Abstract
A novel series of 2-(3-fluoro-4-nitrophenoxy)-N-phenylacetamide compounds were designed, synthesized and in vitro assessed for their antitubercular activities by a microdilution method. All the novel derivatives exerted potent or moderate active against M. tuberculosis H37Rv, with MIC values ranging from 4 to 64 μg/mL. The most potent derivative 3m showed an identical MIC value of 4 μg/mL for both M. tuberculosis H37Rv and rifampin-resistant M. tuberculosis 261. It demonstrated no inhibitory effects against six different tumor cell lines by a MTT assay and had a good safety profile in a vero cell line, providing a good lead for subsequent optimization in search of novel affordable antitubercular agents.
Keywords: 2-(3-fluoro-4-nitrophenoxy)-N-phenylacetamide, antitubercular, H37Rv, rifampin-resistant, affordable
1. Introduction
Tuberculosis, or TB, is a common, and in many cases lethal, infectious disease caused by various strains of mycobacteria, usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is the greatest single infection cause of higher mortality worldwide [1]. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that eight million people get TB every year and three million people will die yearly from TB if control is not further strengthened. The worsening situation has prompted the WHO to declare tuberculosis a global public health crisis [2,3]. The emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the combined epidemics of HIV and tuberculosis, have worsened the situation. On the other hand, tuberculosis incidence rates correlate with poor socio-economic conditions. Consequently there is an urgent need to develop novel affordable antitubercular drugs with high potency that can provide treatment options for all forms of TB [4,5].
Compounds with a 2-phenoxy-N-phenylacetamide core structure have attracted considerable research interest as these entities have demonstrated a variety of biological activities such as anti-parasitic [6], anticancer [7] and antiviral effects [8]. Recently, in a program of high throughput screening for inhibitors of M. tuberculosis H37Rv, the hit compound methyl 2-(4-(2-(2,4-dimethylphenoxy)acetamido)phenoxy)acetate (I, Figure 1) [9], was identified to possess potent antitubercular activity, which indicates that 2-phenoxy-N-phenylacetamide may be a promising scaffold for develop novel antitubercular agents. The synthetic simplicity of the 2-phenoxy-N-phenylacetamide scaffold provides a strong motivation for the development of effective and affordable antitubercular agents. To date there have been no reports describing the synthesis and antitubercular assessment of its derivatives. Moreover, the antibacterial activity of halonitroanilides were documented and lots of compounds with nitro groups, such as nitrofurans and nitroimidazoles, have demonstrated broad spectrum antibacterial activities [10,11]. Encouraged by the prominent activity of the 2-phenoxy-N-phenylacetamide skeleton and the halonitroanilides moiety, we proposed to synthesize some novel compounds containing a 2-(3-fluoro-4-nitrophenoxy)-N-phenylacetamide nucleus by a molecular hybridization approach, aiming to search for potential candidates with better antitubercular activities and good safety profiles. Thus sixteen 2-(3-fluoro-4-nitrophenoxy)-N-phenylacetamide derivatives (II, Figure 1) were designed, synthesized and tested for their in vitro antitubercular activity against M. tuberculosis H37Rv by a microdilution method. The most potent one, compound 3m, was assayed for its activities against two resistant M. tuberculosis strains isolated from clinical cases. The cytotoxic activities of all the final molecules against six tumor cell lines and normal vero cell line were assayed by MTT assay.
Figure 1.
The chemical structures of methyl 2-(4-(2-(2,4-dimethylphenoxy)acetamido)phenoxy)acetate (I) and 2-(3-fluoro-4-nitrophenoxy)-N-phenylacetamide derivatives (II).
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Chemistry
To gain quick access to a range of final molecules for antitubercular activity evaluation, our initial synthetic effort was devoted to the synthesis of the pivotal intermediate, 2-(3-fluoro-4-nitrophenoxy)-acetic acid, by employing a routine Williamson ether reaction starting from 3-fluoro-4-nitrophenol and chloroacetic acid, which can be further condensed with an appropriate substituted aniline to afford the final compounds. Unfortunately, the simple Williamson reaction did not proceed to completion to afford the main product under the standard conditions for our specific substrates, because the fluorine atom ortho to the nitro group of 3-fluoro-4-nitrophenol is prone to hydrolysis under basic conditions. After laborious chromatographic workup, 2-(3-fluoro-4-nitrophenoxy)acetic acid can be obtained in very low yield. The following condensation step with several substituted anilines by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) strategy did not proceed to completion and column chromatography must also be utilized to purify the target compounds.
