Abstract
A pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) and high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method was developed for the qualitative determination of saponins in different parts of P. notoginseng, including rhizome, root, fibre root, seed, stem, leaf and flower. The samples were extracted using PLE. The analysis was achieved on a Zorbax SB-C18 column with gradient elution of acetonitrile and 8 mM aqueous ammonium acetate as mobile phase. The mass spectrometer was operated in the negative ion mode using the electrospray ionization, and a collision induced dissociation (CID) experiment was also carried out to aid the identification of compounds. Forty one saponins were identified in different parts of P. notoginseng according to the fragmentation patterns and literature reports, among them, 21 saponins were confirmed by comparing the retention time and ESI-MS data with those of standard compounds. The results showed that the chemical characteristics were obviously diverse in different parts of P. notoginseng, which is helpful for pharmacological evaluation and quality control of P. notoginseng.
Keywords: different parts of Panax notoginseng, saponin, pressurized liquid extraction, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
1. Introduction
Root of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen, also called Sanqi or Sanchi, is a highly valued Chinese medicinal herb. It has been used as a tonic and haemostatic in China for more than 400 years [1]. Modern pharmacological studies have revealed that P. notoginseng and its components exert various effects on immune system, cardiocerebral vascular system, central nervous system, endocrine system and inflammation, etc. [2,3,4]. Drammarane triterpenoid saponins with 20(S)-protopanaxatriol and 20(S)-protopanaxadiol aglycons have been considered the main active components of P. notoginseng [2,5]. Actually, the biological activities of saponins were related with their structures [6,7], ginsenoside Rg1, which has a protopanaxatriol moiety, and ginsenoside Rb1 with protopanaxadiol as aglycon, exhibited opposite pharmacological activity [6]. In our previous study [8], the chemical characteristics of different parts of P. notoginseng determined using HPLC-ELSD was described, and the results showed that the content and type of investigated saponins in different parts of P. notoginseng were distinctly diverse. Furthermore, due to detector limitations, many peaks in their profiles remained unknown. Therefore, further chemical investigation of different parts of P. notoginseng is necessary and very important for ensuring the safety, efficacy and their quality.
Several methods, including HPTLC [9], HPLC-UV [8], HPLC-ELSD [8,10,11], and UPLC-UV [12], have been developed by our lab for simultaneous determination of various saponins in the root of P. notoginseng. However, these methods suffer from insufficient sensitivity and poor identification capability for unknown peaks. Chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry is a powerful analytical tool for fast structural elucidation of complex mixtures. LC-MS has been applied to identify saponins in the roots of P. notoginseng [13,14,15,16], P. ginseng [17,18,19] and P. quinquefolium [20,21,22]. However, to date, the systematic HPLC-MS study of different parts of P. notoginseng has not been addressed.
In the present study, a PLE and HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method was developed for separation and identification of saponins in different parts of P. notoginseng, including rhizome, root, fibre root, seed, stem, leaf and flower. Structural information of saponins was obtained by collision-induced dissociation (CID). Using the developed method, 41 saponins (Figure 1) were identified in different parts of P. notoginseng according to their fragmentation patterns and literatures; among them, 21 saponins were confirmed by comparing their retention times and ESI-MS data with those of standard compounds. Furthermore, the chemical characteristics of different parts of P. notoginseng were further compared.
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Optimization of HPLC-ESI-MS/MS Conditions
Optimization of MS parameters is a necessary step to achieve maximum signal for the protonated molecular ions. In general, ion sensitivity for the ginsenosides in negative ion mode is greater than that in positive ion mode [17,23]. Our preliminary trials also confirmed that negative ion mode was more sensitive, and provided straightforward structural information about the saponins. The optimal range of capillary voltage is usually 2.0–3.5 kV for the negative ion study [24], and a capillary voltage of 3.0 kV was employed in this study. Eight mM aqueous ammonium acetate was used as mobile phase additive to improve analyte ionization prior to the HPLC-MS interface. However, the baseline drifted greatly at 203 nm using its gradient elution program. Therefore, water, instead of ammonium acetate solution, was used for HPLC-UV analysis. The other ESI-MS/MS parameters, including fragment amplification, compound stability, dry gas flow, dry temperature and nebulizer gas pressure, were optimized manually to obtain the maximum signal with chemical standards of ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1, two main ingredients in the root of P. notoginseng, using a syringe pump (KD Scientific Model 100, Holliston, MA, USA) connected directly with the mass spectrometer.
Figure 1.
Chemical structures and molecular weight of saponins identified in different parts of P. notoginseng. Glc, β-D-glucopyranosyl; Rha, α-L-rhamnopyranosyl; Arap, α-L-arabinopyranosyl; Araf, α-L-arabinofuranosyl; Xyl, β-D-xylopyranosyl; Glc*, α-D-glucopyranosyl; M.W., molecular weight.
2.2. HPLC-UV-MS Analysis of Reference Compounds
Under the optimized conditions, 21 reference compounds were analyzed by HPLC-UV-MS. The total ion chromatogram (TIC) of mixed standards was in good agreement with the HPLC-UV chromatogram (Figure 2). The majority of reference compounds were well-separated in 50 min. Pseudo-ginsenoside F11, an ocotillol type triterpene, lacked suitable chromophore and showed very poor UV absorption, so its corresponding peak was hardly detected at 203 nm (Figure 2A). However, it was readily detected using mass spectrometry, a universal, non-specific detector (Figure 2B).
