Exploring assistive technology as a potential beneficial intervention tool for people with Alzheimer’s disease – a systematic review

Abstract

Nowadays, due to the increase in the number of aging population groups, there is also a growth of aging diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which is a progressive brain disorder that eventually results in death. At the moment, it cannot be cured, only its symptoms can be alleviated both by using pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches in order to maintain and in some cases even enhance quality of life of people living with AD, as well as their caregivers. One of such non-pharmacological approaches is the use of assistive technology (AT), which can contribute to the improvement and maintenance of the quality of life of both patients and their caregivers. The purpose of this study was to explore what types of AT are mostly used by patients with AD and how these devices can help their caregivers. This was done by conducting a literature review of available sources found in the Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed. The findings, apart from one study, reveal that AT may have the potential to maintain the quality of life of people with AD, especially in the early stages of the disease, as well as to mitigate the mental and physical burden of their caregivers. The most common types of AT for patients with AD are devices of daily living and safety devices. The less frequent are still telecare devices and devices to support engagement, social participation, and leisure. Future research should focus on the effectiveness of AT on the improvement of patients’ symptoms, as well as on the development and use of AT for social interactions, which can be used in patients with AD of different degree of severity and have a positive impact on their behavioral and psychological symptoms.

Introduction

Currently, there are about 44 million people in the world living with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Due to the demographic trends toward the aging of population, this number will be rising. In fact, by 2050, this number will triple.¹ AD is a progressive neurological disorder, which first affects cognitive skills and eventually results in the inability to do the tasks of daily life. It is one of the most common forms of dementia. In the course of AD, many neurons stop functioning, lose connections with other neurons, and die.² AD damages neurons and their connections in parts of the brain involved in memory. It later affects areas in the cerebral cortex responsible for language, reasoning, and social behavior such apathy, depression, delusions, hallucinations, aggression, irrelevant sexual behavior, or sleeping problems.³ The symptoms of AD gradually worsen and the patients will not be able to take care of themselves alone. Therefore, they begin to be severely dependent of someone’s help, which is usually provided by a family member. For example, in 2016 there were 15.9 million family caregivers who provided an estimated 18.2 billion hours of care.⁴ In most of the cases, these caregivers have to give up their jobs; they lose their private and social life. In addition, their economic situation decreases as well.⁵ Thus, AD represents mental and economic burden not only for patients themselves but also for their caregivers. The global cost of AD and dementia is estimated to be $605 billion, which is equivalent to 1% of the entire world’s gross domestic product.⁴

At present, there is no cure for AD. There have been only four clinically approved drugs (ie, donepezil, galantamine, memantine, and rivastigmine). They can help patients to delay the process of the disease for some time, which is quite expensive and has negative side effects, and they do not help patients to improve their physical or social conditions.^6,7 Therefore, people also look for alternative, non-pharmacological approaches to the alleviation of AD. One of such approaches might be assistive technology (AT), which has the potential to improve and maintain the quality of life of both patients and their caregivers.⁸ It helps patients with AD to increase their safety, confidence, independence, as well as to reduce their behavioral and psychological symptoms of AD and maintain cognitive functioning. In addition, it can help caregivers to be more flexible, attempt to maintain patients’ cognition, improve their mood and social functioning, and reduce the use of services.⁹

AT is usually defined as “any item, piece of equipment, or product system, whether acquired commercially, modified, or customized, that is used to increase, maintain, or improve functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities.”¹⁰ It can be divided according to its purpose into supportive technologies, which help people to complete tasks; responsive technologies, which can help to control stress and raise alarms; and preventive technologies, which can help to prevent harm and raise alarms.¹¹

The AT can be a very simple device, such as a walking stick, a walking frame, or calendar clocks. It can be a more sophisticated device such as automatic lighting and telecare, such as movement, flood, gas, smoke, or fall detectors that automatically send a signal via a base unit connected to a telephone line to a caregiver, community alarm, or monitoring service, and which can call for assistance when it is needed.¹¹

Alzheimer’s Society¹¹ distinguishes the following four types of AT on the basis of their purpose:

• Devices of daily living.

