Impact of comorbidities and delay in diagnosis in elderly patients with pulmonary hypertension

Abstract

Patient age at diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension is steadily increasing. The present study sought to analyse clinical characteristics, time to diagnosis and prognosis of pulmonary hypertension in elderly and very elderly patients.

A study was conducted in a French regional referral centre for pulmonary hypertension. All consecutive patients diagnosed with pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension were included and categorised according to age: <65 years (“young”), 65–74 years (“elderly”) and ≥75 years (“very elderly”).

Over a 4-year period, 248 patients were included: 101 (40.7%) were young, 82 (33.1%) were elderly and 65 (26.2%) were very elderly. The median age at diagnosis among the total population was 68 years. Compared with young patients, elderly and very elderly patients had a longer time to diagnosis (7±48, 9±21 and 16±32 months, respectively; p<0.001). Patients ≥75 years also more often had group 4 pulmonary hypertension. The median overall survival was 46±1.4 months, but was only 37±4.9 months in elderly patients and 28±4.7 months in very elderly patients. Survival from the first symptoms and survival adjusted to comorbidity was similar across age groups.

Patient age should be taken into account when diagnosing pulmonary hypertension as it is associated with a specific clinical profile and a worse prognosis. The difference in prognosis is likely to be related to a delay in diagnosis and a greater number of comorbidities.

Short abstract

More than a quarter of patients diagnosed with pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension are older than 75 years; they have a poorer prognosis, likely related to a longer delay in diagnosis and a higher burden of comorbidities http://ow.ly/87FQ30m0WM7

Introduction

Available demographic data for pulmonary hypertension come from national registries and focus on patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) [1–7]. Scarce data are available in patients of all pulmonary hypertension subgroups [8].

The first registry published in 1987 reported a mean age of 36 years at diagnosis [1]; it is currently between 50 and 65 years [2–9]. In most published data, elderly patients (≥65 years) with pulmonary hypertension exhibit specific clinical, aetiological and haemodynamic features [4–11]. Prognosis also seems to be worse in those ≥65 years of age [6]. In clinical practice, specific management issues usually arise in patients ≥75 years of age. The geriatric population more often has atypical clinical presentations, more comorbidities and the need for therapeutic adjustments. Although they represent an increasing proportion of patients, there are no data available for very elderly patients (≥75 years).

Here, we present long-term survival data from patients with different pulmonary hypertension subtypes. We compared clinical characteristics, haemodynamic profiles and long-term survival of young (<65 years), elderly (65–74 years) and very elderly (≥75 years) patients. We also assessed the impact of age and time to diagnosis on their long-term survival.

Patients and methods

Data from a pulmonary hypertension regional centre cohort (Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Louis Pradel Hospital, Lyon, France) were analysed. All consecutive patients referred to our centre for an initial assessment of pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension were included if data from right heart catheterisation at diagnosis showed mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) ≥25 mmHg, pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) >3 Wood Units and pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAWP) ≤15 mmHg. Patients with pulmonary hypertension associated with respiratory disease were included if pulmonary hypertension was severe: mPAP at time of diagnosis >35 mmHg or cardiac index <2.5 L·min⁻¹·m⁻² [12, 13].

Elderly patients were defined as those aged ≥65 years, in accordance with the threshold defined by the World Health Organization and used in earlier publications [6, 9–11]. We chose a second threshold of ≥75 years to define very elderly patients because it is the age used in France for admission to geriatric institutions [14]. Patients were thus divided into three groups according to their age at diagnosis: “young” patients were those aged <65 years, “elderly” patients were those aged 65–74 years, and “very elderly” patients were those aged ≥75 years. Data were extracted from the electronic medical records of patients and from the national pulmonary hypertension register (for the Lyon centre), including all demographic, clinical, functional and haemodynamic characteristics. Diagnosis delay was defined as the time from onset of symptoms (usually dyspnoea) to the date of initial haemodynamic evaluation.

Categorical variables were described by frequency (number) and percentage. Quantitative variables were expressed as median and standard deviation. The assumption of normality of the distribution of quantitative variables was verified using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test and verified graphically using a histogram. Categorical variables were compared by the Chi-squared test or Fisher's exact test, when the conditions for using the Chi-squared test were not met. Quantitative variables were compared between groups using the t-test, after verifying the equality of variances, when the distribution was normal, and the nonparametric Wilcoxon test (when it was less than three groups) or Kruskal–Wallis test (for comparison groups of three or more groups), when the distribution was not normal.

