Abstract
A new scalarane sesterterpene, phyllofolactone M (1), and a new sterol, (24E)-5α,6α-epoxystigmasta-7,24(28)-dien-3β-ol (3), together with a known sesterterpene, phyllofolactone B (2), were isolated from the South China Sea sponge Phyllospongia foliascens. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis and comparison with known compounds. In addition, previous NMR data assignments for the known sesterterpene phyllofolactone B (2) were revised.
Keywords: sesterterpene, sterol, marine sponge, Phyllospongia foliascens
1. Introduction
Scalarane sesterterpenes are typical bioactive secondary metabolites of marine sponges of the genus Phyllospongia [1,2]. The sponge P. foliascens was known to possess novel sesterterpenes with cytotoxic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anti-HIV activities, such as foliaspongin [3,4], phyllofoliaspongin [5], phyllactones [6], phyllofenones [7], and phyllofolactones [7−9]. Our previous studies on bioactive constituents of the marine sponge P. foliascens collected from the South China Sea have led to the isolation of two new 24-homoscalarane sesterterpenes, phyllofolactone L and phyllofenone D, and a new 20,24-bishomo-25-norscalarane sesterterpene, phyllofenone E [8]. In our continuing investigation on chemical constituents of P. foliascens, a new 20,24-bishomoscalarane sesterterpene, phyllofolactone M (1), and a new sterol, (24E)-5α,6α-epoxystigmasta-7,24(28)-dien-3β-ol (3), together with a known compound, phyllofolactone B (2), were also obtained from this sponge. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis and comparison with known compounds. We herein reported the details of isolation and structure elucidation of compounds 1−3 (Figure 1).
Figure 1.
Structures of compounds 1−3.
2. Results and Discussion
The acetone extract of marine sponge P. foliascens was subjected to solvent partition, vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC), column chromatography (CC), and RP-HPLC to afford a new 20,24-bishomoscalarane sesterterpene, phyllofolactone M (1), and a new sterol, (24E)-5α,6α-epoxystigmasta-7,24(28)-dien-3β-ol (3), along with a known sesterterpene phyllofolactone B (2). Their structures were elucidated by MS, 1D- and 2D-NMR techniques including COSY, HMQC, HMBC and ROESY.
Compound 1 was isolated as white powder from CHCl3, and its molecular formula was established as C27H42O3 from the HR-TOF-ESI-MS (m/z 437.3033, [M+Na]+) and 13C-NMR data. Seven degrees of unsaturation implied by the molecular formula were ascribed to five rings, one double bond (δC 163.8, 134.2) and one ester carbonyl group (δC 172.0). The 1H-NMR spectrum showed six methyl signals at δH 0.74 (3H, t, J = 7.4 Hz), 0.79 (3H, s), 0.82 (3H, s), 0.86 (3H, s), 1.19 (3H, d, J = 6.7 Hz), and 1.24 (3H, s), two oxymethine signals at δH 5.05 (1H, br. s) and 4.75 (1H, q, J = 6.7 Hz), and one hydroxyl signal at δH 5.92 (1H, br. s). The 13C-NMR and DEPT spectra exhibited 27 signals, including those of six methyl, nine methylene, five methine and seven quaternary carbons. A typical sesterterpenoid carbons system bearing five methyl groups along rings A to D could be established by the strong HMBC correlations from the five methyl groups (Me-19, 21, 22, 23, and 27) to the associated carbons, and a 20,24-bishomoscalarane skeleton could be obtained on the basis of further HMBC and COSY correlations (Figure 2). The HMBC correlations from H-16 to C-17 and C-18 confirmed the assignment of ring D. The COSY correlations between Me-26 and H-24, and the HMBC correlations form H-24 to C-17, C-18, and C-25 allowed the establishment of the lactone ring E. According to the detailed analysis of COSY, HMQC and HMBC spectra, the planar structure of compound 1 was unambiguously determined (Table 1).
Figure 2.
