Table 1.
Characteristics of the Study Population.
| GDM Women n = 40 |
Non-GDM Women n = 662 |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 25th | Median | 75th | 25th | Median | 75th | p * | |
| Pre-pregnancy | |||||||
| Height (m) | 1.65 | 1.69 | 1.72 | 1.64 | 1.68 | 1.73 | 0.495 |
| Weight (kg) | 61 | 67 | 74 | 59 | 64 | 70 | 0.028 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.6 | 24.2 | 27.0 | 21.0 | 22.5 | 24.3 | 0.009 |
| Exercised regularly † n (%) | 12 (30) | 220 (33) | 0.732 | ||||
| Gestational week 18–22 | |||||||
| Age (year) | 27 | 32 | 35 | 28 | 30 | 33 | 0.281 |
| Weight (kg) | 66.3 | 73.9 | 81.5 | 63.5 | 68.4 | 74.7 | 0.003 |
| Weight gained (kg) | 3.7 | 5.4 | 7.9 | 2.9 | 4.5 | 6.3 | 0.025 |
| OGTT glucose level ‡ (mmol/L) | |||||||
| Fasting | 4.4 | 4.7 | 5.0 | 4.1 | 4.3 | 4.5 | <0.001 |
| 2-h | 4.8 | 5.6 | 6.3 | 4.2 | 4.8 | 5.4 | <0.001 |
| Had one or more children before n (%) | 20 (50) | 276 (42) | 0.325 | ||||
| Smoking n (%) | 1 (3) | 5 (1) | 0.298 | ||||
| Diabetes in first degree-relatives n (%) | |||||||
| Yes | 3 (8) | 58 (9) | 0.024 | ||||
| No | 30 (84) | 570 (90) | |||||
| Do not know | 3 (8) | 6 (1) | |||||
| Allocated to intervention group n (%) | 17 (43) | 358 (54) | 0.191 | ||||
| Adhered to the exercise protocol n (%) | 9 (28) | 203 (40) | 0.197 | ||||
| Gestational week 32–36 | |||||||
| Weight (kg) | 73.2 | 81.8 | 89.4 | 70.0 | 75.9 | 82.3 | 0.001 |
| Weight gained (kg) | 10.8 | 14.3 | 17.6 | 9.0 | 11.8 | 13.9 | 0.012 |
| OGTT glucose level ‡ (mmol/L) | |||||||
| Fasting | 4.9 | 5.2 | 5.4 | 4.0 | 4.2 | 4.5 | <0.001 |
| 2-h | 6.0 | 7.2 | 9.0 | 4.8 | 5.5 | 6.3 | <0.001 |
| Smoking n (%) | 0 (0) | 4 (1) | 1.00 | ||||
* Analysis is performed with Mann-Whitney U-test for continuous data, and Pearson’s Chi Square or Fisher’s Exact Test for categorical data. † Exercised regularly was defined as “exercising three times per week or more at moderate to high intensity”. ‡ OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test. GDM, Gestational diabetes mellitus.