Table 5.
Complementary log-log regression model showing the relationship between access to improved water sources and household characteristics.
| Variable | Urbanicity wealth + Bisocial factors |
+ Socio-cultural factors |
+ Contextual factors |
||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR |
SE |
P value |
Conf. Interval |
OR |
SE |
P value |
Conf. Interval |
OR |
SE |
P value |
Conf. Interval |
||||
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||||||||||||
| Urbanicity wealth (ref: Urban poor) | |||||||||||||||
| Rural Poor | 0.540 | 0.006 | 0.000 | 0.529 | 0.553 | 0.575 | 0.007 | 0.000 | 0.563 | 0.589 | 0.708 | 0.009 | 0.000 | 0.690 | 0.726 |
| Urban Middle | 1.759 | 0.024 | 0.000 | 1.712 | 1.808 | 1.707 | 0.024 | 0.000 | 1.661 | 1.754 | 1.887 | 0.029 | 0.000 | 1.831 | 1.944 |
| Rural Middle | 0.974 | 0.012 | 0.029 | 0.952 | 0.997 | 1.010 | 0.012 | 0.413 | 0.986 | 1.034 | 1.291 | 0.017 | 0.000 | 1.258 | 1.326 |
| Urban Rich | 3.105 | 0.036 | 0.000 | 3.035 | 3.177 | 2.877 | 0.034 | 0.000 | 2.811 | 2.944 | 4.294 | 0.061 | 0.000 | 4.177 | 4.415 |
| Rural Rich | 1.410 | 0.017 | 0.000 | 1.378 | 1.443 | 1.422 | 0.017 | 0.000 | 1.389 | 1.455 | 1.916 | 0.026 | 0.000 | 1.866 | 1.968 |
| Sex of household head (ref: Male) | |||||||||||||||
| Female | 1.176 | 0.006 | 0.000 | 1.164 | 1.189 | 1.181 | 0.007 | 0.000 | 1.169 | 1.194 | 1.106 | 0.007 | 0.000 | 1.093 | 1.120 |
| Age group of household head (ref: Young adult) | |||||||||||||||
| Middle-aged Adult | 0.977 | 0.005 | 0.000 | 0.966 | 0.987 | 1.035 | 0.006 | 0.000 | 1.024 | 1.047 | 1.005 | 0.006 | 0.396 | 0.993 | 1.018 |
| Older-aged Adult | 0.973 | 0.006 | 0.000 | 0.961 | 0.985 | 1.074 | 0.007 | 0.000 | 1.060 | 1.088 | 1.002 | 0.007 | 0.782 | 0.988 | 1.016 |
| Household size (ref: Small) | |||||||||||||||
| Medium | 0.902 | 0.005 | 0.000 | 0.892 | 0.911 | 0.938 | 0.005 | 0.000 | 0.927 | 0.949 | |||||
| Large | 0.891 | 0.009 | 0.000 | 0.874 | 0.909 | 0.916 | 0.010 | 0.000 | 0.897 | 0.937 | |||||
| Education level of household head (ref: No education) | |||||||||||||||
| Primary | 1.069 | 0.006 | 0.000 | 1.057 | 1.081 | 1.024 | 0.007 | 0.001 | 1.010 | 1.038 | |||||
| Secondary | 1.400 | 0.010 | 0.000 | 1.381 | 1.420 | 1.168 | 0.010 | 0.000 | 1.148 | 1.188 | |||||
| Higher | 1.685 | 0.022 | 0.000 | 1.642 | 1.729 | 1.398 | 0.022 | 0.000 | 1.355 | 1.442 | |||||
| Year (ref: 1990–1995) | |||||||||||||||
| 2000–2005 | 1.282 | 0.009 | 0.000 | 1.264 | 1.300 | ||||||||||
| 2010–2015 | 2.252 | 0.015 | 0.000 | 2.223 | 2.282 | ||||||||||
| Country (ref: Senegal) | |||||||||||||||
| Cote d'Ivoire | 1.025 | 0.017 | 0.137 | 0.992 | 1.060 | ||||||||||
| Cameroon | 0.711 | 0.011 | 0.000 | 0.690 | 0.732 | ||||||||||
| Ghana | 1.134 | 0.018 | 0.000 | 1.098 | 1.170 | ||||||||||
| Kenya | 0.630 | 0.009 | 0.000 | 0.612 | 0.648 | ||||||||||
| Madagascar | 0.491 | 0.009 | 0.000 | 0.473 | 0.510 | ||||||||||
| Mali | 0.682 | 0.010 | 0.000 | 0.662 | 0.702 | ||||||||||
| Malawi | 1.177 | 0.017 | 0.000 | 1.144 | 1.211 | ||||||||||
| Namibia | 1.574 | 0.026 | 0.000 | 1.523 | 1.627 | ||||||||||
| Rwanda | 0.649 | 0.010 | 0.000 | 0.630 | 0.669 | ||||||||||
| Burkina Faso | 0.856 | 0.013 | 0.000 | 0.832 | 0.882 | ||||||||||
| Tanzania | 0.604 | 0.009 | 0.000 | 0.586 | 0.623 | ||||||||||
| Uganda | 0.608 | 0.010 | 0.000 | 0.589 | 0.629 | ||||||||||
| Zambia | 0.657 | 0.012 | 0.000 | 0.634 | 0.680 | ||||||||||
| Zimbabwe | 1.274 | 0.022 | 0.000 | 1.232 | 1.318 | ||||||||||
| N | 379000 | 369732 | 369732 | ||||||||||||
Bold font represents statistically significant relationships.