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. 2012 Apr 30;17(5):4962–4971. doi: 10.3390/molecules17054962

Synthesis and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Some Pyrazole Derivatives

Essam Mohamed Sharshira 1,*, Nagwa Mohamed Mahrous Hamada 2,*
PMCID: PMC6268748  PMID: 22547318

Abstract

Reaction of a series of (E)-3-phenyl-4-(p-substituted phenyl)-3-buten-2-ones with p-sulfamylphenyl hydrazine in glacial acetic acid gave the corresponding hydrazones, subsequent treatment of which with 30% HCl afforded pyrazole-1-sulphonamides. On the other hand, refluxing of chalcones with either thiosemicarbazide or isonicotinic acid hydrazide in ethanol containing a few drops of acetic acid gave pyrazoline-1-thiocarboxamides and isonicotinoyl pyrazolines, respectively. The structures of the synthesized compounds were determined on the basis of their elemental analyses and spectroscopic data. The antimicrobial activity of the newly isolated heterocyclic compounds was evaluated against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. Most of the compounds showed a moderate degree of potent antimicrobial activity.

Keywords: isonicotinic acid hydrazide, sulphonamide, pyrazoles, antimicrobial activities

1. Introduction

Pyrazoles and their variously substituted derivatives are important biological agents and a significant amount of research activity has been directed towards this class. In particular, they are used as antitumor [1], antibacterial and antifungal, antiviral, antiparasitic, anti-tubercular and insecticidal agents [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]. Some of these compounds have also anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anesthetic and analgesic properties [11,12,13,14]. Moreover, chalcones have played a crucial part in the development of theory of heterocyclic compounds, and also they used extensively in organic synthesis [15,16,17,18,19]. A classical synthesis of these compounds involves the base-catalyzed aldol condensation reaction of ketones and aldehydes to give α,β-unsaturated ketones (chalcones), which undergo a subsequent cyclization reaction with hydrazines affording pyrazoles [11,20,21,22]. In recent years, a significant portion of research in heterocyclic chemistry has been devoted to pyrazoles containing different aryl groups, as evident from the literature [23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30].

2. Results and Discussion

A convenient route for the synthesis of α,β-unsaturated ketones 1a–e is achieved by base catalyzed condensation of benzyl methyl ketone with the appropriate p-substituted benzaldehyde in the presence of piperidine [31] (Scheme 1).

Scheme 1.

Scheme 1

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Synthesis of compounds 1a–e, 2a–e, 3a–e, 4a–e, 5a–e.

The (E)-Configuration for 1a–e comes from 1H-NMR measurements where the vinyl proton of the (E)-isomer appears at relatively higher field than the (Z)-one [32]. The hydrazone derivatives 2a–e were obtained in good yields by heating 1a–e with p-sulphamylphenyl hydrazine in ethanol containing few drops of glacial acetic acid. The IR of 2a–e showed the characteristic bands for C=N at 1,626–1,633, and primary and secondary amine bands at 3,379–3,391 and 3,289–3,310 cm−1, respectively. The 1H-NMR spectra showed the presence of a singlet equivalent to one proton in the range δ = 8.21–8.73 ppm characteristic for a hydrazone NH proton, while the primary amine NH2 protons appeared at δ = 9.23–9.40 ppm, a multiplet at δ = 7.31–7.82 ppm characteristic for the aromatic protons, a singlet at δ = 6.89–6.97 ppm for N=C–C=CH and a singlet equivalent to three protons at δ = 2.19–2.37 ppm characteristic for N=C-CH3 protons. Treatment of 2a–e with 30% HCl produced the pyrazole derivatives 3a–e in good yields.

The IR of 3a–e showed the characteristic bands for C=N at 1,632–1,656, C=C at 1,500–1,520 whereas NH2 band appeared at 3,378–3,393 cm−1. The 1H-NMR spectra for 3a–e revealed the following signals: A singlet equivalent to two exchangeable protons at δ = 9.33–10.37 ppm characteristic for NH2 protons, a multiplet at δ = 7.13–8.29 ppm characteristic for the aromatic protons. The methyl protons at C3 of the pyrazole ring appeared as a singlet at δ 2.22–2.28 ppm. In the case of 3b, another singlet appeared at δ = 3.34 ppm characteristic for OCH3 group at the p-position to phenyl group. Finally, condensation of 1a–e with either thiosemicarbazide or isonicotinic acid hydrazide in ethanol containing few drops of acetic acid gave pyrazolines 4a–e or 5a–e, respectively. The pyrazoline structures were fully confirmed by spectral and elemental analyses methods (Table 1 and Table 2). The IR spectra of 4a–e lacked the carbonyl band but showed a thiocarbonyl band at 1,232–1,248 and primary and secondary amine absorption bands at 3,387–3,394 and 3,282–3,316 cm−1 respectively. On the other hand the IR of 5a–e showed an amide carbonyl band at 1,628–1,634 cm−1 and a primary amine absorption band only. The 1H-NMR of either 4a–e or 5a–e revealed the presence of an exchangeable hydrogen of one proton intensity for a NH proton at δ = 8.26–8.48 ppm or 8.31–8.51 ppm, respectively. In the case of 4a–e, another exchangeable hydrogens of two protons intensity was also appeared at δ = 10.71–10.93 ppm characteristic for thiocarboxamide protons (S=C–NH2). The pyrazole-C5-H for 4a–e and 5a–e appeared as a singlet at δ = 5.39–5.46 ppm and 5.37–5.47 ppm, respectively.