Selected HMBC (bold lines) and COSY (solid lines) correlations of 1 and 3 (Dotted lines indicate bonds without COSY correlations).
Table 1.
1H- (600 MHz) and 13C-NMR (150 MHz) data for 1 in C5D5N.
| Position | 1H (mult., J in Hz) | 13C (mult.) | COSY | HMBC (H→C) | ROESY |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | α: 0.90 (m) | 40.1 (t) | 2α | ||
| β: 1.57 (m) | 2α | 11α | |||
| 2 | α: 1.45 (m) | 18.5 (t) | 1β, 2α, 3α | 19 | |
| β: 1.28 (m) | 21 | ||||
| 3 | α: 0.81 (m) | 37.0 (t) | 2α | 19 | |
| β: 1.61 (m) | 1, 5 | ||||
| 4 | − | 36.2 (s) | |||
| 5 | 0.89 (m) | 58.8 (d) | 6β | 9, 19 | |
| 6 | α: 1.72 (m) | 18.6 (t) | 7β | 5 | |
| β: 1.40 (m) | 5 | 20, 21, 22 | |||
| 7 | α: 0.88 (m) | 42.1 (t) | 9, 14 | ||
| β: 1.73 (m) | 6α | 15α | |||
| 8 | – | 38.0 (s) | |||
| 9 | 1.81 (dd, 11.8, 2.4) | 52.3 (d) | 11α, 11β | 11, 21, 22 | 5, 7α, 14 |
| 10 | – | 37.3 (s) | |||
| 11 | α: 1.75 (m) | 25.2 (t) | 9, 12 | 1β | |
| β: 1.73 (m) | 9, 12 | 9 | 21, 22, 23 | ||
| 12 | 5.05 (br. s) | 69.5 (d) | 11 | 9, 14 | 23 |
| 13 | − | 40.7 (s) | |||
| 14 | 1.88 (br. d, 12.3) | 50.0 (d) | 15β | 8, 13, 15, 16, 22, 23 | 7α, 9, 16 |
| 15 | α: 1.74 (m) | 17.0 (t) | 15β, 16 | 8 | 7β, 16 |
| β: 1.43 (m) | 14, 15α, 16 | 16, 22, 23 | |||
| 16 | 2.15 (2H, m) | 24.8 (t) | 15α, 15β | 14, 15, 17, 18 | 14, 15α, 15β, 24, 26 |
| 17 | − | 163.8 (s) | |||
| 18 | − | 134.2 (s) | |||
| 19 | 0.79 (s) | 28.7 (q) | 3, 4, 5, 20 | 2α, 3α, 5 | |
| 20 | a: 1.52 (m) | 24.8 (t) | 27 | 4, 19, 27 | 6β, 21 |
| b: 1.14 (m) | 27 | 3, 27 | |||
| 21 | 0.82 (s) | 17.4 (q) | 1, 5, 9, 10 | 6β, 11β, 20 | |
| 22 | 0.86 (s) | 17.2 (q) | 7, 8, 9, 14 | 6β, 11β, 15β, 23 | |
| 23 | 1.24 (s) | 21.5 (q) | 12, 13, 14, 18 | 11β, 12, 15β, 22 | |
| 24 | 4.75 (q, 6.7) | 78.2 (d) | 26 | 17, 18, 25, 26 | 16 |
| 25 | − | 172.0 (s) | |||
| 26 | 1.19 (d, 6.7) | 18.5 (q) | 24 | 17, 24 | 16 |
| 27 | 0.74 (t, 7.4) | 8.9 (q) | 20 | 4, 20 | |
| HO-12 | 5.92 (br. s) |
The ROESY spectrum showed that the rings A–D were trans/trans/trans fused (Figure 3). The small coupling constants between H-12 (δH 5.05, br. s) and H2-11, and the ROESY correlations between H-12 and Me-23 suggested that the HO-12 was α-oriented. Because the two protons at C-16 (2H, δH 2.15, m) resonated at the same chemical shit, the orientation of Me-26 could not be deduced from the undistinguished ROESY correlations from Me-26 to Hα-16 and Hβ-16, which was determined by following comparison with its epimer, compound 2.
