Table 1.
Natural bioactive compounds in clinical trials.
| Bioactive Compound/Intervention | Study design | Memory test | Result/Activity | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Galantamine | Patients with Mild to moderate AD, R, DB, PC (3 months/n = 386) | CIBIC-plus and ADAS-cog | Improved cognitive function and basic activities of normal living than placebo in AD patients. | [13] |
| Galantamine (8, 16 & 24 mg/day) | Patients with Mild to moderate AD, R, DB, PC, M (5-month) | ADAS-cog and CIBIC-plus | Benefits the cognitive, functional, and behavioral symptoms of AD as compared with placebo. | [14] |
| Galantamine (24 or 32 mg/day) | Patients with Mild to moderate AD, M, DB, (6-month/n = 636) | ADAS-cog and CIBIC-plus | Improved cognition and global function, better outcome on CIBIC-plus and ADAS-cog. | [15] |
| Galantamine (24 or 32 mg) | Patients with Mild to moderate AD, R, DB, PC blind, parallel group, trial (6-month/n = 653) | ADAS-cog | Better scores on the disability assessment for dementia, slowed the decline of functional ability as well as cognition in subjects with mild to moderate AD as compared with placebo. | [16] |
| Galantamine (24 mg/day) | Patients with Vascular dementia, M, DB, (n = 592) | ADAS-cog and CIBIC-plus | Therapeutic effect on all key areas of cognitive and non-cognitive abilities with improved activities of daily living and behavioral symptoms were also significantly improved in dementia patients. | [17] |
| Galantamine (24 mg/day) | Patient with severe AD, R, DB, PC, blind (n = 207) | SIB and MDS-ADL | Improvement in memory, praxis, and visuospatial ability. | [18] |
| Huperzine A (0.2 mg twice daily) | R, DB, PC with AD (n = 28) | MMSE, ADL, HDS and WMI | Improved memory test scores over the individuals receiving the placebo. | [20] |
| Huperzine A (0.4 mg daily) | Subjects with benign vascular dementia, and AD (n = 80) | MQ test | Significant improvement in MQ test as compared to control group. | [21] |
| Huperzine Alpha (400 μg/day) | Subjects with diagnosis of possible or probable AD (n = 100/12 weeks) | ADL &ADAS-Cog | Remarkably improves the cognition, behavior, ADL, and mood of AD patients as assessed by ADAS-Cog. | [22] |
| Huperzine A (200 & 400 μg; twice daily) | Patients with mild to moderate AD, M, R (16 weeks/n = 210) | ADAS-Cog | Huperzine A 400 μg and not at 200 μg has cognitive effect in patients with mild to moderate AD. | [23] |
| Huperzine A (0.1 mg twice daily) | Patients with mild to moderate VaD, R, DB ,PC (12 weeks/n = 78) | CDR, MMSE, and ADL | Huperzine A showed significant improvement in cognitive functions of all test. | [24] |
| Bacognize® (300mg; twice daily) | Patients with AD, R, DB, PC and M (6 months) | MMSE | Improvement in attention, language, reading, writing & comprehension. | [25] |
| Bacopa monniera | Healthy individuals, DB, PC (n = 46) | Well-validated neuropsychological tests | Significant improvement in information processing and memory consolidation, & in state anxiety. | [26] |
| Bacopa monniera (2 × 150 mg) | Healthy individuals, DB, PC (90 days/n = 127) | Neuropsychological testing using the Cognitive Drug Research cognitive assessment system | Improves partial working memory and reduced number of false positives in the rapid visual information processing task. | [27] |
| Bacopa monniera (300 mg) | 65 or older year individuals, R, DB, PC (12weeks/n = 54) | AVLT, DAT, and WAIS | Enhances AVLT delayed word recall memory scores and also improves ability to ignore irrelevant information as assessed by Stroop test. | [28] |
| BT-11 (extracted from roots of Polygala tenuifolia) | Healthy elderly individuals, R, DB, PC (n = 28) | CERAD and MMSE | Treatment by BT-11, increased CERAD scores, word list recognition, constructional recall and praxis, and modified Boston naming test. | [29] |
| BT-11 | Healthy individuals, R, DB, PC (4 weeks) | K-CVLTSOPT | Improvement in verbal memory and working memory. | [30] |
| EGb 761 (240 mg) | Patients with AD and multi-infarct dementia, R, DB, PC (24 weeks/n = 216) | CGI and NAB | Effective in Alzheimer and multi-infarct dementia. | [31] |
| EGb 761 (240 mg/day or 160 mg/day) | Patient with AD or VaD or AAMI, R, DB, PC (n = 214/24 weeks) | SKT, CGI and NAI-NAA | EGb 761 is not beneficial for dementia patients. | [32] |
| EGb 761 (Ginkgo extract - 180 mg/day) | Aged subjects with no history of significant neurocognitive dysfunction (6 weeks) | Stroop Color and Word Test color-naming task | Significantly showed improvement on a task assessing speed of processing abilities. | [33] |