• Safety devices.

• Telecare devices.

• Devices to support engagement, social participation, and leisure.

Devices of daily living

These technologies include the devices, which help people with AD with their memory, orientation, and communication difficulties. These are mainly prospective memory aids including devices focused on time orientation, keeping appointments, or reminding people of attending social activities.¹² Furthermore, calendar clocks help them to be aware of the relevant date and time, while the orientation devices such as the locaters help them to find the way or things. The adapted telephones, on the contrary, help them with communication.¹¹

Safety devices

Safety devices can enable people to live independently, as well as reduce worries of their loved ones about them. These technologies comprise different devices such as automatic lights, automated shut-off devices that can stop the gas supply if the gas has been left on, water isolation devices that control water taps and prevents flooding, or fall sensors that can register if a person has fallen. Therefore, AT is sometimes referred to as ambient assisted living (AAL) since its aim is also to support people to live independently. In addition, the AAL technologies can collect characteristics/data about patients with AD through a non-intrusive wireless sensor system, whose data can provide valuable information about these patients in real-time.¹³

Moreover, these safety devices also include tracking devices or location-monitoring services, which enable to find the persons if they get lost and at the same time enable the persons with AD to call for help if they are disoriented and cannot find the way on their own.¹⁴

Telecare devices

Telecare usually refers to a system or devices that remotely monitor people living in their own home, enabling them to access support or response services when necessary. Various pieces of technology are connected via a telephone line or over the Internet. Telecare systems can include community alarms, sensors and movement detectors, video conferencing, or assistive robots.¹⁵

Devices to support engagement, social participation, and leisure

Apart from living independently and safe, it is important for people with AD to stay in touch with their family, friends, and peers since such a social contact has a positive impact on their cognition, mood, and well-being.¹⁶ And with the boom of mobile technologies, it is quite easy. Patients can play games, get involved into computer brain training programs or just chat with their loved ones.¹¹

All these devices described above are targeted at the enhancement of the quality of life of people with AD, as well as their caregivers. However, each of the patients is individual and may have different needs. Therefore, it is important to carefully assess their needs and consequently, tailor this AT accordingly.¹⁷ As Pino et al¹⁸ claim, development of new assistive technologies to support patients with AD and their caregivers requires the end-user involvement throughout all the development lifecycle.

The purpose of this study was to explore what types of AT are mostly used by patients with AD and how these devices can help them and their caregivers. The authors thus set three main research questions, which are as follows:

1. What types of AT are used by patients with AD?

2. What are the main benefits of AT both for patients and their caregivers?

3. Do the findings of the detected studies evidence any AT effectiveness on the maintenance or even improvement of patients’ symptoms, and thus their quality of life?

Methods

The authors conducted a literature review of available sources found in the Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed. The methodology of this study was based on Moher et al.¹⁹ The search keywords were as follows: assistive technology AND Alzheimer’s disease, assistive technology AND dementia, devices of daily living AND Alzheimer’s disease, safety devices AND Alzheimer’s disease, telecare devices AND Alzheimer’s disease, leisure devices AND Alzheimer’s disease, social devices AND Alzheimer’s disease, engagement devices AND Alzheimer’s disease, devices of daily living AND dementia, safety devices AND dementia, telecare devices AND dementia, leisure devices AND dementia, social devices AND dementia, engagement devices AND dementia. The search was limited only by the end of the study, that is, July 2018.

From the database/journal/web page searches, 687 titles/abstracts were retrieved. The title and abstract of some identified studies were checked for relevance. Subsequently, the search was performed again and focused on the occurrence of at least one keyword in the title or abstract, thus significantly narrowing the selection. It provided the authors with a relevant entry-level file base. Altogether 73 studies were found. After removing duplicates and titles/abstracts unrelated to the research topic, 37 peer-reviewed, studies written in English were identified. After the full-text analysis, 10 studies were eventually included in final analysis (Figure 1).