In order to make workup more convenient, we turned to a reported reaction sequence as shown in Scheme 1 [12]. In the first step, the intermediates 2a–p were synthesized by treating the corresponding aromatic amines 1a–p with bromoacetyl bromide at room temperature for 10 minutes in the presence of potassium carbonate. Then, without further purification of the crude products 2a–p, the final compounds 3a–p were obtained by refluxing certain 2a–p in acetone with 3-fluoro-4-nitrophenol under basic conditions. Finally, all of the desired products 3a–p were easily obtained by crystallization from ethyl acetate.
Scheme 1.
Synthetic route to2-(3-fluoro-4-nitrophenoxy)-N-phenylacetamide derivatives 3a–p.
2.2. Antitubercular Activity
All the final compounds were evaluated in vitro as anti-tubercular agents by a microdilution method and their MIC values were shown in Table 1.
Table 1.
The MIC90 and MIC values of 2-(3-fluoro-4-nitrophenoxy)-N-phenylacetamide derivatives 3a–p against M. tuberculosis H37Rv.
| Compd. | R | MIC90 a (μg/mL) | MIC b (μg/mL) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3a | 3-Cl | 4 | 16 |
| 3 b | 3,4-Cl2 | 16 | 32 |
| 3 c | 4-Br,2-F | 16 | 32 |
| 3 d | 4-Cl,3-CF3 | 8 | 16 |
| 3 e | 3-NO2 | 16 | 64 |
| 3 f | 2,4-(OCH3)2 | 16 | 64 |
| 3 g | 3,5-(CF3)2 | 4 | 8 |
| 3 h | 4-F,3-Cl | 8 | 16 |
| 3 i | 4-Br | 16 | 32 |
| 3 j | 2-CN | 16 | 64 |
| 3 k | 2-CF3 | 32 | 64 |
| 3 l | 4-OCF3 | 16 | 32 |
| 3 m | 2-NO2 | 1 | 4 |
| 3 n | 4-Br,2-Cl | 16 | 32 |
| 3 o | 4-CF3 | 8 | 16 |
| 3 p | 5-NO2,2-Me | 64 | 64 |
| I | - | 1 | 4 |
| Isoniazide | - | 0.0625 | 0.0625 |
a MIC90 = minimal drug concentration of the well in which the bacterial growth of the is similar to that with merely 100 CFU of bacteria inoculated; b MIC = minimal drug concentration of the well in which the bacterial growth is similar to that with merely 10 CFU of bacteria inoculated. Identical values were obtained for each compound in three replicates by visual investigation as stated in the experimental part.
To note, in our hands the MIC90 (1 μg/mL) or MIC (4 μg/mL) value of the reported hit compound I was less potent than stated. Compound 3m with an o-nitroaniline moiety in the east part of the 2-phenoxy-N-phenylacetamide scaffold, showed an identical MIC value to the hit compound I, being the best active one among the novel 2-(3-fluoro-4-nitrophenoxy)-N-phenylacetamide derivatives with an MIC value of 4 μg/mL. However, compound 3e and compound 3p with a nitro group at the meta-position showed low inhibitory effects on H37Rv bacterial strain with an MIC value of 64 μg/mL. The underlying mechanism of this difference is not clear. The aniline bearing a trifluoromethyl group exhibited better activity (compound 3d and compound 3o with an identical MIC value of 16 μg/mL) except for ortho-trifluoromethyl (compound 3k with an MIC values of 64 μg/mL). One chlorine atom in the aniline part (compound 3a with an MIC value of 16 μg/mL) generated the slightly higher antitubercular activity relative to two chlorines (compound 3b with an MIC value of 32 μg/mL) or one bromine atom substituent (compound 3i with an MIC value of 32 μg/mL). Overall all the novel 2-(3-fluoro-4-nitrophenoxy)-N-phenylacetamide derivatives listed in Table 1 exerted potent or moderate active against M. tuberculosis H37Rv, which indicates that the 2-phenoxy-N-phenylacetamide scaffold is ideal for develop novel antitubercular agents by structural modification through various side chain introduction since our SARs information suggesting reasonable tolerance of functional groups changes.
