A New Sulfated α-Ionone Glycoside from Sonchus erzincanicus Matthews

Abstract

Sonchus erzincanicus (Asteraceae) is an endemic species in Turkey, where six Sonchus species grow. In this study, a phytochemical study was performed on the aerial parts of the plant. The study describes the isolation and structure elucidation of five flavonoids and two α-ionone glycosides from S. erzincanicus. The compounds were isolated using several and repeated chromatographic techniques from ethyl acetate and aqueous phases that were partitioned from a methanol extract obtained from the plant. 5,7,3′,4′-Tetrahydroxy-3-methoxyflavone (1) and quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucoside (2) were isolated from the ethyl acetate phase, while corchoionoside C 6’-O-sulfate (3), corchoionoside C (4), luteolin 7-O-glucuronide (5) and luteolin 7-O-β-D-glucoside (6), apigenin 7-O-glucuronide (7) were isolated from the aqueous phase. Corchoionoside C 6’-O-sulfate (3), isolated for the first time from a natural source, was a new compound. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by means of ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, 2D-NMR (COSY, HMQC, HMBC) and ESI-MS.

1. Introduction

The Asteraceae family or Compositae is represented by about 900 genera and 13,000 species [1]. The genus Sonchus (Asteraceae) comprises 50 known species worldwide [1], and is represented by six species in the flora of Turkey, one of which, S. erzincanicus, is endemic, [2]. Sonchus species are variously known as “sütlük”, “kuzu gevreği”, and “eşek marulu” in Turkey [3]. It has been found that some Sonchus species contain sesquiterpene lactone glucosides, flavonoids, triterpenes and steroids [4,5]. No phytochemical study has so far been carried out on S. erzincanicus. This study describes the isolation and structure elucidation of five flavonoids and two α-ionone glycosides, one being a new compound, from S. erzincanicus.

2. Results and Discussion

In our phytochemical studies on the aerial parts of Sonchus erzincanicus, we isolated flavonoids and α-ionone glycosides by using several chromatographic methods. The flavonoids were identified as 5,7,3′,4′-tetrahydroxy-3-methoxyflavone (1) [6], quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucoside (2) [7,8], luteolin 7-O-glucuronide (5) [9], luteolin 7-O-β-glucoside (6) [10] and apigenin 7-O-glucuronide (7) [11]. Compound 4 was identified as a known α-ionone glycoside, corchoionoside C (4) [12]. Compound 3, corchoionoside C 6’-O-sulfate, was identified as a new natural compound (Figure 1).

Figure 1.

Isolated compounds from Sonchus erzincanicus.

The NMR data of compound 3 revealed the presence of a structure similar to that of compound 4. HRMS spectra of protonated 3 (MH⁺) was 467.1564, which was in agreement with the calculated value: 467.1582. The ESI-MS of compound 3 showed the deprotonated molecule ion peak at m/z 465 [M-H]^- and a deprotonated positive ion peak with two added sodium atoms [M-H+2Na]⁺ at 511. The assignments of all proton and carbon resonances (Table 1) were based on 2D NMR (COSY, HETCOR, HMBC) experiments. The anomeric proton signal at δ 4.26 (d, J = 7.7 Hz) together with other resonances assigned to the sugar unit having a β-glucose moiety. Remaining signals were attributed to the ionone skeleton. All ¹H-NMR and ¹³C-NMR signals were in agreement with the data given for the structure of corchoionoside C (4) except for C-6′ and H₂-6′ due to esterification at this location [13]. While C-6′ of corchoionoside C (4) resonates at δ 61.6 ppm, the same carbon of its sulfate derivative 3 resonates at δ 67.1 ppm due to inductive effect of sulfate ester group. Four diastereomeric reseosides, diastereomers of corchoinoside C, were recently synthesized by Yajima et al.: (6S,9S), corchoinoside C; (6S,9R); (6R,9S), (6R,9R). Comparing NMR spectral data of 3 and 4 with the ones of the four reseosides provided clear evidence that both corchoinoside C 4 and corchoionoside C 6’-O-sulfate 3 are in agreement with the structure of (6S,9S) reseoside [14]. Thus, the structure of 3 was established as corchoionoside C 6’-O-sulfate. It is the first time that this compound has been isolated from Nature.