Figure 2.
HPLC chromatograms of the mixed standards containing 21 saponins detected by (A) UV and (B) MS. D-Rb1, Didehydro-ginsenoside Rb1.
Although several pairs of saponins, including ginsenoside Rg1 and Re, ginsenoside Rf and notoginsenoside R4, chikusetsusaponin L5 and notoginsenoside Fa, notoginsenoside R2 and didehydro- ginsenoside Rb1, and ginsenoside Ra3 and Rb1, have identical retention times (Figure 2A), simultaneous determination could be accomplished by reference to the different MS of their molecular ions. For example, ginsenosides Rg1 and Re were co-eluted at the retention time of 13.5 min and failed to be distinguished with the UV detector (Figure 2A), but they were easily discriminated using extracted ion chromatograms (EIC) of their deprotonated molecular ions at m/z 799 and m/z 945, respectively (Figure 3A).
Figure 3.
Mass spectra of ginsenoside Rg1 and Re in negative mode. (A) EIC of m/z 945 and 799; (B) HPLC-ESI-MS spectra; (C) the CID spectra of adduct ion [M+Cl]− of ginsenoside Re at m/z 981; (D) the CID spectra of parent ion [M−H]− of ginsenoside Re at m/z 945 (The deprotonated ion is indicated by a vertical arrow).
In the negative ion mass spectra, the ionization of ginsenosides afforded intense deprotonated molecular ions [M−H]− together with their corresponding adduct ions [M+Cl]−, instead of the expected [M+AcO]− ion. In general, the generation of adduct ions depends on the mobile phase modifier [17]. However, since chlorine-containing solvents were not employed during the whole HPLC-MS analysis, the presence of adduct ions [M+Cl]− was considered to be generated from contamination of the ion source [25,26]. In the ESI-MS spectra of ginsenoside Rg1 and Re, their deprotonated molecular ions [M−H]− (m/z 799 and 945, respectively) and adduct ions [M+Cl]− (m/z 835 and 981, respectively) were observed with high abundance (Figure 3B). However, in the CID spectrum of the adduct ion at m/z 981 (Figure 3C) and m/z 835 (not shown), the [M−H]− ions were produced from [M+Cl]− ions corresponding to loss of one HCl unit, which could helped to confirm the quasi-molecular ions.
The negative MS/MS spectra were obtained by collision-induced dissociation (CID) from the deprotonated molecular ion [M−H]− ions, and the mass spectra of product ion of [M−H]− exhibited a fragmentation pattern corresponding to the successive loss of the glycosidic units till the formation of [aglycon-H]− ions. In addition, according to the structural properties of saponins, 20(S)-protopanaxatriol- type saponins possessed an aglycon ion at m/z 475 which was visible for ginsenoside Rg1, Re, Rf, and Rg2, while 20(S)-protopanaxadiol-type saponins, including ginsenoside Rb1, Rc, Rb2, Rb3 and Rd, produced an aglycon ion at m/z 459. The amount and the type of sugar moieties were also determined from CID spectra in which a mass difference of 162 indicated the presence of a β-D-glucose, 132 the presence of a pentose [α-L-arabinose (pyranose or furanose) or β-D-xylose] and 146 the presence of an α-L-rhamnose.
In the CID spectra of ginsenoside Re, the parent ion at m/z 945 and six main fragment ions at m/z 799, 783, 765, 637, 619 and 475 were observed (Figure 3D). The mass differences between the parent ion and fragment ions m/z 799 and 783 were 146 and 162, which corresponded to loss of one rhamnose unit and one glucose unit, respectively. The simultaneous loss of two sugar units indicated the existence of two different terminal residues of the glycosidic moieties in its chemical structure. The fragment ions at m/z 637 corresponded to the loss of a disaccharide consisting of the one rhamnose and one glucose unit. The fragment ions m/z 765 and 619 were the daughter ions produced from m/z 945, corresponding to the loss of one or two sugar unit and one unit of H2O molecule. The fragment ion at m/z 475, corresponding to 20(S)-protopanaxatriol aglycon moiety, was the result of a subsequent loss of all linked glucose unit. Thus, the mass spectra of the selected ginsenoside was characterized by the observation of the two main types of fragment ions, the ions produced from the consecutive loss of saccharide unit and the ions resulting from loss of the H2O molecule. According to the information of ESI-MS and MS/MS, the saponins were easily identified by mass spectrometry.
However, the MS-based structural analysis faced difficulties in some cases. Ginsenoside Rc, Rb2 and Rb3, belonging to the (20S)-protopanaxadiol-type saponins, have the same molecular weight and fragment ions. In their parent ion CID spectrum (Figure 4), the four mass intervals of 162, 132, 162 and 162 were also observed, which indicated the presence of three glucose unit and one pentose unit. However, the pentose unit could be xylose, arabinose (pyranose) and arabinose (furanose), which are present in ginsenosides Rc, Rb2 and Rb3 respectively. These three isomers could be distinguished by their retention times, 31.5 min, 34.3 min and 35.0 min for ginsenoside Rc, Rb2 and Rb3 respectively, in the total ion chromatogram (TIC).