For survival analysis, time to the event was that between diagnosis and date of last known status or death (all cause). Overall survival between groups was compared by the Kaplan–Meier test and survival curves were produced using the log-rank test. The proportionality assumption of risk was verified; prognostic factors for death were determined using the Cox semiparametric model, initially using a univariate model, and then with a multivariate model that included the significant variables in the univariate analysis and relevant adjustment variables. A value of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Analyses were performed using SPSS Statistics version 20 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA).

Results

Over a 4-year period, 411 patients were referred to our department for an initial evaluation. 248 patients met the inclusion criteria (figure 1). 48 of these patients had no invasive re-evaluation and were therefore not included in the survival analyses.

FIGURE 1.

Selection of patients: 248 consecutive patients with newly diagnosed pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension were included in the study. PAWP: pulmonary arterial wedge pressure; mPAP: mean pulmonary arterial pressure; CI: cardiac index; CTD: connective tissue disease; POPH: portopulmonary hypertension; CHD: congenital heart disease; PVOD: pulmonary veno-occlusive disease; ILD: interstitial lung disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CPFE: combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema.

The median±sd age at diagnosis was 68±13.7 years; 33.1% (n=82) were elderly (median±sd age 70±2.8 years) and 26.2% (n=65) were very elderly (median±sd age 79±3.7 years) (table 1).

TABLE 1.

Clinical and functional characteristics of patients at initial assessment

	All	Young (<65 years)	Elderly (65–74 years)	Very elderly (≥75 years)	p-value
Patients	248 (100)	101 (40.7)	82 (33.1)	65 (26.2)
Age years	68±13.7	54±10.3	70±2.8	79±3.7
Female	127 (51.2)	60 (59.4)	31 (37.8)	36 (55.4)	0.011
Pulmonary hypertension aetiological group					<0.001
Group 1	113 (45.6)	56 (55.4)	33 (40.2)	24 (36.9)
Group 3	77 (31.0)	18 (17.8)	36 (43.9)	23 (35.4)
Group 4	39 (15.7)	14 (13.9)	9 (11.0)	16 (24.6)
Group 5	19 (7.7)	13 (12.9)	4 (4.9)	2 (3.1)
Time to diagnosis months	9±38	7±48	9±21	16±32	0.001
Functional class (NYHA)					0.175
I	11 (4.5)	5 (5.0)	5 (6.2)	1 (1.6)
II	82 (33.5)	35 (35.0)	29 (35.8)	18 (27.7)
III	134 (54)	57 (57.0)	38 (46.9)	39 (60.9)
IV	18 (7.3)	3 (3.0)	9 (11.1)	6 (9.4)
6MWD m	330 (127)	355 (115)	315 (117)	210 (125)	<0.001

Data are presented as n (%) or median±sd, unless otherwise stated. NYHA: New York Heart Association; 6MWD: 6-min walk distance.

Clinical and functional characteristics

There was a significant relationship between age and pulmonary hypertension aetiology (p<0.001). PAH (group 1) was diagnosed in 45.6% of patients and was the most common type of pulmonary hypertension in young patients (55.4%). The elderly and very elderly patients more often had pulmonary hypertension associated with respiratory disease than young patients (group 3: 43.9% of elderly patients and 35.4% of very elderly patients). In very elderly patients, nearly a quarter (24.6%) had chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (group 4). Age was associated with a lower baseline 6-min walk distance (6MWD) (p<0.001), but the oldest patients were as often in functional class III or IV (New York Heart Association) as their younger counterparts (p=0.205). Very elderly patients had a higher prevalence of comorbidities: systemic arterial hypertension (p<0.001), coronary artery disease (p=0.05) and cardiac arrhythmias (p<0.001). The mean of the Charlson Comorbidity Index score increased according to age group (p<0.001) (tables 1 and 2).

TABLE 2.

Major comorbidities

	All	Young (<65 years)	Elderly (65–74 years)	Very elderly (≥75 years)	p-value
Patients	248 (100)	101 (40.7)	82 (33.1)	65 (26.2)
Coronary artery disease	46 (18.5)	13 (12.9)	22 (26.8)	11 (16.9)	0.050
Arrhythmias	34 (13.7)	4 (4.0)	14 (17.1)	16 (24.6)	<0.001
Thromboembolic disease	33 (13.3)	13 (12.9)	13 (15.9)	7 (10.8)
Obstructive lung disease	49 (19.8)	15 (14.9)	23 (28)	11 (16.9)	0.657
Smoking	135 (54.4)	60 (44.4)	48 (35.6)	27 (20.0)	0.053
Hypertension	117 (47.2)	30 (29.7)	47 (57.3)	40 (61.5)	<0.001
Dyslipidaemia	52 (21.0)	10 (9.9)	25 (30.5)	17 (26.2)	0.002
Diabetes	51 (20.6)	14 (13.9)	24 (29.3)	13 (20.0)	0.037
Peripheral vascular disease	24 (9.7)	2 (2.0)	10 (12.2)	12 (18.5)	0.001
Stroke	10 (4.0)	2 (2.0)	3 (3.7)	5 (7.7)	0.190
Cognitive disorder	6 (2.4)	4 (4.0)	0	2 (3.1)	0.177
Charlson Comorbidity Index score	4±2.1	2±1.8	4±1.5	5±1.7	<0.001