Table 1.

Physical and analytical data of compounds 2a–e, 3a–e, 4a–e, and 5a–e.

Compound R Yield M.P. Molecular Formula Calculated % Found %
(%) (°C) C H N C H N
2a H 67 147 C22H21N3SO2 67.52 5.37 10.74 67.50 5.40 10.70
2b OCH3 90 160 C23H23N3SO3 65.56 5.46 9.98 65.60 5.44 9.95
2c Cl 87 103 C22H20N3SO2Cl 61.97 4.69 9.86 61.94 4.66 9.90
2d Br 93 110 C22H20N3SO2Br 56.17 4.26 8.94 56.20 4.30 8.97
2e NO2 79 135 C22H20N4SO4 60.55 4.59 12.84 60.50 4.63 12.80
3a H 69 187 C22H19N3SO2 67.87 4.88 10.80 67.84 4.92 10.84
3b OCH3 91 193 C23H21N3SO3 65.87 5.01 10.02 65.90 5.05 10.06
3c Cl 76 172 C22H18N3SO2Cl 62.26 4.25 9.91 62.30 4.21 9.94
3d Br 78 177 C22H18N3SO2Br 56.41 3.85 8.97 56.45 3.90 8.95
3e NO2 69 197 C22H18N4SO4 60.83 4.15 12.90 60.80 4.15 12.94
4a H 81 149 C17H17N3S 69.15 5.76 14.24 69.10 5.76 14.20
4b OCH3 83 156 C18H19N3SO 66.46 5.85 12.92 66.50 5.85 12.95
4c Cl 87 172 C17H16N3SCl 61.82 4.85 12.73 61.86 4.88 12.69
4d Br 79 146 C17H16N3SBr 54.55 4.28 11.23 54.50 4.29 11.20
4e NO2 93 166 C17H16N4SO2 60.00 4.71 16.47 59.99 4.66 16.43
5a H 81 159 C22H19N3O 77.42 5.57 12.32 77.45 5.59 12.36
5b OCH3 69 166 C23H21N3O2 74.39 5.66 11.32 74.35 5.69 11.30
5c Cl 89 142 C22H18N3OCl 70.21 4.79 11.17 70.25 4.74 11.24
5d Br 86 168 C22H18N3OBr 62.86 4.29 10.00 62.82 4.25 10.05
5e NO2 97 171 C22H18N4O3 68.39 4.66 14.51 68.44 4.60 14.55
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Table 2.

IR and 1H-NMR spectral data of compounds 2a–e, 3a–e, 4a–e, and 5a–e.

