis

Abstract

There are still ongoing debates as to which cut-off percentage of tall cell (TC) should be used to define tall cell variant (TCV) papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). In this meta-analysis, we aimed to investigate the clinicopathological significance of PTC with tall cell features (PTC-TCF, PTC with 10–50% of TCs) in comparison with classical PTC and TCVPTC (PTC with more than 50% of TCs) to clarify the controversial issue. Four electronic databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Virtual Health Library were accessed to search for relevant articles. We extracted data from published studies and pooled into odds ratio (OR) and its corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using random-effect modeling. Nine studies comprising 403 TCVPTCs, 325 PTC-TCFs and 3552 classical PTCs were included for meta-analyses. Overall, the clinicopathological profiles of PTC-TCF including multifocality, extrathyroidal extension, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis and patient mortality were not statistically different from those of TCVPTC. Additionally, PTC-TCF and TCVPTC were both associated with an increased risk for aggressive clinical courses as compared to classical PTC. The prevalence of BRAF mutation in PTC-TCF and TCVPTC was comparable and both were significantly higher than that in classical PTC. The present meta-analysis demonstrated that even a PTC comprising only 10% of TCs might be associated with a poor clinical outcome. Therefore, the proportions of PTC in PTC should be carefully estimated and reported even when the TC component is as little as 10%.

Introduction

Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine cancer, and its incidence has been steadily increasing over the last few decades (1). There are several subtypes of thyroid carcinoma: papillary, follicular, poorly differentiated, undifferentiated and medullary carcinoma (2). Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common subtype, which comprises more than 85% of thyroid cancers. Morphologically, PTCs are subdivided into variants, of which tall cell variant (TCV) is recognized as aggressive and associated with a poor prognosis (2).

Criteria for TCVPTC was first proposed in 1976 by Hawk and Hazard (3). In the previous WHO 2004 classification, however, the morphological criterion for the diagnosis of TCVPTC was vague: ‘The TCV is composed predominantly of cells whose heights are at least three times their width’ (4). In the latest WHO 2017 classification, tall cells (TCs) were modified as tumor cells that are two to three times taller than wide. These cells were required to be present in at least 30% of all tumors cells to fulfill the diagnosis of TCVPTC (2).

However, there are still ongoing debates with regard to the percentage of TCs in a tumor required for the diagnosis of TCVPTC (5, 6, 7, 8). Additionally, recent studies have found that the presence of as few as 10% TCs within a PTC significantly influences patient prognosis, and there was no statistical difference between PTCs with 10–50% and more than 50% TCs (5, 6, 9). The term PTC-TCF was used to define those PTCs having the features of TCs but do not reach the cut-off percentage criteria (6, 8). Because of these continuing debates, we need to identify an appropriate threshold of TCs to use in the diagnosis of TCVPTC. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to investigate the clinicopathological features of PTC-TCF in comparison with TCVPTC and classical PTC to clarify the controversial issue.

Methods

Search strategy and study identification

We searched four main electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science and Virtual Health Library) to identify relevant articles using the following search terms: (tall cell OR tall-cell) AND (papillary thyroid) AND (carcinoma OR cancer OR tumor OR tumour OR neoplasm). We included publications published before July 2018. Our study generally followed the recommendations of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) statement (10).

Selection criteria and abstract screening

We imported search results from all libraries into Endnote (Thompson Reuters) and deleted duplicates. Two reviewers independently screened the abstracts using the predetermined selection criteria. We used the following inclusion criteria: (i) studies containing data of at least two of the following groups: TCVPTC (PTC with more than 50% of TC), PTC-TCF (PTC with less than 50% of TC) and control group (classical PTC) and (ii) studies with clear criteria for TC and TCVPTC/PTC-TCF. The exclusion criteria were (i) studies lack of data of TCVPTC and PTC-TCF, (ii) studies including different variants (e.g., follicular variant) other than classical variant in the control group, (iii) datasets considered as overlapping or duplicated, (iv) reviews, (v) case reports and (vi) proceedings papers, posters, theses and books. The two reviewers solved any disagreements in their analyses through discussion and consensus.

