Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel 2-Methoxypyridylamino-Substituted Riminophenazine Derivatives as Antituberculosis Agents

Abstract

Clofazimine, a member of the riminophenazine class, is one of the few antibiotics that are still active against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). However, the clinical utility of this agent is limited by its undesirable physicochemical properties and skin pigmentation potential. With the goal of maintaining potent antituberculosis activity while improving physicochemical properties and lowering skin pigmentation potential, a series of novel riminophenazine derivatives containing a 2-methoxypyridylamino substituent at the C-2 position of the phenazine nucleus were designed and synthesized. These compounds were evaluated for antituberculosis activity against M. tuberculosis H37Rv and screened for cytotoxicity. Riminophenazines bearing a 3-halogen- or 3,4-dihalogen-substituted phenyl group at the N-5 position exhibited potent antituberculosis activity, with MICs ranging from 0.25~0.01 μg/mL. The 3,4-dihalogen- substituted compounds displayed low cytotoxicity, with IC₅₀ values greater than 64 μg/mL. Among these riminophenazines, compound 15 exhibited equivalent in vivo efficacy against M. tuberculosis infection and reduced skin discoloration potential in an experimental mouse infection model as compared to clofazimine. Compound 15, as compared to clofazimine, also demonstrated improved physicochemical properties and pharmacokinetic profiles with a short half-life and less drug tissue accumulation. This compound is being evaluated as a potential drug candidate for the treatment of multidrug resistant tuberculosis.

1. Introduction

Tuberculosis (TB) has become a global public health emergency due to the rapid development of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). According to the Global Tuberculosis Report released by World Health Organization in 2013, an estimated 8.6 million people developed TB and 1.3 million people died from TB in 2012, including 320,000 deaths among HIV-positive people [1]. Some progress has been made to develop new TB drugs. Currently, the global TB drug pipeline consists of about 10 new or repurposed drugs in Phase II or Phase III clinical trials. Bedaquiline, a new TB drug with a novel mechanism of action has become the first drug approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment MDR-TB in more than 40 years [1,2,3]. Despite the progress, there is still an urgent need for new and more effective therapy for the treatment MDR-TB and repurposing or optimizing existing antibiotics has been proved an effective approach in identifying new TB drugs [2,4].

Clofazimine (CFZ, Figure 1) was first introduced in 1960s for the treatment of leprosy [5]. This agent has demonstrated excellent activity against MDR-TB both in vitro and in vivo, and has been used in clinical trials for the treatment of MDR-TB [6]. We have conducted a systematic structural modification on CFZ to address the skin discoloration problem, which is one of the major obstacles for its clinical use [7,8,9]. We have identified a novel series of riminophenazine derivatives containing a 2-methoxypyridylamino substituent at the C-2 position of the phenazine nucleus. This series of compounds, exemplified by TBI-1004 (Figure 1), displayed potent antituberculosis activity, reduced lipophilicity, and improved pharmacokinetic profiles as compared to CFZ [8]. We also concluded that an electron-withdrawing group at the para-position of the phenyl ring at the N-5 position was beneficial to antituberculosis activity [9]. Previously, O’Sullivan and coworkers found that compoundsbearing a 3,4-dichlorophenyl or 3,4,5-trichlorophenyl group at the N-5 position and a tetramethylpiperidyl group at the C-3 position, such as compound B4100 (Figure 1), possessed improved antituberculosis activity as compared to CFZ [10,11]. These work prompted us to further investigate the effect of the halogen atoms on the phenyl ring at the N-5 position for antituberculosis activity based on our 2-methoxypyridylamino-substituted riminophenazine system.

Figure 1.

Structures of CFZ and its analogues.

