Anthraquinones of the Roots of Pentas micrantha

Abstract

Pentas micrantha is used in the East African indigenous medicine to treat malaria. In the first investigation of this plant, the crude methanol root extract showed moderate antiplasmodial activity against the W2- (3.37 μg/mL) and D6-strains (4.00 μg/mL) of Plasmodium falciparum and low cytotoxicity (>450 μg/mL, MCF-7 cell line). Chromatographic separation of the extract yielded nine anthraquinones, of which 5,6-dihydroxylucidin-11-O-methyl ether is new. Isolation of a munjistin derivative from the genus Pentas is reported here for the first time. The isolated constituents were identified by NMR and mass spectrometric techniques and showed low antiplasmodial activities.

1. Introduction

The Rubiaceae family is an exceptional source of antimalarial herbs in East African traditional medicine [1]. 9,10-Anthraquinones, biosynthesized through the chorismate/O-succinylbenzoic acid pathway, are common secondary metabolites in this family [2]. Due to their diverse biological activities, 9,10-anthraquinones are receiving growing attention. They were reported to possess antiviral [3], antibacterial [4], antifungal [5], protein cleaving [6], anticancer [7], and antimalarial [8,9] properties, for example. Among the 450 genera of Rubiaceae, the genus Pentas became known for its rich anthraquinone and pyranonaphthoquinone content [10], which is responsible for the antiplasmodial activity of the root extracts of some of its species [11] that are regularly utilized in the Kenyan indigenous medicine for the treatment of malaria [12,13]. The urgent need for scientific evaluation of herbal medicines was demonstrated by recent studies of three morphologically similar Pentas species utilized in the Kenyan indigenous practice, revealing good antiplasmodial activity of the alcoholic root extract of P. lanceolata (Forssk.) (IC₅₀ = 1.3–2.5 μg/mL) [11], the lack of activity of that of P. bussei (K. Krause) (IC₅₀ = 49.0–49.9 μg/mL) [14] and the high cytotoxicity of the extract of the roots of P. longiflora (Oliv.) (IC₅₀ = 0.9–1.0 μg/mL; CC₅₀ = 0.8 μg/mL) [11]. As part of our ongoing efforts to evaluate the antimalarial activity of Kenyan Pentas species that are in use in traditional medicine we have investigated Pentas micrantha (Baker). In East Africa its fresh roots are chewed or its root infusion is taken against malaria [15]. Herein the very first phytochemical examination of its roots is presented.

2. Results and Discussion

Despite its indigenous use in malaria treatment [15], Pentas micrantha (Baker) has so far not been phytochemically examined. Chromatographic separation of the methanol extract provided nine compounds, of which tectoquinone (1), lucidin-ω-methyl ether (2), damnacanthol (3), rubiadin-1-methyl ether (4), rubiadin (5), damnacanthal (7), 5,6-dihydroxydamnacanthol (8), and munjistin methyl ester (9) [16,17] were previously reported from other plants [11]. It should be noted that this is the first report on isolation of a munjistin derivative from the genus Pentas. In addition to the above quinones, the new natural product 6 was isolated as a red powder. Its HRMS (ESI) analysis indicated the molecular formula C₁₆H₁₂O₇, whereas its UV-VIS absorption maxima at 216, 270, 310 and 420 nm were compatible with a 9,10-anthraquinone skeleton [18]. Its ¹H-NMR spectrum (Table 1) displayed an aromatic singlet, H-4, and a pair of ortho-coupled aromatic doublets for H-7 and H-8, indicating the presence of a tri- and a disubstituted aromatic rings in the anthraquinone system. The chemical shift of the additional peaks revealed the presence of a methoxy (OCH₃-12), an oxymethylene (CH₂-11), and a chelated hydroxyl group (OH-1).

Table 1.

The ¹H and ¹³C-NMR data for 5,6-dihydroxylucidin-11-O-methyl ether (6) in DMSO-d₆.