Figure 3.
Key ROESY correlations of 1 and 3.
Compound 2 revealed very similar NMR spectra as compound 1, and was proven to possess the same molecular formula and planar structure as those of compound 1 by extensive analysis of ESI-MS, 1D- and 2D-NMR spectra. The small coupling constants of H-12 (δH 5.09, br. s) also displayed that the HO-12 of compound 2 was α-oriented, suggesting that compounds 1 and 2 were epimers at C-24. Previous NMR and X-ray studies on structurally similar sesterterpenes phyllofolactones and honulactones demonstrated that the C-24 resonates upfield when Me-26 is β-oriented compared to the α-oriented Me-26, which was diagnostic in confirming the orientation of the Me-26, although the difference was mostly about 0.2−0.3 ppm [10,11]. Accordingly, the structure of compound 2 was determined to be phyllofolactone B with β-oriented Me-26 [7], and compound 1 was determined to be a new sesterterpene, 20,24α-dimethyl-12α-hydroxy-scalaran-25,24-lactone, named phyllofolactone M (Table 2) [8].
Table 2.
Comparison of 13C-NMR and Physical Data for Compounds 1, 2, and reported phyllofolactone B.
| Compound | C-24 in C5D5N | C-24 in CD3Cl | M.P. (°C) | Optical Rotation (CHCl3) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 78.2 | 78.6 | 237–239 | [α]19D = +61° |
| 2 | 77.7 | 78.2 | 278–280 | [α]19D = +60° |
| phyllofolactone B | 78.6 | 232–234 | [α]20D = +61.9° |
Further comparison on 13C-NMR, melting point and optical rotation data among compounds 1, 2 and the reported phyllofolactone B [7] showed that the reported data for phyllofolactone B were almost identical to those of compound 1 (Table 2), indicating that the Me-26 in the literature should be revised to be α-oriented, and actually it was compound 1 instead of compound 2 previously obtained.
Compound 3 was isolated as white powder from CHCl3, and its molecular formula C29H46O2 was deduced from the TOF-API-MS (m/z 427, [M+H]+) and 13C-NMR data. Seven degrees of unsaturation implied by the molecular formula were assigned to five rings and two double bonds (δC 115.7, 117.6, 144.0, 146.9). The 1H-NMR spectrum exhibited six methyl groups at δH 0.60 (3H, s), 0.98 (3H, d, J = 6.8 Hz), 0.99 (3H, d, J = 6.8 Hz), 1.01 (3H, d, J = 6.5 Hz), 1.09 (3H, s) and 1.58 (3H, d, J = 6.8 Hz), two oxymethine protons at δH 3.63 (1H, br. d, J = 4.6 Hz) and 4.08 (1H, tt, J = 11.0, 5.0 Hz), and two olefinic protons at δH 5.19 (1H, q, J = 6.8 Hz) and 5.36 (1H, m). The 13C-NMR and DEPT spectra exhibited 29 signals including those of six methyl, nine methylene, nine methine and five quaternary carbons. The 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra of compound 3 were characteristic of an oxygenated sterol [12], which was confirmed by extensive 2D-NMR spectroscopic analysis. The strong HMBC correlations from the six methyl groups to associated carbons indicated three typical fragments of steroid corresponding to two angular methyl groups and nearby carbons, and the partial side-chain (Figure 2). A 5α,6α-epoxy sterol framework could established by the COSY, HMQC and HMBC spectra, which was consistent to the literature [13]. The COSY correlation between H-6 and H-7, together with the HMBC correlations from H-6 to C-5, C-7, C-8 and C-10, and from H-7 to C-5, C-9 and C-14 confirmed the assignment of double bond at C-7 (Figure 2 and Table 3).
Table 3.