Full-text screening and data extraction

The two reviewers screened the full texts of potential articles and extracted data into a predefined data extraction form. Any disagreements, if present, were solved again by discussion and consensus. The reviewers extracted the following details pertaining to TCVPTC, PTC-TCF and classical PTC: institution, city, country, year of publication, time of operation, criteria for TCVPTC/PTC-TCF, multifocality, extrathyroidal extension, lymph node metastasis, pathological T factor of the TNM staging system (pT factor), distant metastasis at time of presentation, tumor recurrence or cancer-related mortality.

Risk of bias assessment

We assessed the methodologic quality of the studies included in our meta-analyses based on the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for the quality of cohort and case–control studies (11). Each cohort and case–control study received a star (maximum nine stars) based on a developed checklist (11). We considered studies awarded at least six stars as moderate-to-high-quality studies and those with a NOS value of fewer than six stars as low-quality studies.

Data analysis

The Review Manager 5.3 software (Cochrane Collaborative, Oxford, UK) was used for statistical analysis. We calculated pooled estimates of ORs and corresponding 95% CIs using a random-effect model because this model takes into account within-study heterogeneity and its result is similar to the fixed-effect model when heterogeneity is absent.

We quantified heterogeneity between studies by the I ² statistic (12) and classified inconsistency across studies as low (25% < I ² < 50%) and high degrees (I ² ≥ 50%). I ² ≤ 25% was considered insignificant and interpreted as meaning that the effect size is comparable across studies. Egger’s regression test and funnel plot were used to evaluate the presence of publication bias. We used the MAVIS, version 1.1.2-a R package to analyze the Egger’s regression test and funnel plot. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant publication bias.

Results

We identified 1335 records after searching four electronic databases using the search terms described earlier. Among them, 38 studies met our selection criteria following the title and abstract screening step. After carefully reading full texts of these studies, we excluded 29 studies. Finally, nine studies comprising 3552 classical PTCs, 325 PTC-TCFs and 403 TCVPTCs were included for final analysis (5, 6, 7, 9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17) (Fig. 1). The quality of included studies ranged from six to seven stars using the NOS (Table 1).

Figure 1.

Flowchart of the study selection process.

Table 1.

Characteristics of included studies.

Study	Study design	Criterion of TC (H:W ratio)	Threshold of TC (%)		Number of patients			Newcastle–Ottawa Scale
			TCVPTC	PTC-TCF	TCVPTC	PTC-TCF	cPTC	S	C	O
Beninato 2013	Retro. cohort	At least 2	>50	10–50	26	33	58	3	0	3
Dettmer 2015	Retro. cohort	At least 3	>50	10–50	21	27	77*	3	0	3
Ganly 2014	Retro. cohort	At least 2	>50	30–50	134	31	288	3	0	3
Ghossein 2007	Retro. cohort	At least 3	>50	NA	62	NA	83	3	1	3
Ito 2017	Retro. cohort**	At least 3	>50	30–50	19	51	210*	3	0	3
Lee 2014	Retro. Cohort	At least 2	>50	10–50	13	16	202	3	0	3
Oh 2014	Retro. Cohort	At least 3	>50	10–50	95	149	203	3	0	3
Park 2009	Retro. Cohort	At least 3	>50	NA	11	NA	2366	3	0	3
Sampathkumar 2018	Retro. Cohort	At least 3	>50	10–50	22	18	352	3	0	3

*These data were not included for analysis because the control group contained different variants (e.g., follicular variant) other than classical variant; **in this study, the control group was matched with TCVPTC group by age and gender. However, the control group was not included for analysis because it comprised of different variants other than classical variant. There were no matched factors between TCVPTC and PTC-TCF.

C, comparability; cPTC, classical PTC; H:W, height to width ratio; NA, not available; O, outcome; PTC-TCF, papillary thyroid carcinoma with tall cell features; S, selection; TC, tall cell; TCVPTC, tall cell variant papillary thyroid carcinoma.