The present work aimed to identify novel riminophenazine derivatives with potent antituberculosis activity, improved physicochemical property and pharmacokinetic profiles and low skin pigmentation potential. Hence, we kept the phenazine nucleus with the 2-methoxypyridylamino group at the C-2 position intact. Our previous work indicated that the 2-methoxypyridylamino group is a privileged moiety [9]. We focused our investigation on the halogen effect of the N-5 phenyl group. In addition, we introduced cyclic alkyl group including O-containing heterocyclic group to the imino nitrogen of CFZ and evaluated their impact on antituberculosis activity and lipophilicity (ClogP).

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Chemistry

The synthetic route for target compounds 8–25 is illustrated in Scheme 1. The most compounds were prepared based on the previously published protocols [9,12]. Nitro compounds 2a–d were synthesized from commercially available 2-fluoronitrobenzene (1) and aryl amines via aromatic nucleophilic substitution. The nitro group in compounds 2a–d was reduced to give amine compounds 3a–d, and followed by substitution with 1,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DFDNB) to afford compounds 4a–d. The formation of the key intermediates 5a–d was achieved by aromatic nucleophilic displacement in good yields. Reduction of nitro groups in 5a–d was carried out using different methods depending on the structure of the substrate. For examples, compounds 5a and 5c were reduced by using catalytic hydrogenation, while compounds 5b and 5d were reduced by using zinc powder and glacial acetic acid. Compounds 6a–d underwent spontaneous cyclization to afford riminophenazines 7a–d. Final target compounds 8–25 were prepared by replacing the imines compounds 7a–d with different amine side chains in the presence of glacial acetic acid.

Scheme 1.

Synthesis of the target compounds 8–25.

Reagents and conditions: (i) KF, R₁NH₂, 160 °C, 24%–76%; (ii) 10% Pd/C, H₂, ethanol or Zn/CH₃COOH, THF, rt; (iii) DFDNB, Et₃N, ethanol, rt, 30%–94% (two steps from 2a–d); (iv) 3-amino-2-methoxypyridine, Et₃N, THF, reflux, 51%–88%; (v) 10% Pd/C, methanol, THF, H₂ or Zn/CH₃COOH, CH₂Cl₂, rt; (vi) air, methanol, rt, 24%–94% (two steps from 5a–d); (vii) R₂NH₂, CH₃COOH, dioxane, sealed tube, 110 °C, 33%–86%.

2.2. Biological Results and Discussion

Table 1 summarizes the structure and biological data for 18 new riminophenazines. CFZ and TBI-1004 were included as reference compounds. All new compounds were screened for in vitro activity against M. tuberculosis H37Rv using the Microplate Alamar Blue Assay (MABA) in 96-well plate format. The antibacterial activity of the compounds is indicated by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. The target compounds were also tested for cytotoxicity using Vero cells measured as a concentration inhibiting 50% growth (IC₅₀) as compared to a no treatment control [8]. The lipophilicity is estimated by ClogP, calculated by ChemOffice 2004 software.

Table 1.

Physicochemical property (ClogP), antituberculosis activity (MIC), cytotoxicity (VERO IC₅₀), and selectivity index (SI) values for target compounds.

Compound	R1	R2	ClogP a	MIC(μg/mL)	IC50(μg/mL)	SI b
CFZ			7.50	0.12	68.6	572
TBI-1004			5.90	0.038	>64	1684
8			5.90	0.06	2.65	44
9			4.70	0.061	9.21	151
10			6.47	0.250	5.10	20
11			5.99	0.030	50.88	1696
12			6.55	0.060	>64	1067
13			7.67	0.057	53.26	934
14			5.27	0.025	23.40	936
15			5.98	0.066	>64	970
16			5.50	0.014	25.51	1822
17			6.06	0.040	>64	1600
18			7.17	0.030	>64	2133
19			4.77	0.067	>64	955
20			5.80	0.056	>64	1143
21			7.07	0.099	>64	646
22			6.59	0.025	>64	2560
23			7.15	0.06	>64	1067
24			5.86	0.080	>64	800
25			6.89	0.059	>64	1085

^a ClogP values, calculated using ChemOffice 2004 software. ^b SI = selectivity index IC₅₀/MIC (For IC₅₀ values of >64 μg/mL, a value of 64 μg/mL was used for the SI calculation).