Figure 1.

Selection procedure.

A study was included if it was a randomized controlled study, an experimental study or a case study; it dealt with the research topic, ie, AT as an intervention tool for people with AD, and possibly their caregivers; was limited by the end of July 2018; and if it was written in English. Thus, descriptive or review studies on the research topic were excluded for the analysis. Furthermore, the studies focusing on dementia in general,^16,20–22 exclusively only on caregivers,²³ or containing no intervention²⁴ were also excluded. In this way, this review differs from the review by Meiland et al⁹ who did not set any limitations as far as the topic on the use of AT and patients with dementia is concerned. In their study, they analyzed mainly reviews. Nevertheless, remaining suitable studies were then used in other parts of this manuscript (ie, “Introduction” or “Discussion of the findings” section) in order to describe the topic and compare the findings.

Findings

Altogether ten studies^25–34 were detected. Nine of them were experimental studies,^26–34 and one study²⁴ was a randomized controlled trial. All patients suffered from AD, and this was measured with the Mini-Mental State Examination test. This test is used worldwide to detect cognitive function, dementia, and AD. The methodology for measuring the outcomes of the use of AT in patients with AD differed across the selected studies. The researchers used both quantitative and qualitative methods, such as questionnaires, interviews, instrumental activities of daily living, recordings, and in some cases, statistical processing. The subject samples included between 1 and 48 patients with AD, including caregivers. These relatively small numbers of subjects are due to the inclusion of experimental/case studies whose samples are usually limited by the nature of the study. The intervention period ranged from 1 to 12 months. The AT included different devices, which were especially aimed at patients’ safety and security^27,28 and activities of daily living.^25,26,32,33 We found only two studies focused on the devices to support leisure engagement³⁰ and cognitive training,³⁴ and one study²⁹ on telecare devices. The key limitation of the studies was the varying levels of AD among patients. The description of the analyzed studies and their findings are summarized in alphabetical order of their first author in Table 1.

Table 1.