1H- (600 MHz) and 13C-NMR (150 MH) data for 3 in CD3Cl.
| Position | 1H (mult., J in Hz) | 13C (mult.) | 1H-1H COSY | HMBC (H→C) | ROESY |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | α: 1.55 (m) | 33.0 (t) | 2β | 9, 11α | |
| β: 1.61 (m) | 2β | 9 | |||
| 2 | α: 1.87 (m) | 30.9 (t) | 2β, 3 | ||
| β: 1.45 (m) | 1α, 1β, 3 | 19 | |||
| 3 | 4.08 (tt, 11.0, 5.0) | 67.7 (d) | 2α, 2β, 4α, 4β | 4α | |
| 4 | α: 1.78 (dd, 13.0, 3.5) | 39.3 (t) | 3, 4β | 2, 3, 5, 10 | 3 |
| β: 2.14 (t, 12.0) | 3, 4α | 3 | 19 | ||
| 5 | − | 76.0 (s) | |||
| 6 | 3.63 (br. d, 4.6) | 73.7 (d) | 5, 7, 8, 10 | 7 | |
| 7 | 5.36 (m) | 117.6 (d) | 6 | 5, 9, 14 | 6, 15α, 15β |
| 8 | − | 144.0 (s) | 7 | ||
| 9 | 1.96 (m) | 43.5 (d) | 11β | 1α, 12α | |
| 10 | − | 37.1 (s) | |||
| 11 | α: 1.57 (m) | 23.0 (t) | 11β, 12α | 1α | |
| β: 1.31 (m) | 9, 11α, 12α, 12β | 19 | |||
| 12 | α: 1.32 (m) | 39.5 (t) | 11α, 11β, 12β | 9 | |
| β: 2.09 (m) | 11β, 12α | 9 | 21 | ||
| 13 | − | 43.9 (s) | |||
| 14 | 1.91 (m) | 54.7 (d) | 15α, 15β | 9, 13 | 16α |
| 15 | α: 1.60 (m) | 22.1 (t) | 14, 15β | ||
| β: 1.49 (m) | 14, 15α, 16α | 18 | |||
| 16 | α: 1.59 (m) | 27.8 (t) | 15β, 16β | 18 | 14 |
| β: 1.94 (m) | 15β, 16α | 18 | |||
| 17 | 1.32 (m) | 55.9 (d) | 20 | 18 | |
| 18 | 0.60 (s) | 12.1 (q) | 12, 13, 14, 17 | 15β, 16β, 20, 21, 29 | |
| 19 | 1.09 (s) | 18.8 (q) | 1, 5, 9, 10 | 2β, 4β, 11β, 18 | |
| 20 | 1.40 (m) | 36.8 (d) | 17, 21, 22b | 18 | |
| 21 | 1.01 (d, 6.5) | 18.8 (q) | 20 | 17, 20, 22 | 12β, 18 |
| 22 | a: 1.42 (m) | 35.1 (t) | 22b, 23a, 23b | ||
| b: 1.10 (m) | 21, 22a, 23a, 23b | ||||
| 23 | a: 2.08 (m) | 25.8 (t) | 22a, 22b, 23b | 22, 24, 25, 28 | |
| b: 1.87 (m) | 22a, 22b, 23a | 22, 24, 25, 28 | |||
| 24 | − | 146.9 (s) | |||
| 25 | 2.20 (sep, 6.8) | 34.8 (d) | 26, 27 | 23, 24, 26, 27, 28 | |
| 26 | 0.99 (d, 6.8) | 22.2 (q) | 25 | 24, 25, 27 | 28 |
| 27 | 0.98 (d, 6.8) | 22.1 (q) | 25 | 24, 25, 26 | |
| 28 | 5.19 (q, 6.8) | 115.7 (d) | 29 | 22, 23, 24, 25, 29 | 26 |
| 29 | 1.58 (d, 6.8) | 13.2 (q) | 28 | 24, 28 | 18 |
The coupling constants of H-3 at δH 4.08 (tt, J = 11.0, 5.0 Hz) indicated that the H-3 was axial, showing that the HO-3 was β-oriented. The chemical shift of H-25 (δH 2.20, sep, J = 6.8 Hz) and the ROESY correlation between H-26 and H-28 suggested that the double bond Δ24(28) was trans-configuration, for H-25 resonated at significantly lower field (δH 2.63) in the cis-configuration (Figure 3) [14]. Therefore, compound 3 was identified as (24E)-5α,6α-epoxystigmasta-7,24(28)-dien-3β-ol.