Lipophilicity (ClogP) is an important property for riminophenazine derivatives, as skin discoloration side effect of CFZ is closely related to its high lipophilicity [13]. As shown in Table 1, the ClogP values for the most new compounds are lower than that of CFZ (7.50), ranging from 4.70 to 7.17 with the exception of compound 13. Compounds with a 3-fluoro- or 3,4-difluorophenyl group at the N-5 position displayed significantly reduced lipophilicity as compared to the corresponding chloro substituted compounds, as exemplified by compound 8 (ClogP 5.90) versus compound 10 (ClogP 6.47), compound 15 (ClogP 5.98) versus compound 21 (ClogP 7.07). These results are consistent with previous observation that chlorination of CFZ and its analogues improves antibacterial activity and increases lipophilicity, which is a major factor for skin pigmentation [14]. In addition, the tetrahydropyranyl substituent on the imino nitrogen at the C-3 position, as compared to the other groups, significantly reduces ClogP value, as exemplified by compound 14 (ClogP 5.27) versus compound 10 (ClogP 6.47), compound 19 (ClogP 4.77) versus compound 15 (ClogP 5.98). This substituent could serve as an interesting lead for identifying new analogues with further decreased lipophilicity [15].

Against M. tuberculosis H37Rv, the majority of compounds exhibited potent activity equal or better than CFZ and TBI-1004 with MIC values ranging from 0.01 to 0.1 μg/mL. It appears that the number, type and position of the halogen atoms on the phenyl ring at the N-5 position have no significant impact on the antituberculosis activity. However, compounds with a 3-F or 3-Cl substituted phenyl group on the N-5 position have showed higher cytotoxicity as compared to its corresponding 4- and 3,4-disubstituted compounds, as exemplified by compound 8 (IC₅₀ 2.65 μg/mL) versus TBI-1004 (IC₅₀ > 64 μg/mL). Interestingly, all compounds with a 3,4-dihalogen-substituted phenyl groups displayed very low cytotoxicity, with IC₅₀ > 64 μg/mL, with the exception of compound 16 (IC₅₀ 25.51 μg/mL).

Based on our systematic evaluation of lipophilicity, antituberculosis activity and cytotoxicity, two compounds 15 and 22 were selected for a multiple doses in vivo toxicity study in mice. Table 2 summarizes the tolerability data by recording the number of mice which survived after an oral administration at a dose of 500 mg/kg, once daily for 4 days, followed by a 7-day observation. As shown in Table 2, both compounds 15 and 22 demonstrated good safety in mice. Therefore, the in vivo efficacy evaluation of compounds 15 and 22 were conducted in a mouse model infected by M. tuberculosis H37Rv. The in vivo efficacy results were summarized in Table 3. Compound 15 demonstrated excellent efficacy in mice, the bacterial burden in the lungs was reduced by 3.8 logs colony forming units (CFU) as compared to the untreated control group and equivalent to CFZ. Furthermore, during the in vivo study, we also observed that the discoloration of the ears, internal organs and fat tissues of the mice treated with compound 15 appeared less intense as compared to CFZ. However, compound 22 failed to display efficacy in mouse model. The inconsistency between the in vivo and in vitro results might be explained by poor pharmacokinetics [16]. Finally, preliminary PK in mice was evaluated for compound 15. As shown in Table 4, compound 15 demonstrated a shorter plasma half-life (t_1/2), higher Cmax and AUC as compared to CFZ, which could explain its excellent efficacy and reduced skin discoloration potential compared to CFZ.

Table 2.

Preliminary multidose toxicity study of compounds 15 and 22 ^a.

Compound	Number of animals that survived/Total number of animals
15	5/5
22	6/6

^a oral administration at a dose of 500 mg/kg, once daily for 4 days, followed by 7-day observation.

Table 3.