Therefore, according to the TIC (retention time), ESI-MS (molecular weight) and MS/MS (fragment ion) information, the chromatographic behaviors and MS spectral of standards were characterized, which were the basis for identifying the ingredients in different parts of P. notoginseng.
Figure 4.
The CID spectra of parent ion [M−H]− with m/z 1077. The deprotonated ion is indicated by a vertical arrow. Pen = pentose [arabinose or xylose].
2.3. HPLC-UV-MS Analysis of Different Parts of P. notoginseng
Figure 5 shows representative UV and TIC chromatograms of different parts of P. notoginseng, which were acquired in separate runs using mobile phases of water-acetonitrile and 8 mM aqueous ammonium acetate-acetonitrile, respectively. A total of 41 saponins were separated and identified within 50 min, their structures were tentatively identified by careful studies of MS and MS/MS spectra and by comparison with literature data. The peak identification of notoginsenoside R1 (5), ginsenoside Rg1 (7), Re (8), notoginsenoside R4 (13), ginsenoside Rf (14), chikusetsusaponin L5 (15), notoginsenoside Fa (16), notoginsenoside R2 (19), didehydroginsenoside Rb1 (21), ginsenoside Ra3 (24), Rb1 (25), Rg2 (26), Rh1 (27), Rc (28), Rb2 (30), Rb3 (31), F1 (34), Rd (35), notoginsenoside K (36) and ginsenoside Rg3 (41), were also confirmed by spiked injection of the authentic standards.
The molecular mass could be clearly identified in their ESI-MS, and the type of ginsenoside and its sugar moiety could be further obtained using MS/MS. Therefore, those saponins that could not be identified from their retention times, due to lack of their chemical standards, could also be identified by their MS/MS spectral characteristics and by comparison with literature data. The MS data of characteristic peaks for identification are summarized in Table 1.
Table 1.
HPLC-ESI-MS and corresponding CID data of saponins in different parts of P. notoginseng.
| No | Peak identification | RT(min) | MS ( m/z) | CID( m/z) | UG | a | b | c | d | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [M−H]− | [M+Cl]− | |||||||||
| 1 | Yesanchinoside H | 7.2 | 1093 | 1129 | 961[M−H-Xyl]−, 931[M−H-Glc]−, 799[M−H-Xyl-Glc]−, 637[M−H-Xyl-2Glc]−, 475 [M−H-Xyl-2Glc]− | + | - | - | - | - |
| 2 | Notoginsenoside R3/R6/N/ 20-O-glucoginsenoside Rf | 8.4 | 961 | 997 | 799[M−H-Glc]−, 637[M−H-2Glc]−, 475[M−H-3Glc]− | + | - | - | - | - |
| 3 | Notoginsenoside R3/R6/N/ 20-O-glucoginsenoside Rf | 10.6 | 961 | 997 | 799[M−H-Glc]−, 637[M−H-2Glc]−, 475[M−H-3Glc]− | + | - | - | - | - |
| 4 | Notoginsenoside R3/R6/N/ 20-O-glucoginsenoside Rf | 11.2 | 961 | 997 | 799[M−H-Glc]−, 637[M−H-2Glc]−, 475[M−H-3Glc]− | + | - | - | - | - |
| 5 | Notoinsenoside R1 | 11.5 | 931 | 967 | 799[M−H-Xyl]−, 769[M−H-Glc]−, 751[M−H-Glc-H2O]−, 637[M−H-Glc-Xyl]−, 619[M−H-Glc-Xyl-H2O]−, 475[M−H-Xyl-2Glc]− | + | + | + | + | + |
| 6 | Notoinsenoside R1 isomer | 12.6 | 931 | 967 | 799[M−H-Xyl]−, 769[M−H-Glc]−, 637[M−H-Glc-Xyl]−, 475[M−H-Xyl-2Glc]− | + | - | - | - | - |
| 7 | Ginsenoside Rg1 | 13.6 | 799 | 835 | 637[M−H-Glc]−, 619[M−H-Glc-H2O]−, 475[M−H-2Glc]− | + | + | + | + | + |