3. Experimental
3.1. General
Melting points were determined on a SGW X-4 melting point apparatus and were uncorrected. Optical rotations were measured on a JASCO P-1030 polarimeter. EI-MS, TOF-API-ES, ESI-MS and HR-TOF-ESI-MS spectra were acquired using a Q-Tof micro YA019 mass spectrometer. NMR experiments were performed on a Bruker AVANCE-600 spectrometer. HPLC purifications were carried out on a Waters 1525/2998 liquid chromatograph using SunFire Prep C18 column (250 × 10 mm, 5 μm). CC was performed on Sephadex LH-20 (Pharmacia) and YMC ODS-A (50 μm). VLC was performed on silica gel (200-300 mesh, Yantai, China). Fractions were monitored by TLC (HSGF 254, Yantai, China) and spots were visualized by heating silica gel plates sprayed with 10% H2SO4 in H2O.
3.2. Animal Material
Specimen of P. foliascens was collected around Yongxing Island in the South China Sea in June 2007, and was identified by Prof. Li Jin-He (Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China). A voucher sample (No. DS-PF01) was deposited in Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, China.
3.3. Extraction and Isolation
The fresh sponges (800 g, dry wt.) were extracted with acetone (1,500 mL, 3 times) at room temperature. The acetone extracts were concentrated under reduced pressure to give 55 g of a brown gum, which was partitioned between MeOH-H2O (9:1) and petroleum ether (PE) to afford 10 g of PE-soluble extract. The MeOH-H2O phase was diluted to 3:2 with H2O and extracted with CH2Cl2 to give 8 g of CH2Cl2-soluble extract. The PE-soluble extract was subjected to VLC on silica gel using CH2Cl2/MeOH (25:1, 10:1, 5:1 and 2:1) as eluent to afford twelve fractions (Fr. A−Fr. L). The Fr. B (200 mg) was subjected to CC repeatedly on Sephadex LH-20 and YMC ODS-A (50 µm), and further purified by HPLC (88.7 % MeOH in H2O, 1.5 mL/min, detection 218 nm) to yield pure compounds 1 (1.6 mg, tR = 65.1 min) and 2 (1.7 mg, tR = 68.1 min). Similarly, the CH2Cl2-soluble extract was subjected to VLC on silica gel to give eight fractions (Fr. M−Fr. T). The Fr. P (130 mg) was subjected to CC on silica gel and HPLC (96 % MeOH in H2O, 1.5 mL/min, detection 254 nm) to yield compound 3 (2.5 mg, tR = 27.0 min).
20,24α-Dimethyl-12α-hydroxyscalaran-25,24-lactone (phyllofolactone M, 1): white powder (CHCl3), m.p. 237–239 °C; [α]19D +61° (c 0.080, CHCl3); HR-TOF-ESI-MS: m/z 437.3033 (C27H42O3Na, calcd 437.3032); 1H- and 13C-NMR (C5D5N): see Table 1; 13C-NMR (150 MHz, CD3Cl): δ 8.6 (C-27), 16.6 (C-15), 16.9 (C-22), 16.8 (C-21), 18.1 (C-2), 18.3 (C-6), 18.4 (C-26), 21.7 (C-23), 24.0 (C-16), 24.4 (C-20), 24.3 (C-11), 28.5 (C-19), 36.1 (C-4), 36.6 (C-3), 37.0 (C-10), 37.6 (C-8), 40.0 (C-1), 40.3 (C-13), 41.8 (C-7), 49.9 (C-14), 52.3 (C-9), 58.4 (C-5), 70.1 (C-12), 78.6 (C-24), 133.4 (C-18), 165.2 (C-17), 172.6 (C-25).