Atom	δH (I, mult, J in Hz)	δC	HMBC
1	-	164.4	-
1a	-	109.1	-
2	-	117.4	-
3	-	163.6	-
4	7.20 (1H, s)	107.2	1a, 2, 10
4a	-	134.2	-
5	-	152.4	-
5a	-	116.2	-
6	-	152.9	-
7	7.06 (1H, d, 8.1)	120.9	5,8a
8	7.63 (1H, d, 8.1)	121.8	5a,6,9
8a	-	123.3	-
9	-	184.0	-
10	-	188.6	-
11	4.42 (2H, s)	61.7	1,2,3,12
12	3.25 (3H, s)	58.0	11
1-OH	13.92 (1H, br s)	-	1,1a,2
3-OH	-	-	-
5-OH	-	-	-
6-OH	-	-	-

HMBC correlations of the phenolic proton OH-1, observable for a DMSO-d₆ solution, to C-9 (Table 1) allowed its assignation to the C-1 position. The HMBC correlations of H-4 (s) to the C-10 carbonyl, C-2 and C-3 aromatic carbons confirmed that ring A is trisubstituted, and allowed its unambiguous positioning at C-4. The chemical shift of OCH₃-12 along with its HMBC correlation to C-11 as well as the correlations of CH₂-11 to C-1, C-2 and C-3 indicated the presence of a methoxymethyl substituent at C-2. The occurrence of a directly attached carbon substituent at the C-2 position is in agreement with the generally accepted biogenetic route of anthraquinones of the Rubiaceae family [2]. H-8 was assigned based on its HMBC correlation to C-9, which assignation also defines the position of H-7 on ring C, whereas 6- and 3-OH were assignable based on the C-3 and C-6 chemical shifts. The above spectroscopic evidence allowed the characterization of 6 as 1,3,5,6-tetrahydroxy-2-(methoxymethyl)-9,10-anthraquinone, for which the trivial name 5,6-dihydroxylucidin-11-O-methyl ether is proposed.

As roots of herbs belonging to the genus Pentas and so P. micrantha are used in the Kenyan traditional medicine against malaria-related fever, the antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of the crude methanol root extract was investigated. A promising in vitro antiplasmodial activity (Table 2) was observed along with low cytotoxicity. The higher antiplasmodial activity of the crude methanol extract as compared to that of its isolated constituents may be rationalized by synergistic effects [19] or by the possible loss of a highly active minor constituent throughout the isolation process. The observed weak-to-moderate antiplasmodial activity of the isolated 9,10-anthraquinones is corroborated by previous reports [20,21,22,23]. The acquired data indicates that the substitution pattern of the anthraquinone skeleton modulates the antiplasmodial activity, with compound 5 showing the highest activity. Although preliminary suggestions on the structure-activity relationship of this compound group have already been presented [20], additional studies are required for the establishment of reliable conclusions.

Table 2.

Biological activities of the methanol root extract of P. micrantha and of the isolated constituents 1–9.

Sample	R1	R2	R3	R5	R6	IC50 (μmol/mL) a		CC50b
						D6	W2	(μmol/mL)
Crude (CH3OH)						4.00 ± 1.86c	3.37 ± 0.74c	>450 c
1	H	CH3	H	H	H	30.36 ± 0.01	48.56 ± 0.01	>100
2	OH	CH2OCH3	OH	H	H	42.54 ± 0.01	46.44 ± 0.01	>352
3	OCH3	CH2OH	OH	H	H	56.58 ± 0.00	110.6 ± 0.01	238
4	OCH3	CH3	OH	H	H	45.07 ± 0.01	70.56 ± 0.00	208
5	OH	CH3	OH	H	H	21.54 ± 0.00	31.91 ± 0.01	310
6	OH	CH2OCH3	OH	OH	OH	31.84 ± 0.01	35.41 ± 0.01	258
7	OCH3	CHO	OH	H	H	27.19 ± 0.00	38.58 ± 0.00	316
8	OCH3	CH2OH	OH	OH	OH	47.53 ± 0.01	61.17 ± 0.02	>450
9	OH	COOCH3	OH	H	H	n.d.d	n.d. d	n.d. d

