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. 2012 May 15;17(5):5770–5779. doi: 10.3390/molecules17055770

Synthesis of Novel E-2-Chlorovinyltellurium Compounds Based on the Stereospecific Anti-addition of Tellurium Tetrachloride to Acetylene

Maria V Musalova 1, Vladimir A Potapov 1,*, Svetlana V Amosova 1,*
PMCID: PMC6268538  PMID: 22588564

Abstract

The reaction of tellurium tetrachloride with acetylene proceeds in a stereospecific anti-addition manner to afford the novel products E-2-chlorovinyltellurium trichloride and E,E-bis(2-chlorovinyl)tellurium dichloride. Reaction conditions for the selective preparation of each of these products were found. The latter was obtained in 90% yield in CHCl3 under a pressure of acetylene of 10–15 atm, whereas the former product was formed in up to 72% yield in CCl4 under a pressure of acetylene of 1–3 atm. Synthesis of the previously unknown E,E-bis(2-chlorovinyl) telluride, E,E-bis(2-chlorovinyl) ditelluride, E-2-chlorovinyl 1,2,2-trichloroethyl telluride and E,E-bis(2-chlorovinyl)-tellurium dibromide is described.

Keywords: acetylene, tellurium tetrachloride, anti-addition, chlorovinyl tellurides, chlorovinyltellurium trichlorides, bis(2-chlorovinyl)tellurium dichlorides, divinyl ditellurides

1. Introduction

Selenium was considered a poison for many years, until Schwarz and Foltz identified it as an essential micronutrient for mammals, including human beings [1]. Like selenium, tellurium was regarded a poison for many years until non-toxic organotellurium compounds with high biological activity were found [2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. Like organoselenium compounds, a number of organotellurium compounds exhibit high glutathione peroxidase-like activity [2,3,4,5]. A four-valent tellurium compound, ammonium trichloro(dioxoethylene-O,O′-)tellurate, also known as AS-101, possesses high immunomodulating activity [2,3,6,7,8]. When administered to mice, this compound mediates antitumor effects and protects mice from ionizing radiation [2,3,6]. The tests demonstrated that AS-101 is potentially useful in the treatment of clinical immunosuppression conditions involving cancer and AIDS [2,3,6]. The literature [2,3,4,5,6,7,8] indicates that among organotellurium compounds, mainly telluranes (four-valent tellurium compounds), exhibit high biological activity.

The principal electrophilic tellurium-containing reagent is tellurium tetrachloride. The first example of the addition of TeCl4 to acetylenes was reported in 1962 [9]. The reaction of TeCl4 with phenylacetylene and diphenylacetylene afforded the corresponding 2-chlorovinyltellurium trichlorides, however, the stereochemistry of the products was not determined [9]. It has been shown later that the reactions of TeCl4 with phenylacetylene, diphenylacetylene and alkylphenylacetylenes proceed in highly regiospecific and stereospecific manner via syn-addition to afford the products of Z-stereochemistry [10,11,12,13,14,15]. The Z-configuration was confirmed by X-ray analysis [15]. A special case is the addition of tellurium tetrachloride to acetylenic alcohols [13,16], since the hydroxy group influences the stereochemistry [13].

Nowadays, the distinguishing property of tellurium reagents to react with high regio- and stereoselectivity finds increasing application in organic synthesis [17,18,19]. The adducts of TeCl4 with acetylenes were recognized as important precursors and synthons for organic synthesis and applied in many approaches for the preparation of various functionalized alkenes in a highly regio- and stereospecific manner [17,18,19]. The reduction of bisadducts of TeCl4 with acetylenes gives 2-chloro-vinyltellurides, which are used for preparation of various useful products by metallation and cross-coupling reactions [11,17,18,19].

A mechanism with the formation of 4-membered transition state A was proposed in order to explain stereospecific syn-addition of tellurium tetrachloride to the triple bond of alkynes (Scheme 1) [14,20].

Scheme 1.

Scheme 1

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The mechanism of stereospecific syn-addition of TeCl4 to alkynes.