| Standardized extract of Ginkgo biloba (GK501) & Standardized extract of Panax ginseng (G115) (60 mg - Capsule) | Healthy individuals, DB, PC (14 week/n = 256) | Tests for attention and memory from the Cognitive Drug Research computerized cognitive assessment system | Significantly to improve an Index of Memory Quality, memory, including long-term and working memory. | [34] |
| Capsulated aqueous extract of C. asiatica (250, 500, and 750 mg) | Healthy individuals, R, DB, PC (2 months/n = 28) | Computer assisted technique | Cognitive enhancing effect observed. | [35] |
| Ginseng (400 mg) | Healthy young volunteer, R, DB, PC, balanced, cross-over (n = 20) | CDR two serial subtraction mental arithmetic tasks | Improvement in the speed and accuracy of memory and attentional tasks. | [36] |
| Panax ginseng extract (G115) (400 mg) | Healthy middle aged individuals, DB, PC balanced trail (n = 30) | Cognitive and mood performance test | Improvement speed of attention and tasks associated with episodic memory performance. | [37] |
| Cereboost(P. quinquefolius standardized to 10.65% ginsenosides) | Healthy young volunteer, R, DB, PC, crossover trial (n = 32) | Parameters for mood and neurocognitive effect | Improvement working memory performance, reaction time accuracy and calmness. | [38] |
| G115 (200 mg & 400 mg) | Healthy young volunteer, R, DB, PC, crossover trail (n = 30) | COGNITIVE BATTERY (Bond-Lader visual analogue scales, Computerised Corsi block tapping task, N-back task and Random number generation task | Modulation of cognitive function and mood. | [39] |
| HT100 (proprietary North American ginseng extract) | Individuals with schizophrenia, DB, PC (4 weeks/n = 64) | Letter-Number Span Test and Visual Pattern Test | Significant improvement in visual working memory. | [40] |
| LGNC-07 (combination of green tea extract and L-Theanine/1,680 mg) | MCI subjects, DB, PC (16 weeks/n = 91) | Rey–Kim memory test and Stroop color-word test | Significant improvement in selective attention, cognitive alertness, memory and verbal reading. | [41] |
| Green Tea | Cross-sectional trial (n = 1003) | MMSE | Higher consumption of green tea lowers prevalence of cognitive impairment. | [42] |
| Total Tea | Cross-sectional and longitudinal (n = 2501) | MMSE | Total tea consumption lowers risk of cognitive impairment and cognitive decline. | [43] |
| Total Tea | Cross-sectional trial (n = 716) | MMSE | Total tea consumption improves global cognition, memory, executive function, and information processing speed. | [44] |
| Salvia officinalis extract (60 drops/day) | Patients with mild to moderate AD, DB, R, PC (n = 424 months) | ADAS-cog & CDR | Improvement in cognitive functions. | [45] |
| Extract of Salvia officinalis (167, 333, 666 and 1332 mg) | Patients with mild to moderate AD, DB, R, PC (n = 20) | CDR | Enhancement of secondary memory performance. | [46] |
| S. officinalis aroma | Healthy individuals, SB, one factor, independent group trial (n = 135) | CDR & Bond-Lader mood scale | Significantly increases the alertness in mood and quality of memory. | [47] |
| S. lavandulaefolia (25 and 50 μL) | Healthy individuals, PC, DB, balanced, crossover trail (n = 24) | CDR & Bond-Lader mood scale | Improvement on the speed of memory and secondary memory. | [48] |
| Tofu | Honolulu-Asia Aging Study (n = 3734) | All task included in Cognitive abilities screening instrument(CASI) | Higher midlife tofu consumption was independently associated with indicators of cognitive impairment and brain atrophy in late life. | [49] |
| Dietary phytoestrogens | Cross-sectional study (n = 301) | Functions like, memory, processing capacity, speed and executive function | High lignan intake improves capacity, speed and executive function. | [50] |
DB = Double blind; SB = Single blind; PC = Placebo controlled; R = Randomized; M = Multicentre; ADAS-Cog 11 = 11-item Alzheimer’s disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive subscale; CASI = Cognitive abilities screening instrument; MMSE = Mini-mental state examination; CDR =Clinical dementia rating; ADL = Activities of daily living; CERAD = Consortium to Establish a Registry for AD Assessment Packet; K-CVLT = Korean version of the California Verbal Learning Test; SOPT = Self-Ordered Pointing Test; Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT); DAT = Divided Attention Task; WAIS = Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale; AVLT = Auditory Verbal Learning Test; Nurnberger NAB = Alters-Beobachtungsskala; SKT = Syndrome Kurz Test; CGI = Clinical Global Impression; NAI-NAA = Nuremberg Gerontopsychological Rating Scale for Activities of Daily Living; WJCAT III = Woodcock-Johnson Cognitive Abilities Test III.