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Effect of tannins isolated from purple prairie clover (PPC; Dalea purpurea Vent.), sainfoin (SF; Onobrychis viciifolia) and brown seaweed (SW; Ascophyllum nodosum) on cell membrane of Escherichia coli (strain ATCC 25922). E. coli was aerobically cultured in M9 media containing no tannins (Control) or containing 50 µg of condensed tannins isolated from PPC or SF or 25 µg/mL phlorotannins from SW for 12 h.