Data are presented as n (%) or median±sd, unless otherwise stated.

Delay to diagnosis

Very elderly patients had a longer delay in access to a regional referral centre for pulmonary hypertension than elderly and young patients. The mean±sd time to diagnosis was 7±48, 9±21 and 16±32 months, respectively, for young, elderly and very elderly patients (p=0.001) (table 1).

Pulmonary haemodynamic features

At the time of evaluation at a referral centre for pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary arterial pressure (systolic, mean and diastolic) and PVR were lower in elderly and very elderly patients than in young patients. PAWP was similar among age groups (p=0.755). The diastolic pressure gradient significantly decreased with age, but remained >7 mmHg in 241 out of 248 patients. We unexpectedly found that age (≥75 years) was associated with a lower cardiac index (p=0.004) (table 3).

TABLE 3.

Initial haemodynamic data

	All	Young (<65 years)	Elderly (65–74 years)	Very elderly (≥75 years)	p-value
Patients	248 (100)	101 (40.7)	82 (33.1)	65 (26.2)
sPAP mmHg	64±17.6	73±21.2	61±12.7	63±14.1	0.001
mPAP mmHg	39±11.2	45±13.6	37±6.7	38±8.4	<0.001
dPAP mmHg	25±8.8	28±10.6	24±5.9	23±5.9	<0.001
PAWP mmHg	8±3.3	8±3.2	8±3.36	8±3.4	0.755
RAP mmHg	5±3.6	6±3.7	5±3.8	6±3.4	0.501
CO L·min−1	4.56±1.4	4.70±1.5	4.83±1.2	4.02±1.1	0.001
CI L·min−1·m−2	2.52±0.7	2.60±0.8	2.59±0.7	2.21±0.7	0.004
PVR WU	6.5±3.9	7.3±4.7	5.5±2.6	6.7±3.4	0.005
DPG mmHg	17±8.8	20±10.0	16±6.8	14±6.2	<0.001

Data are presented as n (%) or median±sd, unless otherwise stated. sPAP: systolic pulmonary arterial pressure; mPAP: mean pulmonary arterial pressure; dPAP: diastolic pulmonary arterial pressure; PAWP: pulmonary arterial wedge pressure; RAP: right atrial pressure; CO: cardiac output; CI: cardiac index; PVR: pulmonary vascular resistance; WU: Wood Units; DPG: diastolic pressure gradient (dPAP–PAWP).

Initial therapeutic management

85.1% of the patients had been treated. 37 patients (14.9%) had not been treated because either they had a thromboendarterectomy (n=12) or because they had too many comorbidities (n=25).

The choice of the medications and their combinations differed between age groups (p=0.010). Younger patients more often received endothelin receptor antagonists, epoprostenol and combined therapies than older patients (table 4). This difference in therapeutic management probably contributed to the difference in outcomes among the age groups.

TABLE 4.

Initial therapeutic management

	All	Young (<65 years)	Elderly (65–74 years)	Very elderly (≥75 years)	p-value
Patients	248 (100)	101 (40.7)	82 (33.1)	65 (26.2)
Endothelin receptor antagonists	116 (46.8)	59 (58.4)	28 (34.1)	29 (44.6)	0.005
Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors	122 (49.2)	46 (44.6)	43 (52.4)	33 (50.8)	0.632
Epoprostenol	14 (5.6)	11 (10.9)	1 (1.2)	2 (3.1)	0.014
Calcium channel blockers	8 (3.2)	3 (3)	5 (6.1)		0.120
Guanylate cyclase stimulators	2 (0.8)		1 (1.2)	1 (1.5)	0.515
Medication regimens					0.010
Therapeutic abstention	37 (14.9)	15 (14.9)	10 (12.2)	12 (18.5)
Monotherapy	164 (66.1)	58 (57.4)	65 (79.3)	41 (63.1)
Dual therapy	42 (16.9)	23 (22.8)	7 (8.5)	12 (18.5)
Triple therapy	5 (2.0)	5 (5.0)

Data are presented as n (%), unless otherwise stated.