Among the included studies, the thresholds of TCs for PTC-TCF were inconsistent: two studies selected the cut-off of 30–50% (7, 13) and the remaining five studies used the threshold of 10–50% to define PTC-TCF (5, 6, 9, 14, 17). The main characteristics of included studies are shown in Table 1. We performed comparisons for the following groups: TCVPTC vs PTC-TCF, PTC-TCF vs classical PTC and TCVPTC vs classical PTC.

TCVPTC vs PTC-TCF PTC

The risks for multifocality, extrathyroidal extension, nodal involvement, pT3–T4, distant metastasis and patient mortality were not statistically different between the two groups (Fig. 2 and Table 2). Data for tumor relapse were insufficient for meta-analysis. Among-study heterogeneity was not present in most of the analyses. In the meta-analysis of multifocality, the significant amount of heterogeneity was completely removed after omitting the Beninato et al. study (5) and the insignificant effect remained unaffected (OR = 0.76; 95% CI = 0.48–1.21; I ² = 0%). A high amount of heterogeneity was also present in the meta-analysis of disease mortality (I ² = 68%). This amount of heterogeneity was completely disappeared after excluding the Ganly et al. study (13) and the overall estimate increased but still insignificant (OR = 2.30; 95% CI = 0.69–7.64; I ² = 0%).

Figure 2.

Forest plots examined the clinicopathological significance between TCVPTC and PTC-TCF in multifocality (A), extrathyroidal extension (B), lymph node metastasis (C), pT3 – T4 (D), distant metastasis (E) and patient mortality (F).

Table 2.

Comparison of clinicopathological features between PTC-TCF, TCVPTC and classical PTC.

Clinical features	TCVPTC vs PTC-TCF					PTC-TCF vs classical PTC					TCVPTC vs classical PTC
	No. of studies	OR	95% CI	P Value	I2 (%)	No. of studies	OR	95% CI	P Value	I2 (%)	No. of studies	OR	95% CI	P Value	I2 (%)
MF	4	1.27	0.50–3.17	0.62	68	4	1.44	1.02–2.02	0.04	0	6	1.67	1.16–2.39	0.006	16
ETE	6	1.42	0.97–2.08	0.07	3	5	2.93	1.99–4.32	<0.001	21	6	3.91	2.79–5.50	<0.001	17
LNM	7	1.11	0.77–1.59	0.57	0	5	2.20	1.44–3.36	<0.001	29	6	2.23	1.26–3.94	0.006	67
pT3 – T4	3	1.37	0.87–2.16	0.17	0	2	3.79	2.56–5.61	<0.001	0	2	4.07	2.41–6.85	<0.001	55
DM	3	0.74	0.22–2.45	0.62	0	2	4.23	1.38–12.89	0.01	0	3	3.36	1.29–8.72	0.01	0
TR	Lack of data					Lack of data					3	5.12	1.70–15.44	0.004	14
CRM	3	0.90	0.13–6.30	0.91	68	Lack of data					2	13.03	1.38–123.11	0.03	60

Bold interface indicates significant results.

CI, confidence interval; CRM, cancer-related mortality; DM, distant metastasis; ETE, extrathyroidal extension; LNM, lymph node metastasis; MF, multifocality; OR, odds ratio; PTC-TCF, papillary thyroid carcinoma with tall cell features; TCVPTC, tall cell variant papillary thyroid carcinoma; TR, tumor recurrence.

PTC-TCF vs classical PTC

In the studies by Ito et al. (7) and Dettmer et al. (9), the control group contained other PTC variants which could bias the analyses. Therefore, we did not include these two studies in the meta-analyses concerning the comparison of classical PTC with PTC-TCF and TCVPTC. Our results demonstrated that PTC-TCF was associated with a significantly increased risk for all adverse prognostic factors when compared to classical PTC, except tumor recurrence and patient mortality due to lack of data (Fig. 3 and Table 2). The meta-analyses were consistent among all included studies. Only a small amount of heterogeneity was found in the effect of lymph node metastasis (I ² = 29%). After omitting the study by Ganly et al. (13), the overall effect still remained significant and the among-study heterogeneity was no longer present (OR = 2.38; 95% CI = 1.68–3.37; I ² = 0%).

Figure 3.