Compound 3m was further examined for its antitubercular activities against two resistant M. tuberculosis strains isolated from clinical cases and the results were reported in Table 2. As shown in Table 2, compound 3m showed good activity against rifampicin-resistant TB with MIC of 4 μg/mL, and it also exhibited moderate activity against isoniazide-resistant TB with an MIC value of 32 μg/mL.
Table 2.
The MIC values of compound 3m against two resistant M. tuberculosis strains isolated from clinical cases a.
| Compd. | MIC b (μg/mL) | |
|---|---|---|
| Isoniazide-resistant TB 242 | Rifampicin-resistant TB 261 | |
| 3m | 32 | 4 |
| I | 16 | 4 |
| Isoniazide | 0.5 | 0.125 |
| Rifampicin | ≤0.25 | >32 |
a Clinical isolated single-drug resistant M. tuberculosis H37Rv were provided by Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital; b MIC = minimal drug concentration of the well in which bacterial growth is similar to that with only 10 CFU of bacteria inoculated. Identical values were obtained for each compound in three replicates by visual investigation as stated in the Experimental.
2.3. MTT-Based Cytotoxicity Assay
Compounds with MIC values ranging from 4 μg/mL to 16 μg/mL (compounds 3a, 3d, 3g, 3h, 3m and 3o) were chosen to conduct further cytotoxicity assays. The cytotoxic effects of these derivatives against six different cell lines were determined by the MTT assay method. The IC50 values of these compounds are listed in Table 3.
Table 3.
The IC50 values of some 2-(3-fluoro-4-nitrophenoxy)-N-phenylacetamide derivativeson six tumor cell lines.
| Compd. | IC50 a (μmol/L) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A375 b | A549 c | HepG2 d | HCT116 e | SKOV-3 f | Hela g | Vero h | |
| 3a | >40.00 | >40.00 | >40.00 | >40.00 | >40.00 | >40.00 | >40.00 |
| 3d | >40.00 | >40.00 | >40.00 | >40.00 | >40.00 | 33.19 ± 2.5 | >40.00 |
| 3g | 22.61 ± 0.9 | 38.19 ± 1.5 | 21.64 ± 1.1 | 33.84 ± 2.0 | 12.18 ± 1.3 | 20.02 ± 1.1 | >40.00 |
| 3h | >40.00 | >40.00 | >40.00 | >40.00 | >40.00 | >40.00 | >40.00 |
| 3m | >40.00 | >40.00 | >40.00 | >40.00 | >40.00 | >40.00 | >40.00 |
| 3o | 28.29 ± 1.2 | >40.00 | >40.00 | >40.00 | 28.60 ± 2.3 | 33.79 ± 1.7 | >40.00 |
a IC50 denotes half maximal inhibitory concentration. Values are means ± SEM of three independent experiments; b human melanoma cells; c lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cells; d hepatocellular liver carcinoma cells; e colorectal carcinoma cells; f ovarian carcinoma cells; g Henrietta Lacks strain cancer cells; h normal African green monkey kidney epithelial cells.
Most of the compounds showed low toxicity in this assay, and specifically the most potent compound 3m exhibited a very good safety profile as its IC50 value was above 40 μmol/L against the tested six different cell lines.
3. Experimental
3.1. General
All solvents and reagents were analytical grade pure and used without further purification. All melting points were determined on a SGW X-4 Micro Melting Point apparatus and are uncorrected. 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Avance (Varian Unity Inova) 400 MHz spectrometer using TMS as internal reference chemical shift in δ, ppm. High-resolution mass spectrometry was carried out on a Waters Q-TOF Premier mass spectrometer.