It is worth noting that compounds with high biological (antioxidative and antimetastatic) activity were found among the adducts of TeCl4 with acetylenes [3]. Therefore, studies of previously unknown reactions of tellurium tetrachloride with acetylenes with the goal to obtain novel organotellurium (IV) compounds and to investigate their properties is an important task for organic chemists.

Synthesis of unsaturated tellurides and studies of their properties is the subject of our continued interest [21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30]. Earlier we elaborated efficient methods for the preparation of vinylic tellurides by nucleophilic addition of telluride and organotellurolate anions to acetylene [31,32,33,34,35] and phenylacetylene [36,37,38]. Addition of tellurium tetrachloride to trimethylethynyl silane and diorganyl-diethynyl silanes led to novel unsaturated tellurium-silicon containing compounds [39,40]. The present paper describes electrophilic addition of tellurium tetrachloride to acetylene.

Acetylene is a versatile multi-thousand ton chemical feedstock and many its reactions are of high value from both theoretical and practical viewpoints. In view of the rapid depletion of hydrocarbon resources, acetylene, which can be alternatively manufactured from coal, is expected to acquire an increasingly more important role as a universal chemical starting material [41]. Reactions of inorganic compounds with acetylene by convenient procedures giving high yields of target products may find useful applications, not only in organic synthesis, but in industry as well.

2. Results and Discussion

There were no data in the literature concerning reactions of tellurium halides with unsubstituted acetylene prior to our research. In a letter [42] we briefly reported our preliminary results on studies of the reaction of tellurium tetrachloride with acetylene and the formation of a bisadduct, the previously unknown E,E-bis(2-chlorovinyl)tellurium dichloride (1), in 62% yield. The present paper is the complete account of our studies of this reaction under various reaction conditions.

We have found that the performance of the reaction of tellurium tetrachloride with acetylene in carbon tetrachloride at room temperature under atmospheric pressure allows one to obtain a monoadduct, the previously unknown E-(2-chlorovinyl)tellurium trichloride (2) (Scheme 2).

Scheme 2.

Scheme 2

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Reactions of TeCl4 with acetylene under atmospheric pressure.

In carbon tetrachloride, the reaction proceeded chemo- and stereoselectively via anti-addition to give only monoadduct 2 and the formation of bisadduct 1 was not observed. When acetylene was bubbled into the reaction mixture at room temperature during 2 h, the yield of monoadduct 2 was 30% (with incomplete conversion of tellurium tetrachloride). Increasing the duration of the reaction from 2 to 5 h raised the conversion of tellurium tetrachloride, but led to the formation of some by-products.

Monoadduct 2 is also formed when the reaction was carried out in chloroform at room temperature under atmospheric pressure, but compound 2 was converted into bisadduct 1 (82% yield) under these conditions (Scheme 2). The selective formation of compound 2 was observed in the initial period of the reaction in chloroform (1H-NMR monitoring of the reaction carried out in CDCl3); then bisadduct 1 appeared and its content increased over time and, consequently, the concentration of monoadduct 2 decreased in time and, finally, disappeared by the end of the reaction.

Performing the reaction of tellurium tetrachloride with acetylene in carbon tetrachloride at a temperature of 10–20 °C under a pressure of acetylene of 2–3 atm in an autoclave allowed us to increase the conversion of TeCl4 and to obtain compound 2 in 72% yield.

The highest yield of bisadduct 1 was achieved when the reaction of tellurium tetrachloride with acetylene was carried out in an autoclave under a higher pressure of acetylene (12–15 atm) in dry chloroform at 20–40 °C for 5 h (Scheme 3). The reaction proceeds in a stereospecific manner via anti-addition to afford the product 1 in 94% yield.

Scheme 3.

Scheme 3

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Reactions of TeCl4 with acetylene under the pressure in an autoclave.

When the reaction of tellurium tetrachloride with acetylene was carried out in carbon tetrachloride under a pressure of acetylene of 10–12 atm at room temperature in an autoclave, the formation of both products 1 and 2 in 78% and 17% yields, respectively, was observed (Scheme 3). Increasing the pressure of acetylene to 14–15 atm and the reaction temperature to 30–40 °C permitted us to selectively obtain bisadduct 1 in 90% yield.