^a IC₅₀: In vitro activity. Data are the mean of at least 3 independent experiments; ^b CC₅₀: cytotoxic concentration. The mean values of at least six independent experiments are given; ^cFor crude extract the data is given in μg/mL; ^d n.d.: not determined due to the low isolated amount (0.5 mg). As positive controls 1-isopropyl-3-(pyridin-4-ylethynyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-amine [26] (CC₅₀ = 5.0 μmol/mL, confidence interval (95%) = 1.4–17.8 μmol/mL), chloroquine (IC₅₀ = 14.68 ± 2.41 nmol/mL (D6); IC₅₀ = 522.4 ± 84.2 nmol/mL (W2)) and mefloquine (IC₅₀ = 87.61 ± 40.46 nmol/mL (D6); IC₅₀ = 6.65 ± 1.18 nmol/mL (W2)) were used. The bioactivity of compounds 1–5 and 7–8 was previously published in reference [11].

The analytical HPLC-UV chromatogram [24] of the alcoholic root extract (Figure 1) indicated that the major anthraquinone constituents were successfully isolated. Furthermore, it confirms that compounds 1–9 are truly present in the roots and are unaffected by the purification process [25]. Compounds 1–9 were also identified from the chloroform and the ethyl acetate extracts of the roots (Supporting Information, Figure S7) further confirming that neither methyl ethers 2–4, 7 and 8 or methyl ester 9 are artifacts produced by the methanolic extraction process.

Figure 1.

HPLC chromatograms of the methanol (blue) and aqueous (red) extracts of the roots of Pentas micrantha. The isolated constituents are given in Table 2. A 2.5 mL/min flow rate of acetonitrile/water eluent (0.1% formic acid, isocratic 30:70 for 2 min, gradient 30:70 to 70:30 in 5 min, isocratic 70:30 for 1 min) was used on a Gemini C-18 column (5 mm, 100 Å).

A small quantity of damnacanthal (7) was identified by HPLC-UV (Figure 1, red curve) and confirmed by NMR in the aqueous root extract, which observation reveals that the typical indigenous use of P. micrantha—the chewing of its roots or taking of its aqueous (or alcoholic) root infusion—may have some antiplasmodial effect [15]. However, the 9,10-anthraquinone content, often directly associated with antiplasmodial activity of Pentas extracts, is significantly lower in the aqueous as compared to the alcoholic extract (Figure 1). It should also be noted that the alcoholic extract does not show significant cytotoxicity (Table 2).

3. Experimental

3.1. General Procedures

Column chromatography was performed on oxalic acid impregnated silica gel, following a previously described procedure [17]. TLC was carried out on precoated silica gel 60 F₂₅₄ (Merck) plates. For structure elucidation gCOSY, gTCOSY, gNOESY, gHSQC and gHMBC NMR spectra were acquired on Varian 800, 500 and 400 MHz spectrometers. LC-MS (ESI) was performed on a Perkin Elmer PE SCIEX API 150 EX instrument equipped with Turbolon spray ion source and a Gemini 5 mm C-18 110 Ǻ HPLC column using a water-acetonitrile gradient (80:20 to 20:80). High-resolution mass spectral analysis (Q-TOF-MS) was performed at Stenhagen Analyslab AB, Gothenburg, Sweden. Preparative HPLC was run on a Waters 600E HPLC system using the Chromulan software (Pikron Ltd., Praha, Czech Republic), a Kromasil C-8 250 × 25 mm C-8 column and water-acetonitrile eluent mixture.

The crude methanol and aqueous root extracts were analyzed using analytical HPLC applying a gradient of water-acetonitrile (0.1% formic acid) with 2.5 mL/min flow rate on a Gemini C-18 column (5 mm, 110 Å) using a LaChrom Elite HPLC system. An isocratic CH₃CN:H₂O (30:70) flow for 2 min was followed by the CH₃CN:H₂O gradient of 30:70 to 70:30 in 5 min, and isocratic 70:30 for 1 min. The presence of the purified constituents 1–8 in the crude extracts was confirmed by comparison of retention times.

3.2. Plant Material

P. micrantha, collected at the coastal region of Kenya in July 2010, was identified by P. Chalo Mutiso at the Herbarium, School of Biological Sciences (SBS), University of Nairobi (UoN), where a voucher specimen was deposited (nr. MEA-2010/004).