Forest plots examined the clinicopathological significance between PTC-TCF and classical PTC in multifocality (A), extrathyroidal extension (B), lymph node metastasis (C), pT3 – T4 (D), distant metastasis (E) and BRAF mutation (F).

TCVPTC vs classical PTC

The presence of more than 50% TC in a given PTC was a prognostic indicator for all adverse factors, including tumor recurrence and patient mortality, as compared with classical PTC (Table 2). A considerable amount of between-study heterogeneity was present in only a few analyses (lymph node metastasis, pT factor and patient death).

The difference in genetic backgrounds between TCVPTC, PTC-TCF and classical PTC

Data for BRAF mutation were reported in three studies (6, 9, 17). The prevalence of BRAF mutation was comparable between TCVPTC and PTC-TCF PTC (OR = 0.84; 95% CI = 0.18–3.85; I ² = 0%). However, the prevalence of this mutation in TCVPTC and PTC-TCF was significantly higher than that in classical PTC (OR = 5.43; 95% CI = 1.78–16.53; I ² = 0% and OR = 6.47; 95% CI = 2.39–17.48; I ² = 0%, respectively). Data of other genetic alterations were insufficient for analysis.

Subgroup analysis

When we removed the two studies using criterion of 30–50% TC to define PTC-TCF (7, 13), the overall pooled results of PTC-TCFs (10–50% TCs) did not alter: they showed more aggressive behaviors when compared to classical PTC and did not differ from TCVPTC (Table 3).

Table 3.

Comparison of clinicopathological features of PTC-TCF (only limited to studies using cut-off percentage of 10–50% TCs) with TCVPTC and classical PTC.

Clinical features	TCVPTC vs PTC-TCF					PTC-TCF vs classical PTC
	No. of studies	OR	95% CI	P Value	I2 (%)	No. of studies	OR	95% CI	P Value	I2 (%)
MF	4	1.27	0.50–3.17	0.62	68	4	1.44	1.02–2.02	0.04	0
ETE	4	1.67	0.93–2.99	0.09	26	4	3.46	2.42–4.95	<0.001	0
LNM	5	1.04	0.65–1.65	0.87	10	4	2.38	1.68–3.37	<0.001	0
pT3 – T4	2	1.55	0.82–2.94	0.18	14	2	4.16	2.64–6.55	<0.001	0
DM	2	0.69	0.17–2.80	0.6	0	2	4.16	1.38–12.89	0.01	0
TR	Lack of data					Lack of data
CRM	2	2.30	0.69–7.64	0.18	0	Lack of data

Bold interface indicates significant results.

CI, confidence interval; CRM, cancer-related mortality; DM, distant metastasis; ETE, extrathyroidal extension; LNM, lymph node metastasis; MF, multifocality; OR, odds ratio; PTC-TCF, papillary thyroid carcinoma with tall cell features; TCVPTC, tall cell variant papillary thyroid carcinoma; TR, tumor recurrence.

Publication bias

To investigate the publication bias, we calculated funnel plots of effects from individual studies. The funnel plots did not indicate a strong publication bias among the set of included studies. Furthermore, tests of asymmetry did not suggest any evidence of publication bias (data not shown).

Discussion

PTCs are classified into a number of variants and some of them have been considered aggressive variants (e.g., tall cell, diffuse sclerosing, solid, columnar cell, hobnail variant) (2, 18, 19, 20). TCVPTC is a rare variant, but it is of great interest to surgeons and pathologists because it is associated with aggressive behaviors and unfavorable outcomes (21). In the former WHO 2004 classification, the morphological criterion for the diagnosis of a TC was a height at least thrice its width (4). This criterion, however, was modified in the current WHO 2017 classification to a height at least two to three times the cell’s width and these cells were required to be present in at least 30% of all tumor cells to satisfy the diagnosis of TCVPTC (2).