20,24β-Dimethyl-12α-hydroxyscalaran-25,24-lactone (phyllofolactone B, 2): white powder (CHCl3), m.p. 278–280 °C; [α]19D +60° (c 0.085, CHCl3); ESI-MS: m/z 437.32 ([M+Na]+), 851.63 ([2M+Na]+); 1H-NMR (600 MHz, C5D5N): δ 6.04 (1H, br. s, HO-12), 5.09 (1H, br. s. H-12), 4.68 (1H, q, J = 6.7 Hz, H-24), 1.24 (3H, s, H-23), 1.20 (3H, d, J = 6.6 Hz, H-26), 0.87 (3H, s, H-22), 0.83 (3H, s, H-21), 0.78 (3H, s, H-19), 0.73 (3H, t, J = 7.2 Hz, H-27); 13C-NMR (150 MHz, C5D5N): δ 8.8 (C-27), 17.2 (C-15), 17.2 (C-22), 17.4 (C-21), 18.4 (C-2), 18.6 (C-26), 18.7 (C-6), 21.7 (C-23), 24.4 (C-16), 24.7 (C-20), 25.2 (C-11), 28.6 (C-19), 36.2 (C-4), 36.8 (C-3), 37.3 (C-10), 37.9 (C-8), 40.0 (C-1), 40.7 (C-13), 42.1 (C-7), 49.7 (C-14), 52.2 (C-9), 58.7 (C-5), 69.5 (C-12), 77.7 (C-24), 134.5 (C-18), 163.8 (C-17), 172.1 (C-25); 13C-NMR (150 MHz, CD3Cl): δ 8.6 (C-27), 16.8 (C-15), 16.8 (C-22), 16.8 (C-21), 18.1 (C-2), 18.3 (C-6), 18.5 (C-26), 21.9 (C-23), 24.1 (C-16), 24.4 (C-20), 24.1 (C-11), 28.5 (C-19), 36.1 (C-4), 36.6 (C-3), 37.0 (C-10), 37.6 (C-8), 40.0 (C-1), 40.2 (C-13), 41.8 (C-7), 49.6 (C-14), 52.2 (C-9), 58.5 (C-5), 70.1 (C-12), 78.2 (C-24), 133.6 (C-18), 165.1 (C-17), 172.7 (C-25).
24(E)-5α,6α-Epoxystigmasta-7,24(28)-dien-3β-ol (3): white powder (CHCl3), m.p. 245–247 °C; [α]19D –6° (c 0.090, CHCl3); EI-MS: m/z 426, 408, 397, 393, 379, 269, 262, 251, 227, 218, 197, 175, 159, 149, 135, 121, 111, 109, 97, 95, 83, 81, 71, 69, 57, 55, 45, 43; TOF-API-MS: m/z 427 ([M+H]+); 1H- and 13C-NMR (CDCl3): see Table 3.
4. Conclusions
A new 20,24-bishomoscalarane sesterterpene, 20,24α-dimethyl-12α-hydroxy-scalaran-25,24-lactone (phyllofolactone M, 1), and a new sterol, (24E)-5α,6α-epoxystigmasta-7,24(28)-dien-3β-ol (3), together with a known sesterterpene, phyllofolactone B (2), were isolated from the South China Sea sponge P. foliascens by chromatography methods. Phyllofolactone M (1) and phyllofolactone B (2) are epimers at C-24, and the previous NMR data assignment for phyllofolactone B (2) was revised on the basis of spectroscopic and physical data analysis.
Acknowledgements
This work was financially supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Project, No. 2006AA09Z423, 2006AA090304, and 2006AA09Z417) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 20772154), and partially supported by the National S & T Major Project of China (No. 2009ZX09103-427) and the Major Program of Modernization of Chinese Medicine (STCSM, 09dZ1975800).
Footnotes
Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds 1−3 are available from the authors.
References and Notes
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