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. 2018 Nov 19;10(11):1797. doi: 10.3390/nu10111797

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© 2018 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effect of synbiotic supplementation for 12 weeks on epididymal adipose tissue gene expressions in diet-induced obese mice. Data are mean ± S.E.; Significant differences ND versus HFD are indicated; * p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001; ^abc Means with different superscript letters are significantly different among the groups (p < 0.05); ND: normal diet (5% fat, w/w); HFD: high fat diet (20% fat, 1% cholesterol, w/w); LS: HFD + Lactobacillus sakei LS03 10⁹ cfu/day; GJ: HFD + Leuconostoc kimchi GJ2 10⁹ cfu/day; AL: HFD + 3% allulose; AL-LS: AL + Lactobacillus sakei LS03 10⁹ cfu/day; AL-GJ: AL + Leuconostoc kimchi GJ2 10⁹ cfu/day; AL-LSGJ: AL + Lactobacillus sakei LS03 + L. Leuconostoc kimchi GJ2 10⁹ cfu/each/day; PPARα: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha; SIRT1: sirtuin 1; PGC1α: proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha.