Abstract
Objective
We performed a pilot trial to evaluate the 24-month safety and efficacy of 360-degree suture trabeculotomy ab interno with phacoemulsification used to treat mild to moderate open-angle glaucoma coexisting with cataract.
Methods and analysis
We randomly assigned 18 eyes with open-angle glaucoma and coexisting cataract to undergo 360-degree suture trabeculotomy ab interno with phacoemulsification (combined) or phacoemulsification alone (control) (1:1 ratio) and followed up patients for 24 months. Main outcome measures were mean postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) and success probabilities based on Kaplan-Meier life table analyses. Surgical success was defined as follows: criterion A: IOP value ≥6 mm Hg and ≤15 mm Hg, with ≥20 % reduction without medication; criterion B: IOP value ≥6 mm Hg and ≤12 mm Hg, with ≥30% reduction without medication. Secondary outcome measures included the number of medications, complications and best-corrected visual acuity.
Results
Mean IOP values (number of medications), which were 18.4 mm Hg (0.9) and 17.1 mm Hg (1.3) at baseline, showed significant reductions to 11.8 mm Hg (1.0) and 14.6 mm Hg (1.5) at 24 months postoperatively in the combined and control groups, respectively (p=0.0003 and 0.0192, respectively). Success rates for criterion A in the combined and control groups were 77.8% and 11.1%, respectively (p=0.0110) and those for criterion B in the combined and control groups were 46.7% and 0%, respectively (p=0.0036). Both groups had a similar overall occurrence of postoperative complications.
Conclusion
Using 360-degree suture trabeculotomy ab interno with phacoemulsification appeared to be a more beneficial option for mild to moderate open-angle glaucoma with coexisting cataract than phacoemulsification alone.
Trial registration number
UMIN000021170, date of registration: 2016/03/01.
Keywords: 360-degree suture trabeculotomy ab interno, open-angle glaucoma, minimally invasive glaucoma surgery, phacoemulsification
Significance of the study.
What is already known about this subject?
Microinvasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) procedures have recently emerged as low-risk surgical methods for open-angle glaucoma, and several studies have demonstrated that MIGS with phacoemulsification appeared to be more effective than phacoemulsification alone in reducing intraocular pressure (IOP) and the number of glaucoma medications required. However, the benefit of 360-degree suture trabeculotomy ab interno, which is a type of MIGS, was not yet confirmed.
What are the new findings?
We demonstrated, in a pilot trial, that 360-degree suture trabeculotomy ab interno with phacoemulsification for mild to moderate open-angle glaucoma and coexisting cataract was significantly better at achieving the target IOP without medication compared with phacoemulsification alone.
How might these results change the focus of research or clinical practice?
Adding a type of MIGS, such as 360-degree suture trabeculotomy ab interno, at the time of phacoemulsification appeared to benefit treatment of open-angle glaucoma with coexisting cataract.
Introduction
Glaucoma is a progressive disease that may lead to irreversible ganglion cell damage, which would result in vision impairment or loss. Glaucoma is the second leading cause of irreversible blindness throughout the world, including Japan.1 2 The only known approach to reducing the risk of visual loss secondary to glaucoma is lowering the intraocular pressure (IOP)3 by using topical antiglaucomatous medications,4 laser trabeculoplasty5 or incisional glaucoma surgery.6
The estimated prevalence of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in Japan is 3.9%, with a prevalence of 7.5% in populations older than 70 years of age.7 Therefore, a potentially large group of patients exists who require treatments for both glaucoma and coexisting cataract. Phacoemulsification is usually performed when patients with glaucoma and coexisting cataract require cataract surgery. Patients with POAG who undergo phacoemulsification alone are well known to demonstrate small reductions in IOP and the number of glaucoma medications required.8 Recently, microinvasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) procedures that do not require incisions of the conjunctiva and the sclera, such as those using the Trabectome (NeoMedix, Tustin, California, USA) or iStent (Glaukos, Laguna Hills, California, USA), have emerged as low-risk surgical methods for POAG because they are minimally traumatic and very adaptable.9–11 Several studies demonstrated that MIGS with phacoemulsification was significantly more effective than phacoemulsification alone in reducing IOP levels and the number of glaucoma medications required.9–12
In a previous study, we investigated 360-degree suture trabeculotomy ab interno, which is a type of MIGS, and found that a 360-degree Schlemm canal incision with a 5–0 nylon suture reduced IOP values.13 When we used this procedure in patients with POAG or exfoliation glaucoma (XFG), the mean IOP decreased significantly from 19.4 mm Hg preoperatively to 13.8 mm Hg at 6 months after surgery (28.9% decrease from preoperative IOP). In addition, the mean number of medications decreased from 3.2 to 1.1. Thus, as for other MIGS, 360-degree suture trabeculotomy ab interno with phacoemulsification for open-angle glaucoma and coexisting cataract may be more effective than phacoemulsification alone. However, this possibility has yet to be confirmed.
In an effort to confirm this result, we conducted a pilot study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of 360-degree suture trabeculotomy ab interno with phacoemulsification for mild to moderate open-angle glaucoma and coexisting cataract and to compare this combined approach with phacoemulsification alone.
Materials and methods
Study design
This prospective, randomised, open-label, single-centre clinical trial was conducted at the Sato Eye and Internal Medicine Clinic (Arao City, Kumamoto, Japan) between October 2014 and April 2015. Via a random numbers table, we randomly assigned patients to one of the two treatment groups: 360-degree suture trabeculotomy ab interno with phacoemulsification (combined group) or phacoemulsification alone (control group). Given that this was a pilot study, sample size estimation was not performed. This report describes the second year of follow-up for all randomised patients. The study protocol adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki and was registered with the University Hospital Medical Information Network (UMIN) Clinical Trials Registry of Japan with the registration number UMIN000021170. Before surgery, informed written consent was obtained from all patients.
Patient population
After Institutional Review Board approval, all patients provided written informed consent. To be included in the study, patients had to be diagnosed with mild to moderate POAG including normal-tension glaucoma or XFG with coexisting cataract and require phacoemulsification. Mild to moderate glaucoma was defined as visual field defects consistent with optic nerve abnormalities and a cup-to-disc ratio not worse than 0.8, plus a medicated IOP of 24 mm Hg or lower when using 1–3 medications. Cataract was clinically defined as cataract with the presence of glare or halo, with a best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of ≤20/20. POAG was defined as optic neuropathy with open angle (Shaffer grade 3 or 4), with typical matching disc and field changes. Normal-tension glaucoma was defined as glaucomatous optic neuropathy with open angle and matching visual field loss in the presence of an IOP value of ≤21 mm Hg. XFG was diagnosed on the basis of exfoliation materials adhering to the lens surface or to the iris pupillary margin and a wide-open angle with dense pigmentation, Sampaolesi’s line, and an optic neuropathy matching visual field loss.
Patients were excluded if they had neovascular, uveitic or angle recession glaucoma; had previous glaucoma, vitrectomy, buckling surgery or refractive surgery; were known to be corticosteroid responders; had severely uncontrolled IOP or severe glaucomatous field defects or had ocular disease that would affect safety or interfere with the tests. Patients who met the inclusion criteria were consecutively enrolled in the study. All procedures were performed by one surgeon (TS) who used the surgical procedure described herein. Only one eye from each patient was included in this study. If a patient underwent bilateral surgery, only the first eye operated on was analysed.
Surgical technique
360-degree suture trabeculotomy ab interno with phacoemulsification
During the first step, a 360-degree suture trabeculotomy ab interno was performed according to a previously described method.13 After a 1.7 mm temporal corneal incision was made, Schlemm’s canal was incised 15 degrees on the nasal side by using the Trabectome. Next, the rounded tip of a 5–0 nylon suture was inserted into Schlemm’s canal by using a 23-gauge disposable glass forceps (DSP forceps, Alcon, Tokyo, Japan). After the suture tip was passed around the circumference of Schlemm’s canal, it was pulled out from the same opening, with the forceps used to perform a 360-degree incision of Schlemm’s canal. Phacoemulsification was then performed by means of a separate incision.
Phacoemulsification
A 2.4 mm clear corneal incision was made in the superotemporal meridian. After a capsulorhexis was created, phacoemulsification was performed and a foldable acrylic intraocular lens was implanted by using an injector. A balanced salt solution was then injected through the side-port incision to inflate the anterior chamber. The integrity of the wound was assessed by closely checking for wound leakage.
Examinations
All patients underwent slit-lamp biomicroscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy, manifest refraction, measurement of IOP and determination of BCVA via a conventional Landolt ring chart. For the analyses, we converted the visual acuities (decimals) into the logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) units. After we discontinued all patients’ previous medications for at least 1 month, we obtained three separate IOP measurements within 1 month of surgery; we used the average of the measurements as the IOP baseline. We examined the patients at 1, 2 and 3 days after surgery, and then 1–2 weeks thereafter for 1 month, every month until 6 months and every 2 or 3 months until 24 months. During this follow-up period, we measured the IOP at every visit. As per study protocol, medications were added when the IOP exceeded 21 mm Hg after 2 weeks postoperatively, when it exceeded 15 mm Hg after 1 month postoperatively, or when it was necessary to treat visual field or optic nerve findings.
Outcome measures
Efficacy
Main outcome measures included the continuous analysis of IOP and the cumulative success rate of patients according to Kaplan-Meier life table analysis. Surgical success was defined as (1) an IOP value of ≥6 mm Hg and ≤15 mm Hg and a postoperative reduction in IOP of ≥20% without medication (criterion A) and as (2) an IOP value of ≥6 mm Hg and ≤12 mm Hg and a postoperative reduction in IOP of ≥30% without medication (criterion B). Cases were considered to be failures if the success criteria were not met at two consecutive visits after the first postoperative month, or if additional glaucoma surgery was needed. The secondary outcome measure was the continuous analysis of the number of medications required.
Safety
Safety factors included complications either during or after surgery and BCVA. In terms of postoperative complications, an IOP value of ≥30 mm Hg within 1 month after the original surgery and a day-to-day increase in the IOP value of ≥5 mm Hg were defined as IOP spikes. Hypotony was defined as an IOP value of ≤5 mm Hg.
Statistical analyses
JMP V.12 (SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina, USA) was used for data analysis. Because of the small sample size in this study, continuous variables were expressed as means±SD and were then analysed by using the Mann-Whitney non-parametric test with Bonferroni correction. Categorical variables were compared by using Fisher’s exact test analysis. Differences between subgroups in Kaplan-Meier life table analyses were evaluated by using the log-rank test. The statistical significance level was set at p<0.05.
Results
Enrollment and disposition
Of 24 patients with open-angle glaucoma and coexisting cataract who required phacoemulsification between October 2014 and April 2015, six were excluded for the following reasons: two patients had a history of glaucoma surgery; three had severe glaucoma and one did not sign the consent form for the study. All remaining 18 patients were randomly assigned to either the combined group or the control group and underwent the procedure as planned. Although one patient in the control group required additional filtering surgery at 5 months after surgery, all follow-up measurements were included in the calculations. Seventeen (94%) patients completed the 12-month postoperative visit and 14 (78%) patients attended the 24-month postoperative visit. Three patients in the combined group and one patient in the control group missed the 24-month postoperative visit because of poor health.
Prestudy characteristics
Table 1 summarises the demographic characteristics of all patients before surgery. No significant difference was seen between the two groups except for BCVA.
Table 1.
Demographical and clinical characteristics of the patients
| Variable | Combined group (n=9) |
Control group (n=9) |
P values |
| Male/female, n/n | 5/4 | 3/6 | 0.6372 |
| Age (years) | 74.2±9.5 | 74.4±3.6 | 1.0000 |
| Glaucoma subtypes (POAG/XFG), n/n | 6/3 | 8/1 | 0.5765 |
| Right eye/left eye, n/n | 6/3 | 5/4 | 1.0000 |
| Preoperative intraocular pressure (mm Hg) | 18.4±3.6 | 17.1±4.5 | 0.4795 |
| Medications | 0.9±1.4 | 1.3±1.3 | 0.3992 |
| Best-corrected visual acuity (logMAR) | 0.24±0.25 | 0.88±0.69 | 0.0209 |
| Visual field (MD, dB) | −5.8±3.3 | −6.1±3.5 | 0.9233 |
| Corneal endothelial cell density (/mm2) | 2624±224 | 2682±100 | 0.5961 |
| Follow-up period (months) | 19.3±7.2 | 22.7±4.0 | 0.2476 |
Continuous data are expressed as means±SD.
logMAR, logarithm of minimum angle of resolution; MD, mean deviation; POAG, primary open-angle glaucoma; XFG, exfoliation glaucoma.
Outcomes
Efficacy
Main outcomes
As figure 1 shows, the mean IOP in the combined group was significantly reduced from 18.4±3.6 (14–26) mm Hg preoperatively to 11.8±2.7 (8–14) mm Hg at 24 months after surgery (35.9% reduction; p=0.0003), with the mean number of 1.0±1.7 medications used at 24 months after surgery. In the control group, the mean IOP was significantly reduced from 17.1±4.5 (12–25) mm Hg preoperatively to 14.6±3.6 (10–20) mm Hg at 24 months after surgery (14.6% reduction; p=0.0192), with the mean number of 1.2±1.4 medications used at 24 months after surgery. No significant differences in IOP between the groups were found at each time point after surgery.
Figure 1.
Time course of intraocular pressure (IOP) in eyes with combined group and control group.
Figure 2 presents the Kaplan-Meier cumulative survival analyses over time, which showed that the success rates of the combined group were significantly higher than those of the control group for both criteria. At 24 months after surgery, the success rate for criterion A was 77.8% in the combined group and 11.1% in the control group (p=0.0110 (log-rank test)). For criterion B, the success rates were 46.7% in the combined group and 0% in the control group (p=0.0036 (log-rank test)). Figure 3 also shows a scattergram of preoperative and postoperative 24-month IOP with sloped lines of 20% or 30% reduction from the IOP baseline.
Figure 2.
(A) Kaplan-Meier survival curves for success criterion A (an intraocular pressure (IOP) value of ≥6 mm Hg and ≤15 mm Hg and postoperative reduction in IOP value of ≥20% without medication during the follow-up period). (B) Kaplan-Meier survival curves for success criterion B (an intraocular pressure (IOP) value of ≥6 mm Hg and ≤12 mm Hg and postoperative reduction in IOP value of ≥30% without medication during the follow-up period). The small vertical dash along the curves represents the time of censored observation.
Figure 3.
Preoperative and postoperative 24-month intraocular pressure (IOP) with sloped lines of 20% or 30% reduction from the IOP baseline.
Secondary outcomes
The preoperative and postoperative 24 month mean numbers of medications were 0.9±1.4 and 1.0±1.7 in the combined group and 1.3±1.3 and 1.5±1.4 in the control group, respectively. No significant difference was noted between the two groups during any follow-up period.
Safety
Table 2 indicates that no severe intraoperative or postoperative complications occurred. The most frequent postoperative complications included hyphema in the combined surgery group and IOP spikes in both groups. Intraoperative reflux bleeding occurred in all eyes in the combined surgery group, with hyphema occurring in two (22%) eyes 1 day postoperatively. However, all eyes had spontaneous resolution within 1 week. In both groups, three (36%) eyes exhibited IOP spikes. IOP values of <30 mm Hg were achieved by using temporary systemic carbonic anhydrase inhibitors within 3 days in all eyes. No postoperative hypotony was observed. The rate of corneal endothelial cell density decrease at 24 months after surgery was 5.7%±3.4% in the combined group and 6.1%±5.9% in the control group. Because of uncontrolled IOP while medications were being used, one eye in the control group required additional filtering surgery at 5 months after the initial surgery. After surgery, the IOP was reduced to <10 mm Hg without medication. The BCVAs at 24 months after surgery were 0.07±0.09 in the combined group and 0.12±0.11 in the control group. All eyes in both groups showed improvement from baseline BCVA.
Table 2.