An overview of the findings from the detected studies

Study	Objective	Number of subjects	Type of assistive technology	Dose of intervention	Outcome measures	Findings
Adrait et al25 RCT	To explore the influence of HAs on patients affected by ARHL and AD, as well as their caregivers’ QoL	22 in experimental group (mean age: 83±6.2 years) and 26 in placebo group (mean age: 82.3±7.2 years)	HAs	12 months	Cognitive tests, neuropsychiatric inventory, IADL, QoL, statistical analysis	There was no improvement in behavioral symptoms, functional status, or QoL of hearing impaired AD patients and their caregivers after 6 months of HA use from the original baseline
Caffò et al26 Experimental study	To compare two different types of orientation strategies: an AT program and a backward chaining procedure for promoting indoor traveling	4 subjects with AD (2 men and 2 women), 81, 89, 67, and 83 years of age	Basic wireless doorbell system (JKB310P by JEIKO; DK DIGITAL ITALIA srl, Cantù, Italy)	4 months	MMSE, recordings, social validation assessment, questionnaires, statistical analysis	The AT programs might be beneficial for restoring and maintaining independence in indoor traveling in patients with moderate to severe AD. The findings show that AT orientation strategy was significantly higher (P<0.01) than those with a backward chaining procedure
Cavallo et al27 Experimental study/case study	To demonstrate the technical effectiveness and acceptability of an innovative domiciliary smart sensor system for providing domiciliary assistance to patients with AD	14 patients with AD (10 women aged 84+5.31 years and 4 men aged 83.5+5.8 years), and 15 sociomedical operators	Bed and easy chair monitoring system, door monitoring system, personal localization system (GPS), personal posture monitoring system, multimedia therapy	Not available	MMSE, validation protocol, questionnaires, ADL, statistical analysis	AAL technologies may be feasible and effective since acceptability, utility, usability, and efficacy of the technology were evaluated as positive. In fact, the values of acceptability and utility increased by 50% and 30%, respectively
Faucounau et al28 Experimental study/case study	To explore the needs and perceptions of wandering persons and their caregivers toward existing tracking devices, as well as their acceptability and usability	1 patient with AD (84 years old) and 1 caregiver (his) spouse	GPS receiver and a mobile phone sit side-by-side in the same box	1 month	MMSE, analysis of patients’ and caregivers’ opinions	The end-user should be included in the co-design of new technologies to meet their needs
Franco et al29 Experimental study	To test the acceptability of non-invasive monitoring	13 subjects (11 women and 2 men, 1 person suffering from moderate AD), mean age: 80 years	Monitoring system	6.4 months	MMSE, IADL analysis	The system appears to be a promising component of home telecare
Lancioni et al30 Experimental study	To assess technology-aided programs to promote leisure engagement and mild physical activity in persons with AD	9 patients with AD (mean age 84 years)	A microswitch, a computer with sound amplifier, basic software	5 minutes (92–132 sessions)	MMSE, recordings	AT might enable persons with mild and moderate AD independently engage in a popular leisure activity, ie, selection and listening to preferred music
Lanza et al31 Experimental study	To compare orientation of patients with an aerial map and an AT device	14 patients with mild-to-moderate AD (9 female patients and 5 male patients; age 71.9±7.4 years)	Mobile assistive device	Not available	MMSE, in-field data collection, questionnaires of ADL	Mobile assistive devices may enable patients with mild-to-moderate AD to maintain autonomous spatial orientation in unfamiliar environments. The results revealed that with the use of AT, patients found their way from start to goal zones autonomously for 20 of 42 routes, while with the aerial map they could not find the way
Lindqvist et al32 Experimental study	To depict how persons in the early stages of AD became users of AT	10 patients with AD (5 men and 5 women), mean age 66.6 years	Different, tailored according to the patients’ needs (eg, reminder, electronic calendar, locator, smart finder, or talking clock)	6 months	MMSE, interviews	AT might have a positive impact on the performance of patients when the potential user can identify difficulties and needs and is motivated to use it, given that appropriate human support is available
Wang et al33 Experimental study	To examine perspectives of AD patients and their caregivers on robots that provide stepwise prompting to complete activities at home	10 patients with AD, aged 55+ years; 10 caregivers, aged 19+ years	Robots assisting patients’ washing their hands in the bathroom and making a cup of tea in the kitchen	Not available	MMSE, observations, semi-structured interviews	The findings indicate that although the patients did not want the robot, they were open to them. In addition, the caregivers were less stressed
Woodberry et al34 Experimental study	To review the SenseCam images of personal events by memory impaired patients to improve the ability of patients with AD to remember recently experienced personal events	6 patients with AD (4 women and 2 men), mean age 72 years	Small wearable camera	3.5 months	SenseCam diary, feedback from patients, MMSE, statistical analysis	The findings show that viewing SenseCam images of personally experienced events may significantly improve autobiographical memory in patients with even moderate AD (P=0.32)

Note: Authors’ own processing.

Abbreviations: AAL, ambient assisted living; AD, Alzheimer’s disease; ADL, activities of daily living; ARHL, age-related hearing loss; AT, assistive technology; GPS, global positioning system; HA, hearing aid; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living; MMSE, Mini-Mental Scale Examination; QoL, quality of life.