Some published meta-analyses have confirmed the increased aggressiveness of TCVPTCs compared with cPTCs (22, 23). However, the definition of TCs and the threshold of these cells for diagnosing TCVPTC were not clearly summarized in these studies. Additionally, a large amount of heterogeneity existed among the analyses in these studies, which may stem from the differences in the diagnostic threshold criteria for TCVPTC between studies. The pooled effect in a meta-analysis is a result of the average effect across all included studies, and if the included studies are too heterogeneous, that average effect is probably not saying anything very useful about what might be observed in a different patient population in another study or another place (12). Recently, a few studies have reported that a PTC with as little as 10% of TCs behaves aggressively (5, 6, 9). Because of these reasons, we performed this meta-analysis to answer the question whether the clinical manifestations of PTC-TCF are different from those of TCVPTC and classical PTC.

Our meta-analysis results demonstrated that all clinicopathological features of PTC-TCF were statistically analogous to TCVPTC, except data of disease recurrence due to lack of data. In a previous study, the recurrence rate between these two groups was not statistically different (5). On the other hand, both these two groups showed more aggressive behaviors when compared to classical PTC. Additionally, when we limited PTC-TCFs to the group of tumors only comprising of 10–50% of TCs, these results did not differ from the primary analyses. These findings highlight that even a PTC with as little as 10% of TCs might have a worse clinical course than classical PTC but does not differ from PTC with more than 50% of TCs. As a result, we recommend that reporting the percentage of TCs in every case of PTC is important for predicting the aggressiveness of the tumor. Pathologists should carefully examine all tissue blocks of a tumor because the percentage of TCs may not be uniformly present within the sample. Many, if not most, pathologists only examine representative sections. An inaccurate determination of TCs could lower the rate of detection and diagnosis of PTC-TCF/TCVPTC. Currently, there are no guidelines addressing the minimal amount of tissue blocks required to be submitted for histological examination. With the rapid development of computer-assisted techniques and machine learning, there are promising tools that can help clinicians better identify TCs and quantify the number of TCs in a given tumor. However, these tools need to be validated in further studies (24).

In our meta-analysis, it should be noted that no demographic factors (e.g., age, gender) were matched between the TCVPTC, PTC-TCF or classical PTC groups among the included studies. Several studies have pointed out that TCVPTC not only has a worse clinical outcome but is also associated with an older age at presentation (16, 25, 26). Johnson et al. (27) reported that when adjusted for age, there was no significant difference in the incidence of nodal involvement, extrathyroidal extension and distant metastasis between TCVPTC and classical PTC. In another case–control study, however, TCVPTC was still associated with an aggressive behavior and a high recurrence rate when controlled for age and gender (28). Therefore, it has to be acknowledged that the clinical significance of TCVPTC is not reached a definitive consensus, and future studies using strict selection/diagnostic criteria and standardized reporting are necessary.

Although there are still ongoing questions as to why TCVPTC exhibit aggressive clinical behaviors, recent progress in the molecular pathogenesis of thyroid cancer may help clarify the biological aggressiveness of this variant. Although the data are limited, our results showed that PTC-TCF has a similar BRAF mutation prevalence to TCVPTC but significantly higher as compared to classical PTC. The more recently discovered TERT promoter mutations were also more prevalent in TCVPTCs than in classical PTCs (9, 29). The association of BRAF and TERT promoter mutations with a poor outcome in PTC has been well confirmed in recent meta-analyses (30, 31).

This meta-analysis has a few limitations that need to be addressed. All included studies were retrospective cohort studies in nature, and it could lead to selection bias. Another limitation is that follow-up data (tumor recurrence and cancer mortality) were rarely reported among the included studies, especially in the comparison of classical PTC vs PTC-TCF. It could be due to the overall good prognosis of PTC patients. Additional prospective large series with appropriately long follow-up are needed to confirm the prognostic outcomes of the PTC-TCF in comparison with TCVPTC and classical PTC.

In conclusion, PTC-TCF and TCVPTC have similar clinicopathological outcomes and both are associated with a worse prognosis as compared to classical PTC. Our study demonstrated that even a PTC comprising only 10% of TCs might be associated with a poor clinical outcome. Therefore, it is important to estimate and report the proportions of TC components in PTC even when the proportion is as little as 10%. These findings help clinician better assess patient outcomes, identify the high-risk tumors and tailor appropriate therapeutic decisions.

Declaration of interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of this review.

Funding

This work did not receive any specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sector.