| 8 | Ginsenoside Re | 13.6 | 945 | 981 | 799[M−H-Rha]−, 783[M−H-Glc]−, 765.6[M−H-Glc-H2O]−, 637[M−H-Rha-Glc]−, 619[M−H-Rha-Glc-H2O]−, 475[M−H-Rha-2Glc]− | + | + | + | + | + |
| 9 | Notoginsenoside E | 15.3 | 979 | 1015 | 817[M−H-Glc]−, 799[M−H-Glc-H2O] | + | - | - | - | - |
| 10 | Notoginsenoside A | 15.5 | 1123 | 1159 | - | + | - | - | - | - |
| 11 | Ginsenoside G | 17.9 | 959 | 996 | 797[M-Glc], 635[M-2Glc]−, 473[M-3Glc]− | + | - | - | - | - |
| 12 | Notoginsenoside R3/R6/N/ 20-O-Glucoginsenoside Rf | 21.9 | 961 | 998 | 799[M−H-Glc]−, 637[M−H-2Glc]−, 619[M−H-2Glc-H2O]−, 475[M−H-3Glc]− | + | - | - | - | - |
| 13 | Notoginsenoside R4 | 26.0 | 1239 | 1276 | 1107[M−H-pen]−, 945[M−H-xyl-Glc]−, 783[M−H-xyl-2Glc]−, 621[M−H-xyl-3Glc], 459[M−H-xyl-4Glc]− | + | - | - | - | - |
| 14 | Ginsenoside Rf | 26.1 | 799 | 835 | 637[M−H-Glc]−, 619[M−H-Glc-H2O]−, 475[M−H-2Glc]−, | + | - | + | - | - |
| 15 | Chikusetsusaponin L5 | 27.2 | 901 | 937 | 769[M−H-Xyl]−, 637[M−H-Xyl-Ara]−, 475[M−H-Xyl-Ara-Glc]− | + | - | + | + | + |
| 16 | Notoginsenoside Fa | 27.3 | 1239 | 1275 | 1107[M−H-Xyl]−, 1089[M−H-Xyl-H2O]−, 945[M−H-Xyl-Glc]−, 783[M−H-Xyl-2Glc]−, 621[M−H-Xyl-3Glc]−, 459[M−H-Xyl-4Glc]− | + | - | + | + | + |
| 17 | Notoinsenoside Q/S | 27.7 | 1341 | 1377 | 1209[M−H-Xyl]−, 1192[M−H-Xyl-H2O]−, 1077[M−H-2Pen]−, 945[M−H-3Pen]−, 783[M−H-3Pen-Glc]−, 621[M−H-3Pen-2Glc]−, 459[M−H-3Pen-3Glc]− | - | - | - | - | + |
| 18 | Notoginsenoside I | 27.7 | 1091 | 1127 | 929[M−H-Glc]−, 767[M−H-2Glc]−, 605[M−H-3Glc]−, 443[M−H-3Glc]− | + | - | - | - | - |
| 19 | Notoinsenoside R2 | 28.0 | 769 | 705 | 637[M−H-Xyl]−, 619[M−H-Xyl-H2O]−, 475[M−H-Xyl-Glc]− | + | - | - | - | - |
| 20 | Ginsenoside Fc/Ra1/Ra2 | 28.1 | 1209 | 1245 | 1077[M−H-Xyl]−, 1047[M−H-Glc]−, 1027[M−H-Glc-H2O]−, 945[M−H-Xyl-arab]−,915[M−H-Xyl-Glc]−, 897[M−H-Xyl-Glc-H2O]−, 783[M−H-Xyl-arab-Glc]− 621[M−H-Xyl-arab-2Glc]−, 459[M−H-Xyl-arab-3Glc]− | - | - | - | - | + |
| 21 | Didehydroginsenoside Rb1 | 28.2 | 1105 | 1141 | 943[M−H-Glc]−, 781[M−H-2Glc]−, 619[M−H-3Glc]−, 457[M−H-4Glc]− | + | - | - | - | - |
| 22 | Ginsenoside Fc/Ra1/Ra2 | 28.9 | 1209 | 1245 | 1077[M−H-Xyl]−, 1059[M−H-Xyl-H2O]−, 1047[M−H-Glc]−, 945[M−H-Xyl-arab]−,915[M−H-Xyl-Glc]−, 783[M−H-Xyl-arab-Glc]−, 621[M−H-Xyl-arab-2Glc]−, 459[M−H-Xyl-arab-3Glc]− | - | - | + | + | + |
| 23 | Notoinsenoside Q/S | 29.1 | 1341 | 1377 | 1209[M−H-Xyl]−, 1077[M−H-2Pen]−, 945[M−H-3Pen]−, 783[M−H-3Pen-Glc]−, 621[M−H-3Pen-2Glc]−, 459[M−H-3Pen-3Glc]− | - | - | - | - | + |
| 24 | Ginsenoside Ra3 | 29.5 | 1239 | 1275 | 1107[M−H-Xyl]−, 1089[M−H-Xyl-H2O]−, 945[M−H-Xyl-Glc]−, 783[M−H-Xyl-2Glc]−, 621[M−H-Xyl-3Glc]−, 459[M−H-Xyl-4Glc]− | + | - | - | - | - |
| 25 | Ginsenoside Rb1 | 29.6 | 1107 | 1143 | 945 [M−H-Glc]−, 783[M−H-2Glc]−, 621[M−H-3Glc]−, 459[M−H-4Glc]− | + | + | + | + | + |
| 26 | Ginsenoside Rg2 | 30.2 | 783 | 819 | 637[M−H-Rha]−, 619[M−H-Rha-H2O]−, 475[M−H-Rha-Glc]− | + | + | + | - | - |
| 27 | Ginsenoside Rh1 | 30.9 | 637 | 673 | 475[M−H-Glc]− | + | - | - | - | - |
| 28 | Ginsenoside Rc | 31.5 | 1077 | 1113 | 945[M−H-Araf]−, 915[M−H-Glc]−, 783[M−H-Araf-Glc]−, 765[M−H-Araf-Glc-H2O]−, 621[M−H-Araf-2Glc]−, 603[M−H-Araf-2Glc-H2O]−, 459[M−H-Araf-3Glc]− | + | + | + | + | + |