Long-term survival

Overall 1-, 2- and 3-year survival was 81%, 71% and 57%, respectively. Survival differed significantly between age groups. Survival of very elderly patients was only 65%, 59% and 40% at 1, 2 and 3 years (p<0.001) (figure 2a). The median survival was not reached in young patients and decreased with age in the two groups of older patients (elderly 37±4.9 months and very elderly 28±4.7 months; p<0.001).

FIGURE 2.

Kaplan–Meier curves of long-term survival in young (<65 years), elderly (65–74 years) and very elderly (≥75 years) patients with pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension. a) Observed survival difference was statistically significant between age groups (p<0.001). The table presents observed survival at 12, 24 and 36 months (n (%)), and number of deaths by age group. b) Observed survival difference from the first symptoms was not statistically significant between age groups (p=0.237). c) Observed survival difference after adjustment with the Charlson Comorbidity Index score was also not statistically significant between age groups (p=0.064).

When survival was considered from the date of the first symptoms or was adjusted to the Charlson Comorbidity Index score, no differences were found between age groups (p=0.237 and p=0.343, respectively) (figure 2b and c).

Risk factors for death

According to univariate analysis, male sex, aetiological group 3 pulmonary hypertension, a 6MWD <210 m and a history of COPD, stroke or cognitive disorders were associated with higher mortality in very elderly patients.

Discussion

The overall long-term survival (57% at 3 years) was lower in patients in our study than observed in previous registries [2–8]. This finding could be explained by the significant number of very elderly patients included. Over half of patients diagnosed with a pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension were aged ≥65 years and a quarter where even aged ≥75 years. This poorer prognosis could also be explained by a high prevalence of patients with group 3 pulmonary hypertension, who are known to have a worse prognosis [12].

Unlike most previous reports, the present study included patients in all pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension subgroups. There were more patients with pulmonary hypertension due to chronic respiratory disease (group 3 pulmonary hypertension) or chronic thromboembolic disease (group 4 pulmonary hypertension) in the “elderly” and “very elderly” groups than in the “young” group. Nearly a quarter of very elderly patients had chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, which is likely to be explained by the increase in the incidence of pulmonary embolism with age (1.3 per 1000 habitants per year between 65 and 69 years; up to 2.8 per 1000 habitants per year between 85 and 89 years) [15].

We have shown that pulmonary hypertension is often initially misdiagnosed in very elderly patients, who were probably diagnosed at a later stage of the disease. The cardiac index has usually been reported to be age independent [2, 4, 6, 10, 11]. In this study, mean cardiac output and cardiac index values were lower in very elderly compared with younger patients. We should therefore wonder if this impaired ventricular function had contributed to a worse outcome in very elderly patients.

The significantly delayed access to a referral centre for pulmonary hypertension, which partly explained their poorer prognosis, is not the single cause of excess mortality in elderly and very elderly patients. This study was an overall survival analysis including all-cause mortality and did not find significant differences in the causes of death according to age. However, the weight of comorbidities seemed to be predominant in the survival of elderly patients. Associated lung disease and cardiovascular comorbidities were more frequent in elderly patients, and might be a leading cause of death. The Charlson Comorbidity Index, used to assess the competitive comorbidities, correlates with patient survival and has been approved for the treatment of geriatric patients [16–18]. After adjusting on the Charlson Comorbidity Index, survival was comparable across the three age groups. Moreover, in patients aged ≥75 years, only a history of COPD and stroke were independent predictors of mortality.

There were several limitations to our study. First, the analysis was retrospective, but most of the data were nevertheless collected prospectively in a national registry at the time of each hospitalisation. It was a single-centre study, but included a relatively large cohort of patients all seen in a tertiary referral department for pulmonary vascular diseases. The study population was heterogeneous due to the inclusion of all pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension causes and was therefore representative of the population seen in clinical practice. Finally, being those with the most severe comorbidities or cognitive problems, very elderly patients may not have been referred for evaluation.

Conclusions

More than a quarter of patients diagnosed with pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension are aged ≥75 years. The age of the patients should be taken into account in diagnosing pulmonary hypertension, as it is associated with a specific clinical profile: a longer time to diagnosis and therefore a delayed access to a referral centre for pulmonary hypertension, a high proportion of group 3 and 4 pulmonary hypertension, a higher rate of comorbidities, and lower cardiac index. The long-term survival is worse for elderly and very elderly patients than for their younger counterparts. This difference is likely to be related to a longer delay in diagnosis and a higher burden of comorbidities.