Complications
| Complications | Combined group | Control group | P values |
| (n=9) | (n=9) | ||
| Intraoperative | |||
| Reflux bleeding | 9 (100) | 0 (0) | <0.0001* |
| Anterior chamber flattening | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1.0000 |
| Descemet’s detachment | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1.0000 |
| Postoperative | |||
| Hyphema | 2 (22) | 0 (0) | 0.4706 |
| Intraocular pressure spike | 3 (33) | 3 (33) | 1.0000 |
| Hypotony | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1.0000 |
| Rate of endothelial cell loss (%) | 5.7±3.4 | 6.1±5.9 | 1.0000 |
| Infection | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1.0000 |
| Best-corrected visual acuity decrease by ≥2 lines | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1.0000 |
| Additional glaucoma surgery | 0 (0) | 1 (11) | 1.0000 |
Data are presented as n (%); continuous data are presented as means±SD.
*Statistically significant difference between groups (Fisher’s exact test).
Discussion
In this study, which was a pilot trial, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of 360-degree suture trabeculotomy ab interno with phacoemulsification for mild to moderate open-angle glaucoma and coexisting cataract compared with phacoemulsification alone. More eyes that underwent combined surgery significantly achieved the target IOP without medication compared with eyes that underwent phacoemulsification alone. In addition, no serious complications were observed in either group, and the majority of patients in both groups demonstrated similar improvements in 24-month postoperative BCVA.
Incising the 360-degree trabecular meshwork and the inner wall of Schlemm’s canal by using the 360-degree suture trabeculotomy ab interno procedure can reduce the 360-degree resistance to fluid flow from the trabecular meshwork to the collector channels. As a result, the aqueous humour can flow directly to the all collector channel ostia and a reduced IOP may be achieved. Several mechanisms for the reduction in IOP after phacoemulsification have been proposed. A postoperative increase in angle width14 or traction on the ciliary body via the zonules in pseudophakia15 may increase aqueous outflow. Increases in prostaglandin F2α levels,16 postoperative blood ocular barrier permeability17 or a potentially IOP-lowering stress response induced in trabecular meshwork cells by ultrasound18 may lead to lower IOP.
Although the mean baseline IOP values in the present study were not excessively high (18.4±3.6 mm Hg), we found a reduction in the 24-month postoperative IOP to 11.8 mm Hg (35.9% reduction) in the combined group. In normal-tension glaucomatous eyes, a reduction in IOP of 1–2 mm Hg is believed to indicate a valuable therapeutic effect.19 Our result here therefore suggests that utilising 360-degree suture trabeculotomy ab interno with phacoemulsification for mild to moderate open-angle glaucoma coexisting with cataract may be a beneficial strategy.
The most frequent complications observed after 360-degree suture trabeculotomy ab interno are postoperative hyphema and IOP spikes. In the present study, hyphema and IOP spikes were well controlled for several days by using medication alone. All eyes in both groups demonstrated BCVA improvement. Therefore, from a safety perspective, the addition of the 360-degree suture trabeculotomy ab interno did not produce any additional substantial risk or severe complications.
Limitations of the current study include the small number of patients and the fact that the preoperative IOP was not excessively high in either group. The Tajimi Study from Japan7 reported the prevalence of POAG in patients with an IOP of ≤21 mm Hg to be 3.6%, which was significantly higher than the 0.3% for patients with POAG with an IOP >21 mm Hg. Therefore, in Japan, many treatments are performed for patients who have POAG but who do not have a high IOP, similar to the situation found in the current study. Given that our study was a pilot study, additional investigations with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up periods are needed to confirm these results.
In conclusion, compared with using phacoemulsification alone, performing 360-degree suture trabeculotomy ab interno at the time of phacoemulsification may be of benefit by reducing postoperative IOP without the need for medication.
Footnotes
Contributors: TS and TK planned the study and collected the data. AH and TM supervised the study. TS and TK wrote the manuscript.
Funding: The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
Competing interests: None declared.
Patient consent: Obtained.
Ethics approval: Institutional Review Board and the Ethics Committee at Sato Eye and Internal Medicine Clinic.
Provenance and peer review: Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
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