| 29 | Ginsenoside Fc/Ra1/Ra2 | 31.6 | 1209 | 1245 | 1077[M−H-Xyl]−, 1047[M−H-Glc]−, 945[M−H-2Xyl/(-Xyl-Ara)]−, |783[M−H-(2Xyl-Glc)/(-Xyl-Ara-Glc)]− | + | - | - | - | - |
| 30 | Ginsenoside Rb2 | 34.3 | 1077 | 1113 | 945[M−H-Xyl]−, 915[M−H-Glc]−, 783[M−H-Araf-Glc]−, 765[M−H-Xyl-Glc-H2O]−, 621[M−H-Xyl-2Glc]−, 603[M−H-Xyl-2Glc-H2O]−, 459[M−H-Xyl-3Glc]− | + | + | + | + | + |
| 31 | Ginsenoside Rb3 | 35.0 | 1077 | 1113 | 945[M−H-Xyl]−, 915[M−H-Glc]−, 783[M−H-Araf-Glc]−, 765[M−H-Xyl-Glc-H2O]−, 621[M−H-Xyl-2Glc]−, 603[M−H-Xyl-2Glc-H2O]−, 459[M−H-Xyl-3Glc]− | + | + | + | + | + |
| 32 | Notoginsenoside L | 35.5 | 1077 | 1113 | 945[M−H-Xyl]−, 915[M−H-Glc]−, 783[M−H-Xyl-Glc]−, 765[M−H-Xyl-Glc-H2O]−, 621[M−H-Xyl-2Glc]−, 603[M−H-Xyl-2Glc-H2O]−,459[M−H-Xyl-3Glc]− | + | + | + | + | + |
| 33 | Didehydroginsenoside Rd | 35.7 | 943 | 979 | 781[M−H-Glc]−, 619[M−H-2Glc]−, 457[M−H-3Glc]− | + | - | - | - | - |
| 34 | Ginsenoside F1 | 36.3 | 637 | 673 | 475[M−H-Glc]− | + | - | - | - | - |
| 35 | Ginsenoside Rd | 37.0 | 945 | 981 | 783[M−H-Glc]−, 765[M−H-Glc-H2O]−, 621[M−H-2Glc]−, 603[M−H-2Glc-H2O]−, 459[M−H-3Glc]− | + | + | + | + | + |
| 36 | Notoginsenoside K | 38.3 | 945 | 981 | 783[M−H-Glc]−, 775[M−H-Glc-H2O]−, 621[M−H-2Glc]−, 459[M−H-3Glc]− | + | + | + | + | + |
| 37 | Notoginsenoside O/P | 38.6 | 1047 | 1083 | 915[M−H-Xyl]−, 897[M−H-Xyl-H2O]−, 783[M−H-2Xyl]−, 621 [M−H-2Xyl-Glc]−,459[M−H-2Xyl-2Glc]− | - | - | - | + | + |
| 38 | Gypenoside IX/Notoginsenoside Fe/isomer | 39.5 | 915 | 951 | 783[M-pen]−, 621[M-pen-glc]−, 459[M-pen-2glc]− | + | - | - | + | + |
| 39 | Gypenoside IX/ Notoginsenoside Fe/isomer | 39.7 | 915 | 951 | 783[M-pen]−, 621[M-pen-glc]−, 459[M-pen-2glc]− | + | - | + | + | + |
| 40 | Ginsenoside F2 | 42.1 | 783 | 819 | 621[M−H-Glc]−, 603[M−H-Glc-H2O]−, 459[M−H-2Glc]− | + | - | - | - | - |
| 41 | Ginsenoside Rg3 | 44.1 | 783 | 819 | a621[M−H-Glc]−, 603[M−H-Glc-H2O]−, 459[M−H-2Glc]− | + | - | + | + | + |
UG, underground parts of P. notoginseng (including rhizome, root and fibre root); a, Seed; b, Stem; c, Leaf; d, Flower. -, Not detected; +, Detected.
Figure 5.
Representative HPLC-UV and MS chromatograms of different parts of P. notoginseng. (A) underground parts, (B) seed, (C) stem, (D) leaf and (E) flower, of P. notoginseng. UV, detected at the 203 nm; TIC, detected in negative ionization mode.
Peaks 13, 16 and 24 exhibited molecular ions at m/z 1,239 [M−H]– and 1,275 [M+CI]– in the ESI-MS spectra of the underground parts of P. notoginseng. The retention times were 25.6 min, 27.3 min and 29.5 min, respectively, as shown in EIC of m/z 1,239 (Figure 6A). The mass differences between the parent ion and fragment ions indicated the existence of four glucose units and one xylose unit in their structures. In addition, the fragment ion at m/z 459 corresponding to the protopanaxadiol aglycon moiety was observed in the CIDs of their parent ions (Figure 6B). Hence, the three peaks were finally identified as notoginsenoside R4, ginsenoside Fa and Ra3, respectively, which was confirmed by spiking with their chemical standards.
Figure 6.
The extracted ion chromatogram of m/z 1,239 (A) and the CID spectra of parent ion [M−H]− with m/z 1,239 (B) The mass-charge ratio of mass-selected ion is indicated by a vertical arrow.