3.2. Synthesis of Compounds 3a–p
Bromoacetyl bromide (1.18 eq.) was added dropwise to a mixture of the appropriate aniline 1a–p (3.00 mmol, 1.0 eq.) and K2CO3 (1.18 eq.) in CH2Cl2 (10 mL) over 10 min. After cooling to room temperature, water (10 mL) was slowly added. The aqueous solution was extracted twice with CH2Cl2 (10 mL), the organic phase was dried over Na2SO4, filtered and the solvent was evaporated to furnish the crude product 2a–p, which used in the next step without further purification (spectroscopic data were in agreement with published data).
A mixture of the appropriate intermediate 2a–p (1.0 eq.), 3-fluoro-4-nitrophenol (1.0 eq.), K2CO3 (1.2 eq.) and KI (0.1 eq.) in acetone (20 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 5 min and then refluxed for 2 h. The solvent was evaporated to give a residue which was suspended in H2O (20 mL) and extracted twice with EtOAc (20 mL). After drying over anhydrous Na2SO4, the organic layer was filtered and the solvent evaporated to dryness. The desired pure products 3a–p were finally obtained by crystallization from EtOAc.
N-(3-Chlorophenyl)-2-(3-fluoro-4-nitrophenoxy)acetamide (3a): Pale yellow solid, total yield for the two steps: 48.7%; m.p. 150–151 °C; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 10.39 (s, 1H), 8.19 (t, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (s, 1H), 7.50 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (t, J = 8 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 1H), 7.16 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H), 4.95 (s, 2H); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 165.98, 164.05, 158.05, 155.45, 139.95, 133.36, 130.80, 128.29, 123.79, 119.24, 111.94, 104.66, 67.68; HRMS (TOF) m/z calcd. for C14H10ClFN2O4 [M+Na+]: 324.0313, found: 347.0221.
N-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-2-(3-fluoro-4-nitrophenoxy)acetamide (3b): Yellow solid, total yield for the two steps: 61.6%; m.p. 175–176 °C; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 10.49 (s, 1H), 8.19 (t, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H), 7.80 (d, J = 13.6 Hz, 1H), 7.62-7.53 (m, 2H), 7.27 (dd, J = 13.6 Hz, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.05(dd, J = 8.8 Hz, 2 Hz, 1H), 4.95 (s, 2H); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 166.08, 163.93, 157.99, 155.39, 138.53, 131.25, 130.96, 128.24, 125.51, 121.02, 119.84, 104.73, 104.48, 67.61; HRMS (TOF) m/z calcd. for C14H9Cl2FN2O4 [M+Na+]: 382.9792, found: 382.9813.
N-(4-Bromo-2-fluorophenyl)-2-(3-fluoro-4-nitrophenoxy)acetamide (3c): Pale yellow solid, total yield for the two steps: 51.5%; m.p. 160–162 °C; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 10.16 (s, 1H), 8.13 (t, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.83 (t, J = 8 Hz, 1H), 7.64 (d, J = 10 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (d, J = 13.2 Hz, 1H), 7.03 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 5.01 (s, 2H); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 166.18, 164.11, 158.05, 155.34, 152.74, 128.27, 127.86, 125.93, 125.22, 119.29, 116.70, 111.91, 104.59, 67.61; HRMS (TOF) m/z calcd. for C14H9BrF2N2O4 [M+H+]: 386.9792, found: 387.1709.
N-(4-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2-(3-fluoro-4-nitrophenoxy)acetamide (3d): Pale yellow solid, total yield for the two steps: 58.9%; m.p. 163–164 °C; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 10.58 (s, 1H), 8.21–8.16 (m, 2H), 7.90 (dd, J = 8.8 Hz, 2 Hz, 1H), 7.70 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (dd, J = 13.6 Hz, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (dd, J = 9.2 Hz, 2 Hz, 1H), 4.97 (s, 2H); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 166.36, 163.95, 158.05, 155.45, 137.99, 132.46, 128.26, 127.02, 124.72, 124.27, 121.55, 118.53, 111.98, 104.66, 67.65; HRMS (TOF) m/z calcd. for C15H9ClF4N2O4 [M+Na+]: 415.0085, found: 415.0099.