Thus, in contrast to the syn-addition of tellurium tetrachloride to substituted acetylenes [9,10,11,12,13,14,15], the reaction of tellurium tetrachloride with acetylene proceeds as an anti-addition to give the products 1 and 2 of E-stereochemistry. This is the first example of the anti-addition of tellurium tetrachloride to acetylenic hydrocarbons. The formation of the 3-membered intermediates B and C was supposed to explain the stereospecific anti-addition (Scheme 4).

Scheme 4.

Scheme 4

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The supposed mechanism of the anti-addition of TeCl4 to acetylene.

We presume that in the case of acetylene, the 3-membered intermediates (B and C, Scheme 4) are energetically preferred in comparison with a possible 4-membered transition state A (Scheme 1). It is noteworthy that the formation of similar 3-membered intermediates is well known for the addition of organic sulfenyl and selenenyl halides (RSHal, RSeHal) to alkynes [43].

When the reaction was carried out in benzene under similar conditions (25–40 °C, autoclave, pressure of acetylene of 10–15 atm), the formation of E-2-chlorovinyl 1,2,2-trichloroethyl telluride (3) in 10–15% yield was observed, along with the main product 1 (70–82% yield) (Scheme 5).

Scheme 5.

Scheme 5

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The reaction of TeCl4 with acetylene in benzene.

It would be logical to suppose that the formation of 3 is the result of rearrangement of chlorine atoms in compound 1. However, heating bisadduct 1 in benzene at 40 °C did not give compound 3.

Previously unknown E,E-bis(2-chlorovinyl) ditelluride (4) was obtained in 64% yield by the reduction of compound 2 with aqueous solution of Na2S2O5 (Scheme 6).

Scheme 6.

Scheme 6

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The synthesis of ditelluride 4 by reduction of compound 2.

Organic ditellurides constitute an important class of organotellurium compounds, which are used for generation of highly nucleophilic organyltellurolate anions by reduction of the Te-Te bond as well as for preparation of electrophilic reagents RTeHal and RTeHal3 by halogenations (SO2Cl2, Br2) of organic ditellurides [17,18,19]. Compound 4 can find application as a starting material for the synthesis of novel compounds bearing an E-2-chlorovinyltellanyl moiety. It is noteworthy that data on synthesis of divinyl ditellurides are very scarce in the literature [44,45,46].

In a similar manner, bisadduct 1 was reduced to previously unknown E,E-bis(2-chlorovinyl) telluride (5) in 86% yield (Scheme 7).

Scheme 7.

Scheme 7

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The synthesis of telluride 5 by reduction of compound 1.

It is known that 2-halovinyltellurides are used for the preparation of valuable products by cross-coupling reactions [17,18,19] and therefore telluride 5 may be useful for stereoselective synthesis of functionalized alkenes. The reaction of telluride 5 with bromine afforded tellurane 6 containing different halogen atoms in one molecule (Scheme 8).

Scheme 8.

Scheme 8

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The synthesis of tellurane 6 by the reaction of telluride 5 with bromine.

3. Experimental

3.1. General Information

1H (400.1 MHz) and 13C (100.6 MHz) spectra were recorded on a Bruker DPX-400 spectrometer (Karlsruhe, Germany) in DMSO-d6, or CDCl3 (HMDS). Mass spectra were recorded on a Shimadzu GCMS-QP5050A spectrometer (Duisburg, Germany). Tellurium tetrachloride was prepared from tellurium and sulfuryl chloride [12].

