Abstract
Background and aims In recent years, the short single-balloon enteroscope (SBE) has been used during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for patients with surgically altered anatomy and has been reported to be useful. However, difficulties remain, and the procedures and devices need improvements. We assessed the usefulness and superiority of a new short SBE equipped with passive bending and high-force transmission by comparisons with outcomes using the conventional short SBE.
Methods This study evaluated short SBE-assisted ERCP-related procedures for Roux-en-Y gastrectomy between September 2011 and October 2017. Outcomes including the procedural success rate, which was the primary outcome, were assessed to compare the conventional short SBE (SIF-Y0004 [prototype]) and the new short SBE (SIF-H290S).
Results Of 74 procedures performed in 61 patients, 51 procedures in 39 patients involved the SIF-Y0004, and 23 procedures in 22 patients involved the SIF-H290S. The procedural success rates were 70.6 % for SIF-Y0004, and 95.7 % for SIF-H290S, representing better results for the new short SBE ( P = 0.02). The new short SBE also had a superior diagnostic success rate ( P = 0.047) and median time to reach the blind end ( P < 0.001).
Conclusions Roux-en-Y gastrectomy patients treated with the new short SBE had better outcomes than those treated with conventional short SBE. More cases need to be studied; however, the new short SBE has the potential to improve ERCP outcomes in patients with surgically altered anatomy.
Background
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in patients with surgically altered anatomy is thought to be difficult, because postoperative adhesions and certain anatomical characteristics such as long distance from the anastomosis or flexion make it difficult to insert an endoscope to reach the papilla or choledochojejunoanstomosis. Furthermore, bile duct cannulation and subsequent treatments are also more difficult than treatments using a duodenoscope with normal anatomy, and outcomes have not been satisfactory 1 2 . Therefore, percutaneous or surgical therapy is often selected instead of endoscopic therapy.
The double-balloon enteroscope (DBE), developed to diagnose and treat small-bowel disease, was introduced in 2001 3 , and DBE-assisted ERCP has been described as useful 4 5 6 7 . Furthermore, single-balloon enteroscope (SBE)-assisted ERCP has also been reported to be effective 8 9 10 . A short SBE, with a working length of 152 cm and a 3.2-mm working channel, has also been developed, thus adding to the number of useful devices that can be used for ERCP treatment 11 12 13 14 15 . However, it is not uncommon for problems to arise because the scope cannot move forward when passing through sharp-angled parts of the intestinal tract during scope insertion. A newly designed short SBE equipped with passive bending and high-force transmission has been developed in recent years to solve this problem. This device has the potential to improve the success rates of scope insertion to the target site and subsequent ERCP-related procedures and to shorten treatment times. Roux-en-Y gastrectomy represents a particularly challenging form of reconstruction because of the difficulty of scope insertion due to the long distance to the target site, the involvement of intestinal adhesions, and the difficulty with cannulation of the papilla and subsequent treatment procedures. Outcomes using the new short SBE for Roux-en-Y gastrectomy patients were assessed by comparisons with outcomes using the conventional short SBE to determine whether the newly designed short SBE contributes to improved outcomes.
Methods
Patients
The subjects of this study were patients who underwent ERCP-related procedures for Roux-en-Y gastrectomy between September 2011 and October 2017. The outcomes of bile duct-related procedures were assessed. Those patients who underwent pancreatic duct treatments were excluded because at the moment, we have experienced few cases of these procedures using the new short SBE.
Procedure using short SBE
All treatments performed during this study involved a short SBE. Two types of scope were used: SIF-Y0004 (prototype) and SIF-H290S (new model; Olympus Medical Systems, Tokyo, Japan), which have a working length of 152 cm and a 3.2-mm working channel. Table 1 shows the specifications of the endoscopes, including the SIF-Q260 (Olympus Medical Systems), which is the conventional SBE. Our facility has used the SIF-H290S since March 2016 ( Fig. 1 ).
Table 1. Specifications of single-balloon enteroscopes.
| SIF-H290S | SIF-Y0004 | SIF-Q260 | |
| Field of view | 140° | 120° | 140° |
| Outer diameter, mm | 9.2 | 9.2 | 9.2 |
| Working channel diameter, mm | 3.2 | 3.2 | 2.8 |
| Working length, mm | 1520 | 1520 | 2000 |
| Total length, mm | 1840 | 1840 | 2345 |
| Passive bending and high force transmission | Yes | No | No |
Fig. 1.
