Table 1.
Summary of studies looking to GFD adherence and efficacy using various procedures.
| Author, [Ref] City, Country Publication year | Number Type of pts. | Time of Follow-up | Study Procedures | Final Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dewar [16] London, England 2012 |
112 CD adults Non-responders to a GFD (NRCD) |
18 months | Dietician Duod. Biopsies Colon biopsies H2-breath test |
12, No CD 45%, not strict adherence GFD 11 MC; 9 SBBO; 9 RCD |
| Leffler [35] Boston, USA 2009 |
200 CD adults On GFD |
Cohort evaluation | Dietician CDAT 7-item questionnaire Serology (tTG) |
CDAT is easy to use and seems to be superior to periodic tTG determinations |
| Nachman [36] Buenos Aires, Argentina 2011 |
53 CD adults On GFD |
At 1 and 4 years | Serum evaluation of tTG and DGP Compl. cut-offs |
AUC at 1 year (0.64–0.72) AUC at 4 years (0.58–0.78) |
| Lebwohl [47] New York, USA 2014 |
7648 CD pts 3317 with VA 28 Swedish Pathology Departments |
From 1969 to 2008 years Comparison of biopsies 2–5 years |
Control of different predictor variables in VA persistent | VA is commoner in males (OR = 1.43) |
| Sharkey [48] Cambridge, England 2013 |
595 CD pts Paired biopsies in 391 cases Persistent VA in 47% |
Retrospective study from database of only one hospital | Serum tTG sensitivity and VA persistent | Serology is a poor surrogate marker for the evaluation of mucosal recovery |
| Rubio-Tapia [55] Mayo Clinic, Minnesota, USA 2010 |
381 CD adults with biopsy proven CD | At 2 and 5 years | Clinical records Serological response Repeated biopsies VA persistent |
Mucosal recovery was 34% (27–40%) at 2 years and 66% (58–74%) at 5 years (95% CI) |
| Lebwohl [56] New York, USA 2014 |
7648 CD pts 3317 with VA (43%) |
Mean 11.5 years | Cox-regression Evaluating the mortality 606 pts (8%) in VA persistent |
Persistent VA is not associated with increased mortality in CD |
CD: celiac disease; GFD: gluten free diet; NRCD: non-responders to GFD; MC: microscopic colitis; SBBO: small bowel bacterial overgrowth; RCD: refractory celiac disease; CDAT: celiac dietary adherence test; tTG: tissue trans-glutaminase; DGP: deamidated gliadin peptides; Compl.: compliance; AUC: area under the curve; pts: patients; VA: villous atrophy.