3.2. Synthetic Procedures for the Preparation of Compounds 1–6

E,E-Bis(2-chlorovinyl)tellurium dichloride (1). A mixture of TeCl4 (2.69 g, 10 mmol) and dry chloroform (100 mL) was heated (30–40 °C) in a 1 L rotating autoclave under acetylene pressure (12-14 atm) for 5 h. The solvent was evaporated and the residue was washed with cold hexane and dried to give compound 1 (3.03 g, 94% yield) as a colorless powder, m.p. 112–113 °C. Found (%): C, 15.24; H, 1.17; Cl, 43.89. C4H4Cl4Te. Calculated (%): C, 14.94; H, 1.25; Cl, 44.11. 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6, δ, ppm): 7.25 (d, 2H, J = 13.9 Hz), 7.48 (d, 2H, J = 13.9 Hz). 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6, δ, ppm): 129.80 (TeCH), 133.34 (CHCl). MS (70 eV), m/z (Irel., %): 287 (100) [M-Cl]+, 252 (48) [M-2Cl]+, 226 (71) [ClTeCH=CHCl]+, 200 (12) [TeCl2]+, 191 (28) [TeCH=CHCl]+, 165 (66) [TeCl]+, 130 (52) [Te]+, 122 (82) [C4H4Cl2]+, 87 (86) [C4H4Cl]+, 61 (37) [C2H2Cl]+, 51 (70) [C4H3]+, 36 (52) [HCl]+, 26 (80) [C2H2]+.

E-(2-Chlorovinyl)tellurium trichloride (2). Dry CCl4 (50 mL) was saturated with acetylene by bubbling dry acetylene for 1 h at atmospheric pressure. Then TeCl4 (0.54 g, 2 mmol) was added and dry acetylene was bubbled through the mixture with intensive stirring for 2 h. The solution was decanted from the precipitate and new portion of dry CCl4 (50 mL) was added to the precipitate and stirred for 1 h. The solution was decanted from the precipitate and combined with the first portion of the CCl4 solution. After evaporation of the solvent, the residue was washed with cold hexane and dried to give product 2 (0.18 g, 30% yield)—Colorless powder, which upon heating begins to darken at 45–47 °C and then decomposed. Found (%): C, 7.98; H, 0.78; Cl, 47.66. C2H2Cl4Te. Calculated (%): C, 8.13; H, 0.68; Cl, 48.00. 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6, δ, ppm): 7.38 (d, 2H, CHCl, J = 13.4 Hz), 7.82 (d, 2H, TeCH,J = 13.4 Hz). 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6, δ, ppm): 131.32, 145.67.

E-2-Chlorovinyl 2,2,1-trichloroethyl telluride (3). A mixture of TeCl4 (2.69 g, 10 mmol) and benzene (80 mL) was heated (20–40 °C) in a 1 L rotating autoclave under acetylene pressure (12–14 atm) for 5 h. The solvent was evaporated and the residue was washed with cold hexane and dried to give compound 1 (2.25 g, 70% yield) as a colorless powder. The solvent was evaporated from the hexane solution and the residue was subjected to short column chromatography on silica gel (eluent hexane) to give compound 3 (0.48 g, 15% yield) as a dark liquid. Found (%): C, 14.58; H, 1.36; Cl, 44.45. C4H4Cl4Te. Calculated (%): C, 14.94; H, 1.25; Cl, 44.11. 1H-NMR (CDCl3, δ, ppm): 5.32 (d, 1H, J = 3.3 Hz); 6.03 (d, 1H, J = 3.3 Hz), 6.66 (d, 1H, J = 13.3 Hz), 6.87 (d, 1H, J = 13.3 Hz). 13C-NMR (CDCl3, δ, ppm): 62.89 (TeCHCl), 74.58 (CHCl2). 116.21 (TeCH=), 127.87 (=CHCl).