Table 1.

NMR Spectroscopic data for compound 3 (¹H-NMR: 400 MHz, ¹³C-NMR: 100 MHz).

C/H atom	δC	δH ppm, J (Hz)	HMBC (H→C)
1	41.3
2	49.6	2.63 d (16.7) 2.16 d (16.7)	C-11, C-12
3	200.2
4	126.0	5.87 bs	C-6, C-2
5	165.9
6	78.8
7	132.5	5.98 d (15.6)	C-9, C-5
8	132.4	5.70 dd (15.6, 7.2)	C-6, C-10
9	73.5	4.50 quintet (6.8)	C-1′, C-7
10	21.0	1.28 d (6.2)	C-8
11	22.3	1.03 s	C-2, C-6
12	23.6	1.01 s	C-2, C-6
13	18.4	1.94 d (1.1)	C-6, C-4
Glucose
1′	100.1	4.26 d (7.7)
2′	73.7	3.28-3.36 a
3′	74.9
4′	70.3
5′	76.9
6′	67.1	4.29 dd, (10.9, 1.8) 4.09 dd (10.9, 5.5)

^a Signal patterns are not clear due to overlapping.

3. Experimental

3.1. General

¹H-NMR and ¹³C-NMR spectra were recorded with a Varian Mercury plus spectrometer at 400 and at 100 MHz, respectively. Mass spectra were recorded with Micromass ZQ Mass Spectrometer (Manchester, UK). Sephadex LH-20 (Sigma-Aldrich) and Silica gel (Kiesel gel 60, 0.063-0.2 mm Merck 7734 and 0.040-0.063 mm Merck 9385 and LiChroprep RP-18, 25-40 μm, Merck 9303) were used for column chromatography, while silica gel 60 F₂₅₄ (Merck, 5554) was used for TLC. TLC spots were detected with a UV lamp, spraying 1% Vanillin/H₂SO₄ and heated at 120 °C for 1-2 min.

3.2. Plant material

The aerial parts of S. erzincanicus were collected from Ekşisu (Erzincan Province, Turkey) in 2006 and was identified by Dr. A. Kandemir. A voucher specimen was deposited in the Herbarium of Erzincan University, Faculty of Education (EEFH 7794).

3.3. Extraction and isolation

Dried aerial parts (260 g) of the plant material were extracted by refluxing with methanol (2 L x 3) on a mantle. The methanol extract was concentrated and dried under reduced pressure to give a residue (44.3 g). Methanol extract (44.0 g) was dissolved in H₂O-MeOH (9:1) and partitioned with chloroform and then ethyl acetate, which were separately concentrated and dried under reduced pressure to give 9.4 g and 0.9 g residues, respectively. The remaining aqueous phase was 32 g. There were too few compounds to isolate and identify in chloroform phase.

The ethyl acetate phase (0.9 g) was subjected to silica gel column chromatography using CHCl₃-MeOH-H₂O (80:20:2, 70:30:3, 50:50:5) solvent systems. Fifty nine fractions were collected. Fraction 6 (35.7 mg) gave compound 1 (9 mg) while fractions 18-24 (27 mg) gave compound 2 (15 mg).

The remaining aqueous phase (32 g) was subjected to reversed phase silica gel column chromatography using 0-100% aqueous MeOH as solvent systems. Fractions were monitored by TLC on silica gel plates and similar fractions were combined to give fraction A (Fr. 18-28, 5.5 g), fraction B (Fr. 30-40, 334 mg) and fraction C (Fr. 45-52, 270 mg).

Fraction A was subjected to silica gel column chromatography with CHCl₃:MeOH:H₂O (70:30:3, 65:35:5) solvent system. Fr. 36-47 gave compound 3 (18 mg).

Fraction B was subjected to a gel chromatography (Sephadex LH-20) eluting with MeOH and 15 fractions were collected. The fractions 2-5 (B1, 157 mg) were further purified by successive column chromatography on silica gel and Sephadex LH-20, respectively, yielding pure 4 (18 mg). The fractions 8-10 (B2, 25 mg) gave compound 5.