Newly designed short-type single-balloon endoscope (short SBE) (SIF-H290S) with a sliding tube.
The new short SBE has two features: passive bending and high-force transmission. There is a passive bending section behind the scope curvature ( Fig. 2 ). If the scope is at the intestinal tract wall when passing through a sharp flexure, then the passive bending section allows the scope to smoothly bend along the bend of the wall, making it possible to move forward. High-force transmission capabilities make it possible to perform torque operations efficiently and to provide finer scope control. Therefore, it is also useful for bile duct cannulation and subsequent treatment procedures ( Fig. 2 ).
Fig. 2.
Passive bending section of new short-type SBE. The passive bending section allows the scope to smoothly bend along the bend of the wall, making it possible to move forward.
All ERCP treatments were performed using CO 2 insufflation, and we used a distal attachment cap (D-201-10704; Olympus Medical Systems) in all cases. The patient was generally in the prone position; when insertion was difficult, the position was changed or abdominal compression was used.
Definitions and outcome measurements
This was a retrospective, single-center study that was approved by the Institutional Review Board at Saitama Medical University International Medical Center (17 – 052). Subjects were divided into one group who underwent ERCP-related procedures using the conventional short SBE (SIF-Y0004) and one group who underwent procedures using the new short SBE (SIF-H290S). The SIF-Y0004 was used in all cases before March 2016, and the SIF-H290S was used in all cases from March 2016 onwards. The primary outcome was the procedural success rate, which was assessed to compare outcomes between the two groups. The procedural success rate was the rate of successful completion from scope insertion to the intended treatment (e. g., stone extraction, stent placement, etc.). Other end points studied were the enteroscopy success rate, diagnostic success rate, median time to reach the blind end, median ERCP procedure time, and adverse events. The enteroscopy success rate was the rate of arrival at the papilla after scope insertion. Diagnostic success rate was the rate of successful bile duct cannulation and cholangiography when the papilla was successfully reached. ERCP procedure time was defined from starting bile duct cannulation to removal of the SBE. Adverse events were assessed in accordance with the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy severity grading system 16 .
The study involved four endoscopists, and each endoscopist had performed at least 500 ERCP procedures with normal anatomy. In individual cases, the same endoscopist performed all procedures from scope insertion to treatment. Endoscopists who used the new short SBE had fewer experiences of SBE-assisted ERCP before this study, and the endoscopists who performed the procedures using the conventional short SBE performed 9 % of the cases using the new short SBE ( Table 2 ). All patients provided informed consent before undergoing treatment.
Table 2. Number of patients and experience of the four endoscopists.
| Endoscopist | ||||
| A | B | C | D | |
| Experience with SBE-assisted ERCP before this study, n | 65 | 26 | 3 | 0 |
| Number of cases in this study | ||||
|
14 | 23 | 10 | 2 |
|
0 | 2 | 5 | 16 |
Statistical analysis
Two-group comparisons of age, time to reach the blind end, BMI, and ERCP procedure time were conducted using the Mann–Whitney test. The reconstruction method, sex differences, other abdominal surgeries, reasons for ERCP, condition of the papilla, enteroscopy success rate, diagnostic success rate, procedural success rate, and adverse events were analyzed using Fisher’s exact probability test. SAS JMP version 12.2.0 and SAS version 9.1.3 SP4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina, United States) were used for statistical analyses; P < 0.05 indicated statistical significance.
Results
Patients
During the study period, we performed 74 procedures in 61 Roux-en-Y gastrectomy patients. The SIF-Y0004 was used for 51 procedures in 39 patients while the SIF-H290S was used for 23 procedures in 22 patients. The two groups did not differ in the proportion of native papillae, BMI, other abdominal surgeries, or total versus partial gastrectomy ( Table 3 ).