Compound IR cm−1 (KBr) 1H-NMR (δ / ppm) a
Vinyl C=N C=O C=S NH and/or Ar-H’S (m) N=C-C=CH pyrazoline- CH3 and/or Ar- OCH3 (s) NH and/or NH2
HC=CH NH2 (s) C5-H (s)
2a 1603 1632 - - 3391, 3291 7.33–7.82 6.91 - 2.33 8.21 and 9.23
2b 1609 1629 - - 3389, 3309 7.31–7.81 6.93 - 2.22 and 3.26 8.46 and 9.29
2c 1612 1626 - - 3382, 3289 7.36–7.61 6.97 - 2.22 8.54 and 9.31
2d 1604 1633 - - 3383, 3302 7.41–7.71 6.89 - 2.19 8.61 and 9.39
2e 1619 1627 - - 3379,3310 7.26–7.76 6.95 - 2.37 8.73 and 9.40
3a 1515 1632 - - 3386 7.24–8.29 - - 2.25 9.33
3b 1510 1641 - - 3384 7.35–7.94 - - 2.28 and 3.34 9.76
3c 1500 1644 - - 3378 7.29–7.86 - - 2.22 9.92
3d 1515 1654 - - 3391 7.13–7.64 - - 2.25 9.71
3e 1520 1656 - - 3393 7.29–8.10 - - 2.28 10.37
4a 1527 - - 1246 3394, 3287 7.26–7.82 - 5.39 2.25 10.73 and 8.26
4b 1522 - - 1245 3390, 3293 7.27–7.77 - 5.42 2.32 and 3.39 10.77 and 8.37
4c 1531 - - 1248 3390, 3282 7.29–8.01 - 5.44 2.27 10.79 and 8.42
4d 1527 - - 1247 3393, 3311 7.23–7.61 - 5.46 2.29 10.93 and 8.43
4e 1526 - - 1232 3387, 3316 7.27–7.99 – 5.39 2.32 10.71 and 8.48
5a 1517 - 1630 - 3291 6.81–7.09 and 7.32–7.48 - 5.40 2.32 8.31
5b 1530 - 1628 - 3293 6.79–7.12 and 7.29–7.49 - 5.37 2.25 and 3.31 8.36
5c 1522 - 1631 - 3287 6.83–7.08 and 7.27–7.51 - 5.46 2.27 8.45
5d 1519 - 1633 - 3289 6.82–7.11 and 7.27–7.52 - 5.47 2.22 8.47
5e 1524 - 1634 - 3311 6.84–7.10 and 7.26–7.71 - 5.42 2.39 8.51
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a Solution in DMSO-d6.

2.1. Antimicrobial Activity

All of our compounds, i.e., hydrazones 2a–e, pyrazoles 3a–e, pyrazolines 4a–e and 5a–e were tested for antimicrobial activity against four test organisms: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC6538P, Escherichia coli ATCC873, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC9027 and Candida albicans ATCC2091 using rifampicin (5 μg/disc) and ampicillin (10 μg/disc) as standard drugs (Table 3).

Table 3.

Antimicrobial activities of all the synthesized compounds.

Compound Zone of inhibition (mm) Minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) g/mL
S. aureus C. albicans S. aureus C. albicans
2a - 20 - 250
2b - 15 - -
2c 17 20 100 50
2d 14 20 120 500
2e 12 15 - -
3a 19 22 63 31
3b 18 25 125 31
3c 22 26 50 50
3d 18 20 63 125
3e 17 17 - -
4a - 15 - -
4b - 15 - -
4c 21 20 100 50
4d 15 18 63 63
4e - 15 - -
5a - 15 - -
5b - 15 - -
5c 21 24 50 50
5d - 15 - -
5e 17 17 - -
Rifampicin 32 - - -
Ampicillin 30 - - -
DMSO - 14 - -
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(-) Indicates no activity.

The agar well-diffusion method [33] was used for studying the potential activities of these compounds. All compounds only showed potent activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans in the following ranking: 3a–e > 5a–e > 4a–e ≥ 2a–e. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for the individual compounds that showed inhibition zones > 10 were determined by means of the agar well-diffusion method in DMSO. The results of antimicrobial activities of our synthesized compounds against S. aureus and C. albicans are shown in Table 3 as zone of inhibition (in mm) and minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC (mg/mL). The trend of activity was observed as follows: X > H > OMe > NO2 where X = Cl, Br. Minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were determined for all chloro derivatives such as 1c, 2c, 3c, 4c and 5c which exhibit good activities. These results are listed in Table 4.

Table 4.

Determination of minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) µg/mL of chloro-derivatives.

Concentrations µg/mL 1000 500 250 125 63 31 1000 500 250 125 63 31
Microorganism Growth S. aureus C. albicans
2c - - - + + + - - - - + +
3c - - - + + + - - - + + +
4c - - - + + + - - + + + +
5c - - + + + + - - - - + +
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3. Experimental

3.1. General

Melting points were taken in open capillary tubes using an Electrothermal apparatus 9100 (Rochford, UK) and are uncorrected. Microanalyses were performed at Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt, using an Elementary Vario el III C, H, N, S analyzer (Hanau, Germany). IR spectra were recorded using potassium bromide disks on a Perkin Elmer Spectrum RXI/FT-IR System (Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt). 1H-NMR spectra were determined on a Varian EM-390 MHz spectrophotometer, using TMS as internal standard.