2-(3-Fluoro-4-nitrophenoxy)-N-(3-nitrophenyl)acetamide (3e): Yellow solid, total yield for two steps: 34.4%; m.p. 199–201 °C; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 10.62 (s, 1H), 8.63 (s, 1H), 8.19 (t, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 8.00–7.95 (m, 2H), 7.65 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (dd, J = 13.6 Hz, 2.4 Hz,1H), 7.08 (dd, J = 9.2 Hz, 2 Hz, 1H), 4.99 (s, 2H); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 166.42, 163.99, 158.05, 155.46, 148.18, 139.64, 130.68, 128.28, 125.86, 118.60, 113.99, 111.97, 104.68, 67.66; HRMS (TOF) m/z calcd. for C14H10FN3O6 [M+Na+]: 358.0451, found: 358.0467.
N-(2,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)-2-(3-fluoro-4-nitrophenoxy)acetamide (3f): Yellow solid, total yield for the two steps: 38.8%; m.p. 174–175 °C; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 9.31 (s, 1H), 8.19 (t, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.71 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (dd, J = 9.6 Hz, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.04 (dd, J = 9.2 Hz, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 6.64 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.50 (dd, J = 8.8 Hz, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 4.94 (s, 2H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 3.75 (s, 3H); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 165.25, 163.99, 158.08, 157.47, 155.48, 151.76, 130.68, 128.29, 123.77, 119.58, 112.00, 104.50, 99.11, 67.89, 56.02, 55.56; HRMS (TOF) m/z calcd. for C16H15FN2O6 [M+]: 350.0914, found: 350.0787.
N-(3,5-bis(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2-(3-fluoro-4-nitrophenoxy)acetamide (3g): Pale yellow solid, total yield for two steps: 32.8%; m.p. 168–169 °C; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 10.82 (s, 1H), 8.32 (s, 2H), 8.20 (t, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (s, 1H), 7.31 (dd, J = 13.6 Hz, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.09 (dd, J = 9.2 Hz, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 5.01 (s, 2H); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 167.05, 164.03, 157.80, 156.07, 140.60, 131.25, 128.45, 126.31, 124.50, 122.70, 120.89, 119,83, 117.09, 112.23, 104.96, 104.80, 67.83; HRMS (TOF) m/z calcd. for C16H9F7N2O4 [M+Na+]: 449.0348, found: 449.0328.
N-(3-Chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-2-(3-fluoro-4-nitrophenoxy)acetamide (3h): Yellow solid, total yield for two steps: 56.8%; m.p. 166–167 °C; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 10.40 (s, 1H), 8.20 (t, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.93 (dd, J = 6.8 Hz, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.55–7.51 (m, 1H), 7.41 (t, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (dd, J = 13.6 Hz, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (dd, J = 9.2 Hz, 2 Hz, 1H), 4.94 (s, 2H); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 166.08, 164.17, 157.80, 156.06, 154.68, 153.07, 135.90, 130.96, 128.45, 121.60, 120.47, 119.64, 117.45, 112.16, 104.86, 67.88; HRMS (TOF) m/z calcd. for C14H9ClF2N2O4 [M+Na+]: 365.0117, found: 365.0143.
N-(4-Bromophenyl)-2-(3-fluoro-4-nitrophenoxy)acetamide (3i): Pale yellow solid, total yield: 42.2%; m.p. 166–167 °C; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 10.33 (s, 1H), 8.19 (t, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.26 (dd, J = 13.2 Hz, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (dd, J = 9.2 Hz, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 4.94 (s, 2H); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 165.91, 164.28, 157.81, 156.07, 138.08, 132.08, 130.93, 128.45, 122.00, 115.92, 112.12, 104.84, 67.97; HRMS (TOF) m/z calcd. for C14H10BrFN2O4 [M+Na+]: 392.9685, found: 392.9710.