E,E-Bis(2-chlorovinyl) ditelluride (4). A solution of Na2S2O5 (0.95 g, 5 mmol) in water (5 mL) was added to a mixture of compound 2 (0.15 g, 0.5 mmol) and benzene (2 mL). The resulted mixture was vigorously stirred at room temperature for 24 h under argon. The mixture was extracted with benzene (3 × 5 mL), organic phase was dried, filtered and the solvent was evaporated. The residue was subjected to column chromatography (eluent–hexane) to give ditelluride 4 (60.8 mg, 64% yield) as a dark red oil. Found (%): C, 13.08; H, 1.20; Cl, 19.06. C4H4Cl2Te2. Calculated (%): C, 12.70; H, 1.07; Cl, 18.75. 1H-NMR (CDCl3, δ, ppm): 6.49 (d, 2H, CHCl, J = 13.6 Hz), 7.37 (d, 2H, TeCH, J = 13.6 Hz). 13C-NMR (CDCl3, δ, ppm): 93.28 (TeCH), 125.34 (CHCl). MS (70 eV), m/z (Irel., %): 380 (64) [M]+, 319 (16) [M-C2H2Cl]+, 293 (27) [Te2Cl]+, 258 (18) [Te2]+, 252 (47) [M-Te]+, 191 (100) [TeC2H2Cl]+, 165 (88) [TeC2H]+, 130 (80) [Te]+, 61 (44) [C2H2Cl]+, 51 (33) [C4H3]+.

E,E-Bis(2-chlorovinyl) telluride (5). A solution of Na2S2O5 (0.95 g, 5 mmol) in water (5 mL) was added to a mixture of compound 1 (0.16 g, 0.5 mmol) and benzene (2 mL). The resulting mixture was vigorously stirred at room temperature for 24 h under argon. The mixture was extracted with benzene (3 × 5 mL), the organic phase was dried, filtered and the solvent was evaporated. The residue was subjected to column chromatography (eluent–hexane) to give telluride 5 (108 mg, 86% yield) as a dark yellow oil. Found (%): C, 18.94; H, 1.75; Cl, 28.68. C4H4Cl2Te. Calculated (%): C, 19.17; H, 1.61; Cl, 28.30. 1H-NMR (CDCl3, δ, ppm): 6.34 (d, 2H, CHCl, J = 14.0 Hz), 6.89 (d, 2H, TeCH, J = 14.0 Hz). 13C-NMR (CDCl3, δ, ppm): 100.02 (TeCH), 128.14 (CHCl).

E,E-Bis(2-chlorovinyl)tellurium dibromide (6). A solution of bromine (320 mg, 2 mmol) in hexane (2 mL) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of compound 5 (501 mg, 2 mmol) in hexane (5 mL) at 0 °C (an ace bath). The mixture was stirred for 1 h at 0 °C and for 1 h at room temperature. The solvents were decanted and the precipitate was washed with cold hexane and dried under vacuum to give compound 6 (755 mg, 92% yield) as a brown powder, m.p. 265–268 °C. Found (%): C, 11.46; H, 1.08; Cl, 16.97; Br, 39.23. C4H4Cl2Br2Te. Calculated (%): C, 11.71; H, 0.98; Cl, 17.28; Br, 38.94. 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6, δ, ppm): 7.33 (d, 2H, J = 13.9 Hz), 7.67 (d, 2H, J = 13.9 Hz). 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6, δ, ppm): 126.12 (TeCH), 133.70 (CHCl).

4. Conclusions

Convenient methods for preparation of the previously unknown compounds 1–6, prospective precursors and synthons for organic synthesis, have been elaborated. The methods are efficient, simple and based on readily available starting materials (acetylene and tellurium tetrachloride). In contrast to the syn-addition of tellurium tetrachloride to substituted acetylenes [9,10,11,12,13,14,15] the reaction of tellurium tetrachloride with acetylene proceeds in a stereospecific manner via anti-addition to give the products 1 and 2 of E-stereochemistry (Scheme 2 and Scheme 3). This are the first examples of anti-additions of tellurium tetrachloride to acetylenic hydrocarbons. A mechanism involving the formation of the 3-membered intermediates B and C was proposed in order to explain the stereospecific anti-addition (Scheme 4). In the case of acetylene, the 3-membered intermediates (B and C, Scheme 4) are supposed to be energetically preferred in comparison with the 4-membered transition state A (Scheme 1).

Acknowledgements

Financial support of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Program 5.1.8) and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Grants No. 10-03-00543 and 11-03-00810) is gratefully acknowledged.

Footnotes

Sample Availability: Samples of compound 1 are available from the authors.

References and Notes

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