Four peaks were observed to have molecular ions at m/z 961 [M−H]− and m/z 997 [M+CI]− in the ESI-MS of the underground parts of P. notoginseng. Their retention times were 8.4 min (2), 10.6 min (3), 11.2 min (4) and 21.9 min (12), respectively. The fragment ion at m/z 475 corresponding to the 20(S)-protopanaxatriol aglycon moiety was visible in CID spectra. Hence, the four peaks were tentatively identified as notoginsenoside R3, R6, N or 20-O-glucoginsenoside Rf, which possess the same molecular weight of 962 and belong to the 20(S)-protopanaxatriol type saponins [27,28]. Similarly, peaks 17 and 23 were identified as notoginsenoside Q or S in the leaf and flower of P. notoginseng, which were isomers with molecular weight of 1,342 and belonged to 20(S)-protopanaxadiol type saponins [28].
The pseudoginsenoside F11, an ocotillol-type saponin isolated from P. quinquefolius, was not detected in any part of P. notoginseng. Thus, pseudoginsenoside F11 could be a marker to distinguish P. quinquefolius from Panax genus plants [11]. Liu et al reported that the malonylginsenosides Rb1, Rd and Rg1 were identified in the root of P. notoginseng using HPLC-ESI-MS [29]. In this study, no malonylginsenoside was detected. The discrepancy between Liu’s report and our study may be caused by the low contents of these compounds and their thermally sensitive degradation in the PLE extraction utilized in the present study. Several minor saponins were detected in the underground parts and tentatively identified as yesanchinoside H (1), notoginsenosides E (10), A (11), G (13), I (22), L (36) and didehydroginsenoside Rd (33), by comparing their MS spectra with literature data [27,28,30,31,32].
The results showed that identical chemical ingredients presented in the underground parts of P. notoginseng, including root, fibre root and rhizome. However, the saponins were obviously different among the underground parts, seed, stem, leaf and flower. In total 36 peaks were identified in the underground parts of P. notoginseng (root, fibre root and rhizome), while 11, 17, 18 and 20 saponins were identified in the seed, stem, leaf and flower, respectively. Furthermore, the components of peaks 1–4, 6, 9–13, 18–19, 21, 24, 27, 29, 33, 34 and 40 were unique to the underground parts, notoinsenoside Q/S, ginsenoside Fc/Ra1/Ra2 were only found in flowers, and the notoginsenoside O/P were specifically contained in the leafs and flowers.
3. Experimental
3.1. Chemicals, Standards and Samples
The samples of different parts from P. notoginseng, including rhizome, root, fibre root, seed, stem, leaf and flower, were derived from same batch of plants, obtained from Wenshan region, Yunnan Province, China. The peeled seed was used in this study. The botanical origins of materials were identified by Dr. Xiu-Ming Cui, Wenshan Prefecture Sanqi Research Institute, Yunnan Province. The voucher specimens were deposited at the Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
Notoginsenoside R1 was supplied by the National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing, China); pseudo-ginsenoside F11, ginsenosides Rg1, Re, Rf, Rb1, Rg2, Rh1, Rc, Rb2, Rb3, Rd and Rg3 were purchased from International Laboratory (South San Francisco, CA, USA); Chikusetsusaponin L5, ginsenoside R2, F1, Ra3, notoginsenoside K, R4, Fa and didehydroginsenoside Rb1 were previously isolated and purified from the root of P. notoginseng by repeated silica gel, medium pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC) and preparative high performance liquid chromatography (prep-HPLC). Their structures were elucidated by comparison of their spectral data (MS, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR) with corresponding references (Figure 1). Didehydroginsenoside Rb1 was a novel triterpene saponin we isolated from P. notoginseng, and its chemical structure was previously reported [32]. Their purities were determined to be higher than 97% by normalization of the peak areas detected by HPLC-UV. HPLC-grade methanol and acetonitrile were products of Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), and the deionized water was purified by a Milli-Q purification system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). Ammonium acetate was purchased from Riedel-de Haën (Seelze, Germany).
3.2. Pressurized Liquid Extraction
Sample preparation was performed with a pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), which was operated on a Dionex ASE 200 system (Dionex Corp., Sunnyvale, CA, USA) under optimized conditions reported before [33]. In brief, dried sample powder (0.5 g) was placed in an 11 mL stainless steel extraction cell. The optimized conditions were: particle size, 0.3–0.45 mm; solvent, methanol; temperature, 150 °C; static time, 15 min; pressure, 6.895 × 103 MPa; static cycles, 1, and number of extractions, 1. PLE extract was transferred into a 25 mL volumetric flask which was brought up to its volume with the same solvent and filtered through a 0.45 μm Econofilter (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA) prior to injection into the HPLC system.
3.3. HPLC-UV Analysis
An Agilent 1100 series HPLC apparatus (Agilent Technologies), equipped with a vacuum degasser, quaternary gradient pump, autosampler and DAD detector, was used. A Zorbax SB-C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, I.D., 5 μm) and a Zorbax SB-C18 guard column (12.5 mm × 4.6 mm I.D., 5 µm) were used. The mobile phase consisted of water (A) and acetonitrile (B) with the following gradient program: 0–3 min, 20–22% B; 3–25 min, 22–33% B; 25–30 min, remaining 33% B; 30–50 min, 33–70% B. The flow-rate was kept at 1.0 mL·min−1. The temperature was 25 °C. The detection wavelength was set at 203 nm and the sample injection volume was 10 µL.