N-(2-Cyanophenyl)-2-(3-fluoro-4-nitrophenoxy)acetamide (3j): White solid, total yield for the two steps: 31.1%; m.p. 172–174 °C; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 10.45 (s, 1H), 8.20 (t, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H), 7.86 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.73 (t, J = 8 Hz, 1H), 7.65 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (dd, J = 13.6 Hz, 2 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H), 5.03 (s, 2H); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 166.63, 164.02, 157.81, 156.08, 139.70, 134.41, 133.74, 131.04, 128.43, 126.73, 126.15, 117.14, 112.36, 108.13, 104.87, 67.88; HRMS (TOF) m/z calcd. for C15H10FN3O4 [M+Na+]: 338.0553, found: 338.0544.
2-(3-Fluoro-4-nitrophenoxy)-N-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)acetamide (3k): colorless crystal, total yield for the two steps: 39.7%; m.p. 146–147 °C; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 9.94 (s, 1H), 8.20 (t, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H), 7.78 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 1H), 7.72 (t, J = 8 Hz, 1H), 7.57 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (t, J =7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (dd, J = 13.2 Hz, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.04 (dd, J = 9.2 Hz, 2 Hz, 1H), 4.98 (s, 2H); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 166.99, 163.99, 157.79, 156.06, 134.89, 133.66, 131.00, 128.44, 127.67, 126.89, 124.86, 123.05, 112.31, 104.71, 67.85; HRMS (TOF) m/z calcd. for C15H10F4N2O4 [M+Na+]: 381.0474, found: 381.0459.
2-(3-Fluoro-4-nitrophenoxy)-N-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)acetamide (3l): Grey white solid, total yield for the two steps: 40.0%; m.p. 146–148 °C; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 10.40 (s, 1H), 8.19 (t, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H), 7.74–7.71 (m, 2H), 7.35 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.26 (dd, J = 13.6 Hz, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (dd, J = 9.2 Hz, 2 Hz, 1H), 4.95 (s, 2H); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 165.99, 164.28, 155.65, 144.42, 137.90, 130.96, 128.45, 121.85, 119.31, 112.14, 104.85, 67.96; HRMS (TOF) m/z calcd. for C15H10F4N2O5 [M+K+]: 397.0214, found: 397.0431.
2-(3-Fluoro-4-nitrophenoxy)-N-(2-nitrophenyl)acetamide (3m): Yellow solid, total yield for the two steps: 39.2%; m.p. 201–202 °C; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 10.77 (s, 1H), 8.22 (t, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H), 8.07 (dd, J = 8 Hz, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.95 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1H), 7.79–7.75 (m, 1H), 7.44-7.39 (m, 1H), 7.27 (dd, J = 13.6 Hz, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (dd, J = 9.2 Hz, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 5.00 (s, 2H); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 166.47, 163.60, 158.25, 155.65, 141.48, 135.16, 131.25, 128.51, 125.84, 125.09, 122.48, 104.85, 67.88; HRMS (TOF) m/z calcd. for C14H10FN3O6 [M+Na+]: 358.0451, found: 358.0452.
N-(4-Bromo-2-chlorophenyl)-2-(3-fluoro-4-nitrophenoxy)acetamide (3n): White solid, total yield for two steps: 54.1%; m.p. 173–175 °C; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 9.90 (s, 1H), 8.20 (t, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H), 7.83 (d, J = 2 Hz, 1H), 7.73 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (dd, J = 8.4 Hz, 2 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (dd, J = 9.2 Hz, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (dd, J = 9.2 Hz, 2 Hz, 1H), 5.02 (s, 2H); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 166.37, 164.04, 158.24, 155.64, 134.12, 132.18, 131.06, 128.39, 127.76, 118.25, 112.23, 104.89, 67.95; HRMS (TOF) m/z calcd. for C14H9BrClFN2O4 [M+Na+]: 426.9295, found:426.9032.
2-(3-Fluoro-4-nitrophenoxy)-N-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)acetamide (3o): Pale yellow solid, total yield for the two steps: 36.1%; m.p. 173–175 °C; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 10.57 (s, 1H), 8.19 (t, J = 9.6 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.72 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.28 (dd, J = 13.6 Hz, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (dd, J = 9.2 Hz, 2 Hz, 1H), 4.99 (s, 2H); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 166.42, 164.27, 158.25, 155.65, 142.31, 130.96, 128.45, 126.54, 126.10, 124.28, 123.40, 119.96, 112.13, 104.85, 67.95; HRMS (TOF) m/z calcd. for C15H10F4N2O4 [M+Na+]: 381.0474, found: 381.0473.