3.3. Extraction and Isolation

The air-dried roots (0.8 kg, 5 mm mesh) were pulverized and extracted with CH₂Cl₂:CH₃OH (1:1, 4 times 1.5 L) for 24 h at room temperature. The extract was concentrated under vacuum using a rotary evaporator to yield a brownish crude extract (47 g, 5.87%). A portion of the crude extract (45 g) was subjected to column chromatography (80 cm length and 8 cm diameter, 400 g oxalic acid impregnated silica gel [11]) using an increasing gradient of EtOAc in n-hexane and 250 fractions, 200 mL each, were collected. Fractions 10–12 (1% EtOAc in n-hexane) were combined and purified on Sephadex LH-20 (SLH-20) to give tectoquinone [11] (1, 15 mg). Following re-purification on SLH-20 (eluent, CH₂Cl₂:CH₃OH; 1:1), fractions 15–20 (2% EtOAc) yielded lucidin-ω-methyl ether [17] (2, 80 mg). Fractions 63–64 (5% EtOAc) were combined and purified using column chromatography (increasing gradient of EtOAc in n-hexane) followed by SLH-20 (eluent, CH₂Cl₂:CH₃OH; 1:1) to give damnacanthol [17] (3, 52 mg). Rubiadin-1-methyl ether [17] (4, 25 mg) was obtained from fractions 75–79 (7% EtOAc in n-hexane), following repurification on SLH-20 (CH₂Cl₂: CH₃OH; 1:1). Fractions 100–103 (10% EtOAc) gave rubiadin [17] (5, 25 mg). Fractions 115–118 (12% EtOAc in n-hexane) were combined and subjected to column chromatography (increasing gradient of EtOAc in n-hexane) to yield 5,6-dihydroxylucidin-11-O-methyl ether (6, 30 mg). Fractions 131–135 (18% ethyl acetate in n-hexane) were re-purified using column chromatography (increasing gradient of EtOAc in n-hexane) to give damnacanthal [17] (7, 30 mg). Fractions 150–155 (30% EtOAc in n-hexane) gave 5,6-dihydroxydamnacanthol [17] (8, 25 mg) following column chromatography (increasing gradient of EtOAc in n-hexane).

The root residue was further extracted with CH₃OH (100%), three times (2.5 L) for 24 h and following filtration the extract was concentrated on a rotary evaporator to yield a brownish solid extract (41 g, 5.1%). Using column chromatography (80 cm length and 80 mm diameter, 400 g oxalic acid impregnated silica gel; increasing gradient of CH₃OH in CH₂Cl₂) 40 g of the crude extract was purified, collecting 200 fractions of 200 mL each. Anthraquinones 1–8 were reisolated from the methanol extract following the above described chromatographic methods. HPLC separation (Waters 600E using the software Chromulan, Pikron Ltd.) of the crude extract (11.8 g root, 200 mL CH₃OH) on a preparative C-8 reversed phase column (X-Terra^TM MS C-8, 5 μm, 19 × 50 mm) with a water-methanol gradient of 30:70 to 80:20 for 30 min, followed by 10 min at 80:20 provided munjistin methylester [16,17] (9, 0.5 mg) in addition to compounds 1–8.

The crude CH₂Cl₂:CH₃OH (1:1) and CH₃OH extracts were analyzed using analytical RP-HPLC applying a gradient of acetonitrile/water (0.1% formic acid) with 2.5 mL/min flow rate on a Gemini C-18 column (5 mm, 100 Å) using a LaChrom Elite HPLC system. An isocratic CH₃CN:H₂O (30:70) flow for 2 min was followed by the CH₃CN:H₂O gradient of 30:70 to 70:30 in 5 min. The presence of the purified constituents 1–9 in the crude extracts was confirmed by comparison of retention times.

3.4. Drugs

The reference antimalarial drugs chloroquine (Sigma-Aldrich) and mefloquine (Sigma Aldrich) that have well-documented IC₅₀ values were tested alongside the crude root extract and the isolated anthraquinones. For cytotoxicity (CC₅₀) assay 1-isopropyl-3-(pyridin-4-ylethynyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-amine [26] was used as reference substance.