Fraction C was subjected to a silica gel column chromatography with CHCl₃-MeOH-H₂O (70:30:3) and 60 fractions were collected. The fractions 10-14 (C1, 50 mg) were subjected to gel chromatography (Sephadex LH-20) with MeOH to give compound 6 (14 mg). The fractions 41-50 (C2, 41 mg) were subjected to a gel chromatography (Sephadex LH-20) with MeOH to give compound 7 (10 mg).

Compound 1: Yellow powder; ¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): δ 7.60 (1H, bs, H-2′), 7.52 (1H, d, H-6′, J = 8.4 Hz), 6.89 (1H, d, H-5′, J = 8.4 Hz), 6.37 (1H, bs, H-8), 6.18 (1H, bs, H-6), 3.77 (s, OCH₃); ¹³C-NMR (CD₃OD): δ 178.8 (C-4), 164.9 (C-7), 161.8 (C-5), 157.2 (C-9), 156.8 (C-2), 148.7 (C-4′), 145.3 (C-3′), 138.3 (C-3), 121.7 (C-1′), 121.1 (C-6′), 115.3 (C-5′), 115.2 (C-2′), 104.6 (C-10), 98.6 (C-6), 93.6 (C-8), 59.3 (OCH₃). ¹H-NMR and ¹³C-NMR agree with data given in the literature for 5,7,3′,4′-tetrahydroxy-3-methoxyflavone [6].

Compound 2: Yellow powder; ¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): δ 7.70 (1H, d, H-2′, J = 1.9 Hz), 7.58 (1H, dd, H-6′, J = 8.5 Hz, 1.9 Hz), 6.86 (1H, d, H-5′, J = 8.5 Hz), 6.36 (1H, d, H-8, J = 2.2 Hz), 6.17 (1H, d, H-6, J = 2.2 Hz), 5.22 (1H, d, H-1″, J = 7.3 Hz), 3.85-3.30 (6H, sugar protons); ¹³C-NMR (CD₃OD): δ 178.1 (C-4), 166.2 (C-7), 161.8 (C-5), 157.6 (C-2), 157.4 (C-9), 148.7 (C-4′), 144.7 (C-3′), 134.4 (C-3), 122.0 (C-1′), 121.9 (C-6′), 116.3 (C-5′), 114.8 (C-2′), 104.1 (C-10), 103.2 (C-1″), 99.2 (C-6), 93.8 (C-8), 77.2 (C-5″), 76.9 (C-3″), 74.5 (C-2″), 70.0 (C-4″), 61.4 (C-6″). ¹H-NMR and ¹³C-NMR agree with data given in the literature for quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucoside [7,8].

Compound 3: Amorphous colourless solid; [α]_D²² = +38 (c=1, MeOH), ESI-MS (C₁₉H₃₀O₁₁S), m/e: 465 [M-H]^¯ and 511 [M-H+2Na]⁺. HRMS: calculated for C₁₉H₃₁O₁₁S⁺: 467.1582; found: 467.1564. For ¹H-NMR (CD₃OD) and ¹³C-NMR (CD₃OD). See (Table 1).

Compound 4: Amorphous colourless solid, ESI-MS (C₁₉H₃₀O₈), m/e: 409 [M+Na]⁺ and 385 [M-H]^-, ¹H-NMR (CD₃OD): δ 5.97 (1H, d, H-7, J = 15.2 Hz), 5.86 (1H, s, H-4), 5.72 (1H, dd, H-8, J = 15.5 Hz, J = 7.0 Hz), 4.53 (1H, quintet, H-9, J = 6.6 Hz), 4.26 (1H, d, H-1′, J = 7.7 Hz), 3.85 (1H, dd, H-6_a′, J = 11.9 Hz, J = 2.2 Hz), 3.62 (1H, dd, H-6_b′, J = 11.9 Hz, J = 6.0 Hz), 3.25-3.34 (sugar protons, overlapped, 4H, H-2′, H-3′, H-4′, H-5′), 2.61 (1H, d, H-2a, J = 17.6 Hz), 2.16 (1H, d, H-2b, J = 17.6 Hz), 1.94 (3H, bs, H-13), 1.02 (3H, d, H-10, J = 8.4 Hz), 0.91 (3H, s, H-11), 0.88 (3H, s, H-12); ¹³C-NMR (CD₃OD): δ 200.0 (C-3), 166.0 (C-5), 132.6 (C-7), 132.5 (C-8), 125.9 (C-4), 100.1 (C-1′), 77.1 (C-6), 77.0(C-5′), 73.8 (C-3′), 73.4 (C-2′), 70.7 (C-9), 70.5 (C-4′), 61.6 (C-6′), 49.8 (C-2), 41.2 (C-1), 23.5 (C-12), 22.5 (C-11), 22.3 (C-10), 18.4 (C-13). ¹H-NMR and ¹³C-NMR agree with data given in the literature for corchoionoside C [12].