3.2. General Procedure for Preparation of 3-Phenyl-4-(p-substituted phenyl)-3-buten-1-ones 1a–e

Compounds 1a–d were obtained in a good yield according to a published method [31]. The physical properties and all the spectral data were as reported in the literature

3.3. General Procedure for Preparation of 3-Phenyl-4-(p-substituted phenyl)-3-buten-1-(p-sulphamyl-phenyl)hydrazones 2a–e

A solution of the chalcone 1a–e (10 mmol) in ethanol (30 mL) was refluxed with the appropriate amount of p-sulphamylphenylhydrazine (10 mmol) in glacial acetic acid (2 mL) for six hours, then the reaction mixture was poured into crushed ice and kept overnight at room temperature. The separated crude solid was filtered off, washed successively with water, dried and recrystallized from ethanol (95%) to give 2a–e as needles. Physical and analytical data for the prepared compounds are shown in Table 1. IR and 1H-NMR data are listed in Table 2.

3.4. General Procedure for Preparation of 3-Methyl-4-phenyl-5-(p-substituted phenyl)-1-(p-sulphamyl-phenyl)pyrazoles 3a–e

A mixture of the appropriate hydrazones 2a–e (10 mmol) and 30% HCl (15 mL) was heated under reflux for three hours and left to cool. After the reaction mixture reached room temperature, it was poured into crushed ice and the oily product deposited was decanted from water and extracted with ether. The ether layer was washed two times by water, dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and evaporated. The precipitate obtained was recrystallized from ethanol (95%) to afford the corresponding pyrazoles 3a–e as needles. Physical and analytical data for 3a–e are as shown in Table 1. IR and 1H-NMR data are shown in Table 2.

3.5. General Procedure for Preparation of 4,5-Dihydro-3-methyl-4-phenyl-5-(p-substituted phenyl)-pyrazole-1-thiocarboxamides 4a–e

A mixture of the appropriate chalcone 1a–e (10 mmol) in ethanol (30 mL) was refluxed with the appropriate amount of thiosemicarbazide (12 mmol) in glacial acetic acid (2 mL) for 17 hours, then the reaction mixture was poured into crushed ice and was kept overnight at room temperature. The separated crude solid was filtered off, washed successively with water, dried and recrystallized from ethanol/chloroform to give 4a–e as needles. The results and characterization data are listed in Table 1 and Table 2.

3.6. General Procedure for Preparation of 4,5-Dihydro-3-methyl-4-phenyl-5-(p-substituted phenyl)-1-isonicotinoylpyrazoles 5a–e

A mixture of the appropriate chalcone 1a–e (10 mmol) in ethanol (30 mL) was refluxed with the appropriate amount of isonicotinic acid hydrazide (10 mmol) in glacial acetic acid (2 mL) for five hours. The reaction mixture was treated as mentioned for the preparation of 4a–e to give the corresponding pyrazole 5a–e. Physical and spectroscopic data of 5a–e are listed in Table 1 and Table 2, respectively.

3.7. Determination of Antimicrobial Activity

All compounds were tested against four different microorganisms: Staphylococcus aurous, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans. The agar well-diffusionmethod was applied for the determination of inhibition zone and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Briefly, broth culture (0.75 mL) containing ca. 106 colon-forming units (CFU) per mL of the test strain was added to nutrient agar medium (75 mL) at 45 °C, mixed well, and then poured into a 15 cm sterile metallic Petri plate. The medium was allowed to solidify and 8 mm wells were dug with a sterile metallic borer, then a DMSO solution of the test sample (1 mL) at 1 mg/mL was added to the respective wells. DMSO served as negative control, and the standard antimicrobial drugs rifampicin (5 μg/disc) and ampicillin (10 μg/disc) were used as positive controls. Triplicate plates for each microorganism strain were prepared and were incubated aerobically at 37 °C for 24 h. The activity was determined by measuring the diameter of zone showing complete inhibition (mm), thereby, the zones were precisely measured with the aid of a Venier caliper (precision 0.1 mm). The growth inhibition was calculated with reference to the positive control. For the individual compounds that showed inhibition zones >10 mm, MIC values were determined by means of the agar well-diffusion method for concentrations of 1.0, 0.50, 0.25, 0.125, 0.063 and 0.031 mg/mL in DMSO. The tests were performed in triplicate, and the results were averaged. Minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were determined for all chloro derivatives which exhibit good activities (1c, 2c, 4c and 5c) for concentrations of 1.0, 0.50, 0.25, 0.125, 0.063 and 0.031 mg/mL in DMSO. The results are listed in Table 3 and Table 4.

4. Conclusions

This work demonstrates a rapid, efficient method for synthesis of some pyrazole derivatives. Compounds having pharmacophores such as chloro- and bromo-substituents with lipophilic properties showed the greatest antimicrobial activity.

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank the management of microbiology lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, for their support to carry out the antimicrobial activity.

Footnotes

Sample Availability: Samples of all the compounds are available from the authors.

References and Notes

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