3.5. Drug Susceptibility Testing

Sierra Leone D6 chloroquine-sensitive and the Indochina W2 chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains (donated by the Walter Reed Army Institute for Research [WRAIR], 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA) were maintained in continuous culture to attain replication robustness prior to assays. Drug susceptibility was tested by the Malaria SYBR Green I-based in vitro assay technique [15,17].

3.6. Cytotoxicity Assay

MCF-7 human breast cancer cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum, 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 units/mL penicillin and 100 µg/mL streptomycin at 37 °C in humidified 5% CO₂. For cytotoxicity assays, cells were seeded in 96-well plates at optimal cell density to ensure exponential growth for the duration of the assay. After a 24-h preincubation growth, the medium was replaced with experimental medium containing the appropriate drug concentrations or vehicle controls (0.1% or 1.0% v/v DMSO). After 48 h incubation, cell viability was measured using PrestoBlue™ Cell Viability Reagent (Invitrogen Ab, Lidingö, Sweden) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Absorbance was measured at 570 nm with 600 nm as a reference wavelength. Results were expressed as the mean ± standard error for six replicates as a percentage of vehicle control (taken as 100%). Experiments were performed independently at least six times. Statistical analyses were performed using a two-tailed Student’s t-test. p < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

3.7. Spectral Data

Tectoquinone (1). Orange solid. ¹H-NMR (200 MHz, CDCl₃, 25 °C) δ 8.39 (d, J = 5.8 Hz, H-8), 8.37 (d, J = 5.8 Hz, 1H, H-5), 8.29 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, H-4), 8.19 (d, J = 0.4 Hz, H-1), 7.87 (d, J = 5.8 Hz, H-7), 7.85 (d, J = 5.8 Hz, 1H, H-6), 7.80 (dd, J = 0.4, 8.1 Hz, H-3), 2.62 (s, 3H, CH₃-11). ¹³C-NMR (50 MHz, CDCl₃, 25 °C) δ 183.8 (C-9), 183.8 (C-9), 183.3 (C-10), 145.6 (C-2), 135.3 (C-3), 134.4 (C-6), 134.2 (C-7), 133.9 (C-1a), 133.88 (C-4a), 133.7 (C-5a), 131.6 (C-8a), 127.8 (C-1), 127.7 (C-4), 127.5 (C-5 and C-8), 22.2 (C-11). m/z (ESI-MS, 30 eV) 223.3 [M+H]⁺ [11].

Lucidine-ω-methyl ether (2). Orange solid. UV (CH₃OH) λ_max nm 230, 280, 410 nm. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆, 799.89 MHz, 25 °C) δ 13.31 (s, 1H, OH), 11.5 (br s, 1H, OH), 8.25 (ddd, J = 0.8, 1.8, 7.3 Hz, 1H, H-5), 8.17 (ddd, J = 0.8, 1.7, 7.3 Hz, 1H, H-8), 7.81 (ddd, J = 1.8, 7.3, 7.3 Hz, 1H, H-7), 7.78 (ddd, J = 1.8, 7.3, 7.3 Hz, 1H, H-6), 7.33 (s, 1H, H-4), 4.54 (s, 2H, CH₂-11), 3.43 (s, 3H, CH₃-12). ¹³C-NMR (DMSO-d₆, 199.95 MHz, 25 °C) δ 186.9 (C-10), 182.4 (C-9), 165.0 (C-3), 164.5 (C-1), 135.5 (C-4a), 135.3 (C-5a), 134.7 (C-8a), 133.8 (C-7), 133.6 (C-6), 127.6 (C-5), 127.2 (C-8), 117.5 (C-2), 109.8 (C-1a), 108.5 (C-4), 62.0 (C-11), 58.2 (C-12). m/z (ESI-MS, 30 eV) 285.3 [M+H]⁺, 265.3, 256.8, 247.4 [11].