2-(3-Fluoro-4-nitrophenoxy)-N-(2-methyl-5-nitrophenyl)acetamide (3p): Pale yellow solid, total yield for two steps: 36.9%; m.p. 211–213 °C; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 9.90 (s, 1H), 8.44 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 8.21 (t, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H), 7.99 (dd, J = 8.4 Hz, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (dd, J = 13.6 Hz, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (dd, J = 9.2 Hz, 2 Hz, 1H), 5.04 (s, 2H), 2.36 (s, 3H); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 166.57, 164.24, 158.27, 155.67, 146.18, 140.07, 136.88, 131.96, 130.99, 128.48, 120.36, 119.26, 112.19, 104.86, 67.90; HRMS (TOF) m/z calcd. for C15H12FN3O6 [M+Na+]: 372.0608, found: 372.0599.
3.3. Antitubercular Activity
Middlebrook7H9 medium dry powder and nutrition supplements (OADC) were bought from the Becton Dickinson (BD) Company (Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). The M. tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC 27294) were provided by national strains preservation center. Clinical isolated single-drug resistant M. tuberculosis H37Rv were provided by the Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital.
Organisms for testing were initially grown to turbidity in 7H9 broth for 14 days. The cultures were vortexed for 20 to 30 seconds before use and then left for 10 to 30 minutes to allow for settling of heavy particles. The suspension of organisms was then matched to the optical density of a 1.0 McFarland standard. Appropriate dilutions were added to the wells of the microtiter plates containing the different drug dilutions by using a disposable inoculator. The tested compounds were added to the medium as DMSO solutions. The following concentrations were used: 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125, 0.0625, 0.03125 μg/mL. The plates were sealed in plastic bags and incubated at 37 °C in room air in a moisturized incubator. Isoniazide (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was used as positive control in each experiment, and each evaluation was performed in triplicate. The plastic bags were essential to prevent evaporation in the wells and were also useful for biologic containment. All microdilution plates were read after 11 days by visual investigation with an indirect light source.
3.4. MTT-Based Cytotoxicity Assay
Briefly, cells (2,500/well) were seeded in 96-well plates and cultured for 24 h, followed by treatment with the target compounds for another 48 h. MTT (5 μg/mL, 20 μL) was added per well and incubated for another 2.5 h at 37 °C. Then the supernatant fluid was removed and 150 μL/well DMSO was added for 15–20 min. The absorbance (OD) of each well was measured at 570 nm, using a SpectraMAX M5 microplate spectrophotometer (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA, USA). The IC50 Values are means ± SEM of three independent experiments.
4. Conclusions
Sixteen 2-(3-fluoro-4-nitrophenoxy)-N-phenylacetamide derivatives were synthesized and their antimycobacterial activities against M. tuberculosis H37Rv evaluated by a microdilution method. The newly synthesized derivatives have high to moderate potency against M. tuberculosis H37Rv, which indicates that the readily available 2-phenoxy-N-phenylacetamide scaffold is ideal for developing novel affordable antitubercular agents by structural modification. Six compounds exhibited potent antitubercular activity, with MIC values ranging from 4 to 16 μg/mL, and 2-(3-fluoro-4-nitrophenoxy)-N-(2-nitrophenyl)acetamide (compound 3m) was proved to be the most potent inhibitor with an identical MIC value of 4 μg/mL for M. tuberculosis H37Rv and rifampin-resistant M. tuberculosis 261 strain isolated from clinical cases. It also has a good safety profile in six different cell lines by the MTT assay, indicating compound 3m be a good lead for subsequent optimization to get better antitubercular agents.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Major Program of China during the 12th Five-Year Plan Period (2012ZX09103-101-036). The authors are grateful to Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital for in vitro antitubercular screening, and thank Ruiliang Jin for helpful discussions.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Footnotes
Sample Availability: Samples of compounds 3a–p are available from the authors.
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