Table 3.
Mean change in renal function and other outcomes per year according to dietary protein intake 1.
| VLPI | LPI | MPI | p Value 2 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Change in eGFR
(mL/min/1.73 m2/year) |
|||||||
| All | 0.84 | (−3.69 to 5.37) | −0.23 | (−4.80 to 4.34) | −0.97 | (−5.63 to 3.70) | 0.032 |
| ≤65 years | −0.34 | (−8.37 to 7.69) | −1.34 | (−10.15 to 7.47) | −1.88 | (−10.85 to 7.09) | 0.812 |
| >65 years | 1.06 | (−4.24 to 6.36) | −0.69 | (−6.02 to 4.63) | −0.98 | (−6.46 to 4.49) | 0.028 |
|
Change in spot urine protein
(g/gCr/year) |
|||||||
| All | −0.87 | (−2.36 to 0.62) | −0.36 | (−1.87 to 1.14) | −0.58 | (−2.12 to 0.95) | 0.787 |
| ≤65 years | −0.81 | (−3.38 to 1.76) | −0.15 | (−2.97 to 2.66) | −1.31 | (−4.18 to 1.56) | 0.338 |
| >65 years | −0.82 | (−2.61 to 0.97) | −0.37 | (−2.16 to 1.42) | −0.28 | (−2.13 to 1.56) | 0.375 |
|
Change in body weight
(%/year) |
|||||||
| All | 1.70 | (−4.08 to 7.49) | 2.74 | (−3.14 to 8.61) | 1.54 | (−4.47 to 7.54) | 0.312 |
| ≤65 years | −7.79 | (−23.37 to 7.80) | −7.75 | (−24.00 to 8.50) | −7.44 | (−23.66 to 8.78) | 0.986 |
| >65 years | 2.54 | (−3.99 to 9.06) | 3.89 | (−2.71 to 10.48) | 2.66 | (−4.19 to 9.50) | 0.308 |
| Change in serum albumin (g/dL/year) | |||||||
| All | 0.08 | (-0.56 to 0.71) | 0.15 | (−0.50 to 0.79) | 0.25 | (−0.41 to 0.91) | 0.109 |
| ≤65 years | −1.00 | (−1.67 to −0.33) | −0.61 | (−1.34 to 0.13) | −0.56 | (−1.31 to 0.19) | 0.048 |
| >65 years | 0.64 | (−0.20 to 1.48) | 0.64 | (−0.21 to 1.49) | 0.73 | (−0.14 to 1.60) | 0.338 |
| Change in serum phosphate (mg/dL/year) | |||||||
| All | −0.08 | (−0.71 to 0.55) | 0.04 | (−0.59 to 0.68) | 0.01 | (−0.63 to 0.66) | 0.804 |
| ≤65 years | 0.34 | (−0.82 to 1.50) | 0.41 | (−0.86 to 1.68) | 0.20 | (−1.09 to 1.50) | 0.396 |
| >65 years | −0.13 | (−0.88 to 0.61) | 0.05 | (−0.70 to 0.80) | 0.08 | (−0.69 to 0.85) | 0.283 |
1 All values are mean change in outcomes per year (95% confidence interval). Mean differences were evaluated by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) adjusted for age, sex, BMI, CKD stage, comorbidities (DM, CVD, and anemia), alcohol drinking status, smoking status, blood biochemistry (phosphate, albumin, CRP, and BNP), drugs (ESA, anti-hyperuricemia, phosphate binders, anti-hyperlipidemia, and RASi), systolic blood pressure, LVEF, total-body skeletal muscle mass, urinary protein excretion, urinary sodium excretion, and max-IMT. Bold values are statistically significant (p < 0.05). 2 p-linear trend was calculated by using the treatment exposure as a continuous variable.