Discussion of the findings

Although there was only one RCT,²⁵ which revealed no improvement as far as behavioral symptoms, functional status, or QoL of hearing impaired AD patients and their caregivers after 6 months of hearing aid use are concerned, findings from other experimental studies indicate that AT may generate a positive effect on patients’ and their caregivers’ quality of life in several ways. In the early stages of AD, AT may especially promote their independent living,^{26–29,31–33} which patients prefer^35,36 and which can also delay the costly institutionalization.³⁷ In these early stages of AD, patients can also get engaged in leisure activities supported by AT, such as listening to music, picture viewing, or solving puzzles, which may have a positive effect not only on their mood but also on cognitive functions.^16,30,34 Furthermore, AT may help to maintain patients’ safety and security, which thus means less stress and confidence not only for them but also less worries and greater relaxation for their caregivers.^27–29 In fact, nearly 45% of patients with AD suffer from depressive symptoms and 10%–45% from anxiety.^25,38 As Franco et al²⁹ state, AT is able to detect loss of independence. It can, for instance, reveal the details of activity that people stop doing, for example, vacuuming or ironing. In addition, the use of robots, which can assist people with AD by providing them with stepwise prompts seems to be of more interest and motivation for people with mild-to-moderate AD.³³ At present, there are also animal-like robots that engage patients with dementia and AD in social interactions and help them to reduce their behavioral and psychological symptoms.^38,39

The results from the selected studies^27,29,32,33 of this review confirm the findings of other studies^18,37,40 that it is desirable for the developers of AT to focus on the end-users, that is, the patients themselves, as well as on their caregivers, who should also be trained in their use. Moreover, the use of AT in the daily life of caregivers can help them to understand the disease process and manage situations in a way that is beneficial for both the parties.³⁵ The doctors should also be approached in order to judge the appropriateness of the device to patients’ diagnosis and their needs. The developers should pay particular attention to the size of AT device, its weight, and visibility to reduce stigmatization,²¹ as well as making it user-friendly to its users.²⁸ For instance, Czarnuch et al⁴¹ developed a set of models that can predict the likelihood that patients with dementia, and AD, will require assistance during 20 activities of daily living without direct evaluation of their actual capabilities. These models are shaped by the following 13 factors: caregiver relation, age, marital status, place of residence, language, housing type, proximity to caregiver, use of professional service, informal primary caregiver, diagnosis of AD, diagnosis of dementia, time since diagnosis, and level of dependence on caregiver. Knowledge of task independence can then inform the development of AT for people with AD and improve their applicability and acceptance.

Furthermore, there are also ethical concerns about the use of AT devices; some technologies may intrude patients’ rights, privacy, and freedom such as a global positioning system used by patients with AD. Overall, there are two main ethical dilemmas: privacy and respect for autonomy vs safety and minimizing risks, and obtaining informed consent from persons with dementia due to their possible difficulties understanding the complexity of technology.⁹

Therefore, patients with AD as well as their caregivers should be involved in the decision making and their consent should be sought.⁴² In addition, Bennett et al⁴³ suggest establishing an approach that would evaluate innovative technologies with respect to human rights set in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

The limitations of this review are a lack of available studies on the research topic, based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria set by the authors. Furthermore, the validity of the findings might also be influenced by varying levels of AD that were studied, different types of AT devices, short intervention periods, a lack of follow-up periods (in most of the studies), and a lack of other reliable data, for example, effect sizes.⁴⁴

Conclusion

Thus, based on the findings from this review, the research questions can be answered. The most common types of AT for patients with AD are devices of daily living and safety devices. The less frequent are still telecare devices and devices to support engagement, social participation, and leisure. The main benefits for patients using them include the feeling of being independent and the feeling of having confidence of being able to execute the activity of daily living, and thus, maintaining the quality of life, as well as reducing adverse behavioral and psychological symptoms. The caregivers then benefit from gaining more independence and mitigating their mental and physical burden. In fact, only two studies^26,34 evidenced (through effect sizes) the effectiveness of AT on the improvement of patients’ symptoms. Therefore, future research should focus on this issue, as well as on the development and use of AT for social interactions, which can be used in patients with AD of different degree of severity and have a positive impact on their behavioral and psychological symptoms.