Damnacanthol (3). Orange solid. UV (CH₃OH) λ_max 225, 270, 365 nm. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆, 799.89 MHz, 25 °C) δ 11.17 (br s, 1H, OH), 8.15 (dd, J = 1.40, 7.70 Hz, 1H, H-8), 8.10 (dd, J = 1.40, 7.70 Hz, 1H, H-5), 7.89 (ddd, J = 1.40, 7.70, 7.70 Hz, 1H, H-7), 7.83 (ddd, J = 1.40, 7.70, 7.70 Hz, 1H, H-6), 7.51 (s, 1H, H-4), 4.56 (s, 2H, CH₂-11), 3.85 (s, 3H, CH₃-12). ¹³C-NMR (DMSO-d₆, 199.95 MHz, 25 °C) δ 185.6 (C-10), 183.1 (C-9), 165.2 (C-3), 164.9 (C-1), 138.9 (C-4a), 137.7 (C-7), 136.5 (C-6), 136.2 (C-8a), 135.3 (C-5a), 132.0 (C-2), 129.9 (C-8), 129.2 (C-5), 121.0 (C-1a), 112.9 (C-4), 65.5 (C-12), 56.2 (C-11). m/z (ESI-MS, 30 eV) 307.4 [M+Na]+, 285.4 [M+H]⁺, 267.3 [11].

Rubiadin-1-methyl ether (4). Orange solid. UV (CH₃OH) λ_max 225, 265, 280, 360 nm. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz, 25 °C) δ 8.11 (d, J = 5.0 Hz, 1H, H-8), 8.06 (d, J = 5.0 Hz, 1H, H-5), 7.85 (dd, J = 5.0, 7.2 Hz, 1H, H-7), 7.79 (dd, J = 5.0, 7.2 Hz, 1H, H-6), 7.46 (s, 1H, H-4), 3.76 (s, 2H, H-12), 2.13 (s, 3H, H-12). ¹³C-NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz, 25 °C) δ 185.5 (C-9), 183.1 (C-10), 164.6 (C-3), 163.7 (C-1), 137.6 (C-7), 136.8 (C-4a), 136.3 (C-6), 135.2 (C-5a), 135.1 (C-8a), 129.2 (C-2), 129.8 (C-8), 129.3 (C-5), 120.9 (C-1a), 112.1 (C-4), 63.7 (C-12), 12.1 (C-11). m/z (ESI-MS, 30 eV) 307.4 [M+K]⁺, 291.3 [M+Na]⁺, 269.6 [M+H]⁺ [11].

Rubiadin (5) Yellow solid. UV (CH₃OH) λ_max 225, 240, 270, 280, 405 nm. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆, 799.89 MHz, 25 °C) δ 13.8 (s, OH), 11.1 (br s, 1-OH), 8.06 (dd, J = 1.9, 7.9 Hz, 1H, H-8), 8.02 (dd, J = 1.6, 7.0 Hz, 1H, H-5), 7.90 (ddd, J = 1.9, 7.0, 7.9 Hz, H-7), 7.82 (ddd, J = 1.6, 7.0, 7.0 Hz, 1H, H-6), 7.11 (s, 1H, H-4), 1.97 (s, 3H, CH₃-11). ¹³C-NMR (DMSO-d₆, 199.95 MHz, 25 °C) δ 186.0 (C-9), 181.5 (C-10), 162.7 (C-3), 162.1 (C-1), 134.3 (C-6), 134.2 (C-7), 132.8 (C-5a), 132.7 (C-8a), 131.5 (C-4a), 126.5 (C-8), 126.2 (C-5), 117.2 (C-2), 108.8 (C-1a), 107.3 (C-4), 9.5 (CH₃-11). m/z (ESI-MS, 30 eV) 255.6 [M+H]⁺, 239.2, 212.3, 171.5 [11].

5,6-Dihydroxylucidin-11-O-methyl ether (6). Red solid. UV (CH₃OH) λ_max 216, 270, 310 and 420 nm, ¹H-NMR and ¹³C-NMR (Table 1). HRMS (ESI): m/z 315.0571 [M−H]⁻, calcd. for C₁₆H₁₁O₇: 315.0524. Spectra are shown in the ESI.