Table 3. Patient characteristics.
| SIF-Y0004 | SIF-H290S | P value | Total | |
| Number of patients | 39 | 22 | 61 | |
| Age, median (IQR), years | 71 (66.0 – 76.0) | 72.5 (62.3 – 78.8) | 0.88 | 71 (64.5 – 76.5) |
| Sex | ||||
|
27 (69.2) | 19 (86.4) | 0.22 | 46 (75.4) |
|
12 (30.8) | 3 (13.6) | 15 (24.6) | |
| Reconstruction method | ||||
|
23 (59.0) | 17 (77.3) | 0.17 | 40 (65.6) |
|
16 (41.0) | 5 (22.7) | 21 (34.4) | |
| BMI, median (IQR), kg/m 2 | 20.03 (16.73 – 21.92) | 19.13 (18.57 – 20.93) | 0.89 | 19.44 (17.81 – 21.83) |
| Other abdominal surgeries, n (%) | 15 (38.5) | 6 (27.3) | 0.42 | 21 (34.4) |
| Reasons for ERCP | ||||
|
25 (64.1) | 16 (72.7) | 0.58 | 41 (67.2) |
|
14 (35.9) | 6 (27.3) | 20 (32.8) | |
| Papillae | ||||
|
38 (97.4) | 20 (90.9) | 0.29 | 58 (95.1) |
|
1 (2.6) | 2 (9.1) | 3 (4.9) | |
Endoscopic procedure
The procedural success rate, which was the primary outcome, was 78.4 % overall (95 % confidence interval [CI], 67.8 – 86.2 %). It was 70.6 % (95 %CI, 57.0 – 81.3 %) for the SIF-Y0004 group and 95.7 % (95 %CI, 79.0 – 99.8 %) for the SIF-H290S group, representing significantly better outcomes for the new short SBE group ( P = 0.02) ( Table 4 ). The enteroscopy success rate was 90.2 % (95 %CI, 79.0 – 95.7 %) for the SIF-Y0004 group and 95.7 % (95 %CI, 79.0 – 99.8 %) for SIF-H290S group and there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups ( P = 0.66). Using the SIF-H290S, the target site could not be reached in one case because of strong adhesion in the intestinal tract. Diagnostic success rate was 82.6 % (95 %CI, 69.3 – 90.9 %) when using the SIF-Y0004, and 100 % (95 %CI, 85.1 – 100 %) when using the SIF-H290S, thus indicating significantly better outcomes for the new short SBE group ( P = 0.047).
Table 4. Summary of procedure results (n = 74 procedures).
| SIF-Y0004 | SIF-H290S | P value | Total | |
| Number of procedures | 51 | 23 | 74 | |
| Enteroscopy success rate, % (n) | 90.2 (46/51) | 95.7 (22/23) | 0.66 | 91.9 (68/74) |
| Diagnostic success rate, % (n) | 82.6 (38/46) | 100 (22/22) | 0.047 | 88.2 (60/68) |
| Procedural success rate, % (n) | 70.6 (36/51) | 95.7 (22/23) | 0.02 | 78.4 (58/74) |
| Median time to reach the blind end (IQR), min | 29.5 (14.5 – 41.8) | 9.5 (6 – 21) | < 0.001 | 21 (10.8 – 38.3) |
| Median ERCP procedure time (IQR), min | 58 (36.0 – 80.0) | 42 (29.0 – 63.0) | 0.06 | 53 (34.0 – 70.0) |
Median time to reach the blind end was 29.5 minutes (interquartile range [IQR], 14.5 – 41.8) for the SIF-Y0004 group and 9.5 minutes (IQR, 6.0 – 21.0) for the SIF-H290S group. These results indicated better outcomes for the new short SBE group ( P < 0.001). Median ERCP procedure times were 58.0 minutes (IQR, 36.0 – 80.0) and 42.0 minutes (IQR, 29.0 – 63.0) for the SIF-Y0004 group and SIF-H290S group, respectively. Despite the tendency for the ERCP procedure times using the new short SBE to be shorter than using the conventional short SBE, there was no statistically significant difference ( P = 0.06) ( Table 4 ).
Treatments performed included endoscopic sphincterotomy (n = 5), endoscopic papillary balloon dilation (n = 8), endoscopic papillary large balloon dilation (n = 23), stone extraction (n = 32), plastic stent placement (n = 9), metal stent placement (n = 12), and nasobiliary drainage (n = 1). There were 17 unsuccessful procedures for the following reasons: inability to insert the scope to the target site (n = 6), difficulty with bile duct cannulation (n = 9), and inability to complete the treatment due to unstable scope control during the procedure following cholangiography (n = 2). When using the SIF-H290S, the target site could not be reached in only one case.