Compound 5: Yellow powder; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 7.40 (1H, d, H-2′, J = 2.0 Hz), 7.36 (1H, dd, H-6′, J = 8.4 Hz, J = 2.0 Hz), 6.84 (1H, d, H-5′, J = 8.4 Hz), 6.74 (1H, d, H-8, J = 1.9 Hz), 6.69 (1H, s, H-3), 6.39 (1H, d, H-6, J = 1.9 Hz), 5.06 (1H, d, H-1″, J = 7.3 Hz), 3.60 (1H, d, H-5″, J = 9.9 Hz), 3.39-3.14 (m, 3H, sugar protons, overlapped with DMSO-d₆ signals); ¹³C-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 182.5 (C-4), 172.5 (C-6″), 165.1 (C-2), 163.6 (C-7), 161.7 (C-5), 157.6 (C-9), 150.8 (C-4′), 146.6 (C-3′), 121.7 (C-1′), 119.7 (C-6′), 116.7 (C-5′), 114.1 (C-2′), 105.9 (C-10), 103.6 (C-3), 100.2 (C-1″), 100.2 (C-6), 95.2 (C-8), 77.1 (C-3″), 74.5 (C-5″), 73.6 (C-2″), 72.6 (C-4″). ¹H-NMR and ¹³C-NMR agree with data given in the literature for luteolin 7-O-glucuronide [9].

Compound 6: Yellow powder; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 7.42 (1H, bd, H-6′, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.40 (1H, bs, H-2′), 6.87 (1H, d, H-5′, J = 8.4 Hz), 6.77 (1H, d, H-8, J = 1.8 Hz), 6.73 (1H, s, H-3), 6.42 (1H, d, H-6, J = 1.8 Hz), 5.06 (1H, d, H-1″, J = 7.3 Hz), 3.70-3.15 (6H, sugar protons); ¹³C-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 182.5 (C-4), 165.2 (C-2), 163.6 (C-7), 161.8 (C-5), 157.6 (C-9), 151.1 (C-4′), 146.6 (C-3′), 121.7 (C-1′), 119.9 (C-6′), 116.6 (C-5′), 114.1 (C-2′), 106.0 (C-10), 103.7 (C-3), 100.6 (C-1″), 100.2 (C-6), 95.4 (C-8), 77.8 (C-5″), 77.1 (C-3″), 73.8 (C-2″), 70.2 (C-4″), 61.3 (C-6″). ¹H-NMR and ¹³C-NMR agree with data given in the literature for luteolin 7-O-β-D-glucoside [10].

Compound 7: Yellow powder; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 7.86 (2H, quasi d, H-2′/6′, J = 8.8 Hz), 6.88 (2H, quasi d, H-3′/5′, J = 8.8 Hz), 6.84 (1H, d, H-8, J = 2.0 Hz), 6.62 (1H, s, H-3), 6.49 (1H, d, H-6, J = 2.0 Hz), 5.10 (1H, d, H-1″, J = 6.6 Hz), 3.90-3.25 (sugar protons, 4H, H-2″, H-3″, H-4″, H-5″); ¹³C-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 183.0 (C-4), 175.1 (C-6″), 165.9 (C-2), 163.7 (C-7), 161.8 (2C, C-4′ and C-5), 157.8 (C-9), 128.5 (2C, C-2′/6′), 121.1 (C-1′), 116.4 (2C, C-3′/5′), 106.0 (C-10), 102.4 (C-3), 100.4 (C-1″), 100.2 (C-6), 94.9 (C-8), 76.4 (C-5″), 75.4 (C-3″), 73.4 (C-2″), 72.3 (C-4″). ¹H-NMR [11] and ¹³C-NMR [15] agree with data given in the literature for apigenin 7-O-glucuronide.