3.4. HPLC-ESI-MS/MS Analysis
An LC-MSD trap VL mass spectrometer with electrospray ionization source (Agilent Technologies,) was coupled to the HPLC system described in Section 3.3. The chromatographic conditions for the HPLC-MS were the same as those used for the HPLC-UV, except that the water (A) of mobile phase was replaced by 8 mM aqueous ammonium acetate. The ESI-MS conditions were as follows: negative-ion mode; capillary voltage, 3.5 kV; dry gas N2, 12 L·min−1; temperature, 350 °C; pressure of nebulizer, 40 psi. The ESI-MS/MS was set with compounds stability of 100%, fragment amplification of 2.0 V and isolation width of 4. Scan range of both ESI-MS and ESI-MS/MS was fixed at m/z 200–1,400 U.
4. Conclusions
In conclusion, an HPLC-ESI-MS/MS and PLE method was developed for the extraction and qualitative determination of saponins in different parts of P. notoginseng, including the rhizome, root, fiber root, seed, stem, leaf and flower. A total 41 saponins were identified and the chemical profiles of the different parts were obviously diverse. The developed HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method provided a reliable means of distinguishing the saponins in different parts of P. notoginseng, which should be helpful for the pharmacological evaluation and quality control of P. notoginseng.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to Leon Lai from our institute for their expert technical assistances. The research was supported grants from Science and Technology Development Fund of Macau (the 049/2005/A-R1 to Y.T. Wang) and the Research Committee of the University of Macau (SRG009-ICMS12 to J.B. Wan).
Footnotes
Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds 5, 7, 8, 13–16, 19, 21, 24–28, 30, 31, 34–36 and 41 are available from the authors.
References and Notes
- 1.Wei J.X., Du Y.C. Modern Science Research and Application of Panax notoginseng. Yunnan Science and Technology Press; Kunming, China: 1996. [Google Scholar]
- 2.Wan J.B., Li S.P., Wang Y.T. Panax notoginseng. In: Li S.P., Wang Y.T., editors. Pharmacological Activity Based Quality Control of Chinese Herbs. Nova Science Publishers; New York, NY, USA: 2008. pp. 179–203. [Google Scholar]
- 3.Wang N., Wan J.B., Chan S.W., Deng Y.H., Yu N., Zhang Q.W., Wang Y.T., Lee S.M. Comparative study on saponin fractions from Panax notoginseng inhibiting inflammation-induced endothelial adhesion molecule expression and monocyte adhesion. Chin. Med. 2011;6:37. doi: 10.1186/1749-8546-6-37. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Yue P.Y., Mak N.K., Cheng Y.K., Leung K.W., Ng T.B., Fan D.T., Yeung H.W., Wong R.N. Pharmacogenomics and the Yin/Yang actions of ginseng: anti-tumor, angiomodulating and steroid-like activities of ginsenosides. Chin. Med. 2007;2:6. doi: 10.1186/1749-8546-2-6. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Wang C.Z., McEntee E., Wicks S., Wu J.A., Yuan C.S. Phyto-chemical and analytical studies of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) FH Chen. J. Nat. Med. 2006;60:97–106. doi: 10.1007/s11418-005-0027-x. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Sengupta S., Toh S.A., Sellers L.A., Skepper J.N., Koolwijk P., Leung H.W., Yeung H.W., Wong R.N., Sasisekharan R., Fan T.P. Modulating angiogenesis: The yin and the yang in ginseng. Circulation. 2004;110:1219–1225. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000140676.88412.CF. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Sun H., Yang Z., Ye Y. Structure and biological activity of protopanaxatriol-type saponins from the roots of Panax notoginseng. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2006;6:14–25. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2005.07.003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Wan J.B., Yang F.Q., Li S.P., Wang Y.T., Cui X.M. Chemical characteristics for different parts of Panax notoginseng using pressurized liquid extraction and HPLC-ELSD. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2006;41:1596–1601. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.01.058. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Wan J.B., Li S.P., Jian J.R., Kong L.Y., Wang Y.T. Analysis of saponins from Panax notoginseng using pressurized solvent extraction coupled with high performance thin layer chromatography. Chin. J. Nat. Med. 2004;2:215–218. [Google Scholar]
- 10.Wan J.B., Li P., Li S., Wang Y., Dong T.T., Tsim K.W. Simultaneous determination of 11 saponins in Panax notoginseng using HPLC-ELSD and pressurized liquid extraction. J. Sep. Sci. 2006;29:2190–2196. doi: 10.1002/jssc.200600103. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Wan J.B., Li S.P., Chen J.M., Wang Y.T. Chemical characteristics of three medicinal plants of the Panax genus determined by HPLC-ELSD. J. Sep. Sci. 2007;30:825–832. doi: 10.1002/jssc.200600359. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Guan J., Lai C.M., Li S.P. A rapid method for the simultaneous determination of 11 saponins in Panax notoginseng using ultra performance liquid chromatography. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2007;44:996–1000. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.03.032. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Lai C.M., Li S.P., Yu H., Wan J.B., Kan K.W., Wang Y.T. A rapid HPLC-ESI-MS/MS for qualitative and quantitative analysis of saponins in “XUESETONG” injection. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2006;40:669–678. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.11.003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Chen W., Dang Y., Zhu C. Simultaneous determination of three major bioactive saponins of Panax notoginseng using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and a pharmacokinetic study. Chin. Med. 2010;5:12. doi: 10.1186/1749-8546-5-12. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Li L., Tsao R., Dou J., Song F., Liu Z., Liu S. Detection of saponins in extract of Panax notoginseng by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta. 2005;536:21–28. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.12.064. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Yao H., Shi P., Shao Q., Fan X. Chemical fingerprinting and quantitative analysis of a Panax notoginseng preparation using HPLC-UV and HPLC-MS. Chin. Med. 2011;6:9. doi: 10.1186/1749-8546-6-9. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Fuzzati N., Gabetta B., Jayakar K., Pace R., Peterlongo F. Liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometric identification of ginsenosides in Panax ginseng roots. J. Chromatogr. A. 1999;854:69–79. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00463-X. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Ma X.Q., Liang X.M., Xu Q., Zhang X.Z., Xiao H.B. Identification of ginsenosides in roots of Panax ginseng by HPLC-APCI/MS. Phytochem. Anal. 2005;16:181–187. doi: 10.1002/pca.842. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19.Wang Y., Pan J.Y., Xiao X.Y., Lin R.C., Cheng Y.Y. Simultaneous determination of ginsenosides in Panax ginseng with different growth ages using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Phytochem. Anal. 2006;17:424–430. doi: 10.1002/pca.944. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 20.Li L., Luo G.A., Liang Q.L., Hu P., Wang Y.M. Rapid qualitative and quantitative analyses of Asian ginseng in adulterated American ginseng preparations by UPLC/Q-TOF-MS. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2010;52:66–72. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.12.017. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 21.Ligor T., Ludwiczuk A., Wolski T., Buszewski B. Isolation and determination of ginsenosides in American ginseng leaves and root extracts by LC-MS. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2005;383:1098–1105. doi: 10.1007/s00216-005-0120-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22.Chan T.W., But P.P., Cheng S.W., Kwok I.M., Lau F.W., Xu H.X. Differentiation and authentication of Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolius, and ginseng products by using HPLC/MS. Anal. Chem. 2000;72:1281–1287. doi: 10.1021/ac990819z. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 23.Fuzzati N. Analysis methods of ginsenosides. J. Chromatogr. B. 2004;812:119–133. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.07.039. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 24.Miao X.S., Metcalfe C.D., Hao C., March R.E. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of ginsenosides. J. Mass. Spectrom. 2002;37:495–506. doi: 10.1002/jms.309. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 25.Haijiang Z., Yongjiang W., Yiyu C. Analysis of ‘SHENMAI’ injection by HPLC/MS/MS. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2003;31:175–183. doi: 10.1016/S0731-7085(02)00565-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 26.Zhang H.H., Cai X.J., Chen Y.Y. Differentiation and authentication of saponin extracts from Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolius and Panax notoginseng by HPLC/ESI-MSn. Chin. Pharm. J. 2006;41:391–394. [Google Scholar]
- 27.Yoshikawa M., Morikawa T., Yashiro K., Murakami T., Matsuda H. Bioactive saponins and glycosides. XIX. Notoginseng (3): Immunological adjuvant activity of notoginsenosides and related saponins: structures of notoginsenosides-L, -M, and -N from the roots of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen. Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo) 2001;49:1452–1456. doi: 10.1248/cpb.49.1452. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 28.Yoshikawa M., Murakami T., Ueno T., Yashiro K., Hirokawa N., Murakami N., Yamahara J., Matsuda H., Saijoh R., Tanaka O. Bioactive saponins and glycosides. VIII. Notoginseng (1): New dammarane-type triterpene oligoglycosides, notoginsenosides-A, -B, -C, and -D, from the dried root of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen. Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo) 1997;45:1039–1045. doi: 10.1248/cpb.45.1039. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 29.Liu J.H., Wang X., Cai S.Q., Komatsu K., Namba T. Analysis of the constituents in the Chinese drug notoginseng by liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry. J. Chin. Pharm. Sci. 2004;13:225–236. [Google Scholar]
- 30.Yoshikawa M., Morikawa T., Kashima Y., Ninomiya K., Matsuda H. Structures of new dammarane-type Triterpene Saponins from the flower buds of Panax notoginseng and hepatoprotective effects of principal Ginseng Saponins. J. Nat. Prod. 2003;66:922–927. doi: 10.1021/np030015l. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 31.Zou K., Zhu S., Tohda C., Cai S., Komatsu K. Dammarane-type triterpene saponins from Panax japonicus. J. Nat. Prod. 2002;65:346–351. doi: 10.1021/np010354j. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 32.Wan J.B., Zhang Q.W., Hong S.J., Guan J., Ye W.C., Li S.P., Lee M.Y., Wang Y.T. 5,6-Didehydroginsenosides from the roots of Panax notoginseng. Molecules. 2010;15:8169–8176. doi: 10.3390/molecules15118169. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 33.Li P., Wan J.B., Li S.P., Wang Y.T. Studies on the accelerated solvent extraction of Panax notoginseng saponins. Chin. Nat. Prod. 2004;2:157–161. [Google Scholar]