Adverse events
Adverse events occurred at rates of 9.8 % (5/51) and 13 % (3/23) for the SIF-Y0004 and the SIF-H290S, respectively, which did not represent a statistically significant difference ( P = 0.70). Severity grade of all adverse events were mild. There was one incidence of scope perforation with the SIF-H290S during a stone removal procedure. Fortunately, the perforated part was clipped and healed with conservative treatment ( Table 5 ).
Table 5. Adverse events (n = 74 procedures).
| SIF-Y0004 (n = 51) | SIF-H290S (n = 23) | P value | |
| Pancreatitis, n (%) | 4 (7.8) | 1 (4.3) | > 0.99 |
| Cholangitis, n (%) | 1 (2.0) | 1 (4.3) | 0.53 |
| Intestinal perforation, n (%) | 0 (0) | 1 (4.3) | 0.31 |
| Total, n (%) | 5 (9.8) | 3 (13.0) | 0.70 |
Discussion
With the recent development of the short SBE (which has a working length of 152 cm and a 3.2-mm working channel) for ERCP-related procedures in patients with surgically altered anatomy, there has been an increase in the number of treatment devices that can be used and the number of treatments that are possible. Furthermore, using a distal attachment cap has been reported to be useful 17 . However, scope insertion and subsequent procedures are more cumbersome than ERCP-related procedures performed in normal anatomy, therefore, improvements in techniques and devices are needed. To solve this problem, the SIF-H290S was introduced in Japan in 2016. Recently released colonoscopes also have the same features, and they are reportedly useful for passing through parts with high flexion 18 19 . Outcomes using the prototype short SBE equipped with passive bending and high-force transmission have been reported 20 , and although the therapeutic success rate and other end points were unchanged, it was reported that the scope insertion time was shorter than when using a conventional short SBE. For Roux-en-Y gastrectomy patients, it is especially difficult to reach target sites and perform papilla cannulation and further treatment procedures. Previous reports have indicated that Roux-en-Y gastrectomy patients had treatment success rates ranging from 59.1 % to 88.9 % 11 12 13 14 15 ; however, improvements in outcomes are desirable. In this study, outcomes with the new short SBE for Roux-en-Y gastrectomy patients were assessed in comparison to outcomes using a conventional short SBE. These comparisons were used to determine whether the new short SBE contributes to improving outcomes, with procedural success rate as the primary outcome.
This study had an overall procedural success rate of 78.4 % (58/74) for Roux-en-Y gastrectomy patients, which is similar to that of previous reports involving the short SBE. However, the procedural success rate when the new short SBE was used was 95.7 % (22/23), which is better than that of the conventional short SBE used in this study. Diagnostic success rate and median time to reach the blind end were also better when the new short SBE was used. The passive bending feature of the new short SBE makes it easier to pass through flexures in the intestines during scope insertion, thus reducing the time to reach the blind end. In this study, although the same operator performed all procedures from scope insertion to treatment, the operator and an expert exchanged opinions, and the expert provided helpful advice. Although we believe that applying high-force transmission may contribute to improving the procedural success rate and diagnostic success rate because it enables us to perform finer scope operations, the expert’s actions also help to enhance the procedural and diagnostic success rates. No previous reports have shown a difference in procedural success rates, therefore, we believe that this indicates the usefulness of the new short SBE. However, insertion in patients with strong adhesions is difficult even with passive bending and high-force transmission, and there is a risk of perforation if forced in such cases. Therefore, treatments with different modalities must be considered, such as percutaneous treatments or endoscopic ultrasonography.
This study has limitations. It was a single-center retrospective study, the sample size with the new short SBE was small, the endoscopists who performed the procedures with the conventional short SBE performed 9 % of the cases with the new short SBE, investigation with a different reconstruction technique (e. g., Billroth-II gastrectomy or pancreaticoduodenectomy) was not possible, and the same patient underwent multiple ERCP-related procedures, such as when completion was not possible with one procedure or cases of recurrent stones after treatment.
In conclusion, Roux-en-Y gastrectomy patients treated with the new short SBE had better outcomes than patients whose procedures involved the conventional short SBE. More cases need to be studied, but the new short SBE has the potential to improve ERCP outcomes for patients with surgically altered anatomy.
Footnotes
Competing interests None
References
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