Damnacanthal (7). Orange solid. UV (CH₃OH) λ_max 230, 280, 380 nm. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆, 799.89 MHz, 25 °C) δ 12.10 (br s, 1H, OH), 10.40 (s, 1H, H-10), 8.18 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H, H-8), 8.14 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H, H-5), 7.94 (dd, J = 7.9, 7.9 Hz, 1H, H-7), 7.88 (dd, J = 7.9, 7.9 Hz, 1H, H-6), 7.49 (s, 1H, H-4), 3.97 (s, 3H, CH₃-12). ¹³C-NMR (DMSO-d₆, 199.95 MHz, 25 °C) δ 196.0 (C-11), 185.1 (C-10), 182.9 (C-9), 168.3 (C-1), 167.7 (C-3), 143.4 (C-4a), 138.1 (C-7), 137.8 (C-8a), 136.7 (C-6), 135.6 (C-5a), 129.9 (C-8), 129.5 (C-5), 123.7 (C-2), 120.8 (C-1a), 113.9 (C-4), 66.8 (CH₃-12). m/z (ESI-MS, 30 eV) 305.3 [M+Na]⁺, 283.3 [M+H]⁺ [11].

5-6-Dihydroxydamnacanthol (8). Red solid. UV (CH₃OH) λ_max 424, 308, 274, 218 nm. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆, 799.89 MHz, 25 °C) δ 12.4 (br s, 1H, OH), 7.54 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H, H-8), 7.52 (s, 1H, H-4), 7.18 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H, H-7), 4.92 (br s, 1H, OH), 4.52 (s, 2H, CH₂-11), 3.79 (s, 3H, CH₃-12). ¹³C-NMR (DMSO-d₆, 199.95 MHz, 25 °C) δ 189.2 (C-10), 179.4 (C-9), 162.4 (C-1), 162.3 (C-3), 151.8 (C-6), 150.7 (C-5), 135.8 (C-4a), 130.1 (C-8a), 126.1 (C-2), 121.8 (C-8), 121.1 (C-7), 118.8 (C-5a), 116.4 (C-1a), 110.3 (C-4), 63.0 (CH₃-12), 52.8 (CH₂-11). m/z (ESI-MS, 30 eV) 317.1 [M+H]⁺, 299.6 [M−18]⁺ [11].

Munjistin methylester (9). Yellow solid. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆, 799.89 MHz, 25 °C) δ 13.1 (br s, 1H, OH), 8.11 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H, H-8), 8.05 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H, H-5), 7.83 (dd, J = 7.5, 7.7 Hz, 1H, H-7), 7.72 (dd, J = 7.5, 7.7 Hz, 1H, H-6), 6.53 (s, 1H, H-4), 3.66 (s, 3H, CH₃-12). ¹³C-NMR (DMSO-d₆, 199.95 MHz, 25 °C) δ 184.1 (C-10), 178.5 (C-9), 167.8 (C-11), 165.6 (C-3), 164.0 (C-1), 135.2 (C-8a), 134.3 (C-7), 132.7 (C-5a), 132.3 (C-6), 126.4 (C-5), 125.5 (C-8), 117.8 (C-4), 116.4 (C-1a), 101.0 (C-2), 51.1 (CH₃-12). m/z (ESI-MS, 30 eV) 283.7 [M+H]⁺, 239.1[M−45]⁺ [17].

4. Conclusions

Several Pentas species are in indigenous use in the East African traditional medicine, however, without taking the likely variation of the chemical constituents between the species or subspecies in consideration. The anthraquinone content of the roots of P. lanceolata [11] and P. micrantha shows a high degree of similarity (quinones 1–5, 7–8) suggesting their close genetic relationship. On the contrary, the major secondary metabolites of P. longiflora and P. bussei are pyranonaphthoquinones and benzoquinones, respectively, without any 9,10-anthraquinone having been so far reported [11,14]. Whereas anthraquinones show moderate antiplasmodial activity [11], the benzoquinones are inactive against Plasmodium [14] and the pyranonaphthoquinone’s cytotoxicity prevents their antiplasmodial application [11]. The variation of biochemical routes between the species of genus Pentas along with the greatly different antiplasmodial activities of their secondary metabolites motivates further scientific analysis of this genus. In addition, it reveals the need for outreach programs to improve the public awareness of the differences between the toxicities and the antiplasmodial activities of the root extracts of the taxa of genus Pentas.

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary materials can be accessed at: http://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/18/1/311/s1.

Supplementary Files

Supplementary File 1

Supplementary File (PDF, 494 KB)