Efficacy of CFZ, compounds 15 and 22 after 30 days of treatment of BALB/c mice infected with M. tuberculosis H37Rv. (mean ± SD) ^a.

Groups	Dose (mg/kg)	logCFU/lung
Control (D3)		1.94 ± 028
Control (D10)		3.72 ± 0.46
Control (D30)		8.32 ± 0.19
CFZ	20	4.29 ± 0.58
15	20	4.56 ± 0.38
22	20	8.06 ± 0.13

^a 5 mice were used in every group (n = 5).

Table 4.

Preliminary pharmacokinetic parameters of CFZ and 15 dosed orally in mice at 20 mg/kg.

Compound	T1/2 (h)	Tmax (h)	Cmax (mg/L)	AUC0~24 h (mg/L*h)
CFZ	27.11	2	0.47	8.22
15	13.80	2	1.835	21.156

3. Experimental

3.1. General Information

3.1.1. Chemistry

All reagents and solvents were purchased from commercial sources unless otherwise indicated. Melting points were determined on Yanaco MP-J3 melting point apparatus. Thin-layer chromatography was performed with fluorescent silica gel plates GF254, which were checked under UV (254 nm) light. ¹H-NMR spectra were recorded on Varian mercury-300 MHz or Varian-400 MHz NMR spectrometer in CDCl₃ or DMSO-d₆. ¹³C-NMR spectra were obtained on Varian-400 at 100 MHz in CDCl₃. High-resolution mass spectra were measured on an Agilent 1100 series LC/MSD trap mass spectrometer (ESI-TOF).

3.1.2. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Cytotoxicity Assays

These were carried out according to our published protocols [8].

3.1.3. In vivo Acute M. tuberculosis H37Rv Infection Assay and Mouse Pharmacokinetic Study

These were carried out according to our published protocols [8].

3.2. General Procedure for Preparation of Compounds 2a–d

N-(3-Fluorophenyl)-2-nitroaniline (2a). A mixture of 2-fluoronitrobenzene (21.2 g, 150 mmol), 3-fluoroaniline (20.0 g, 180 mmol) and anhydrous potassium fluoride (8.7 g, 150 mmol) was stirred at 160 °C for 36 h. The mixture was then cooled, water and ethyl acetate were added, the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate, and the combined organic layer was washed with 2 N HCl and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum, and the crude product was recrystallized in 60 mL of 95% ethanol to give 17.4 g of 2a as a red solid in 50% yield. Mp: 73–74 °C. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 6.82–6.94 (2 H, m), 6.99–7.07 (2 H, m), 7.29–7.45 (3 H, m), 8.21 (1 H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 9.43 (1 H, s).

N-(3-Chlorophenyl)-2-nitroaniline (2b). Compound 2b was synthesized in a similar manner as described for 2a to provide 18.7 g of a red solid, yield 76%. Mp: 88–90 °C. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ: 6.98 (1 H, m), 7.19 (1 H, m), 7.28 (2 H, m), 7.37 (2 H, m), 7.56 (1 H, m), 8.12 (1 H, dd, J = 8.1, 1.5 Hz), 9.28 (1 H, brs).

N-(3,4-Difluorophenyl)-2-nitroaniline (2c). Compound 2c was synthesized in a similar manner as described for 2a to give 23.1 g of a red solid, yield 61%. Mp: 95–97 °C.¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 6.84 (1 H, t, J = 7.5 Hz), 6.99–7.03 (1 H, m), 7.10–7.17 (2 H, m), 7.22 (1 H, d, J = 9.0 Hz), 7.41 (1 H, m), 8.22 (1 H, dd, J = 8.4, 1.2 Hz), 9.35 (1 H, s).

N-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-2-nitroaniline (2d). Compound 2d was synthesized in a similar manner as described for 2a to afford 20.0 g of a red solid, yield 24%. Mp: 78–79 °C. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 6.87 (1 H, d, J = 6.9 Hz), 7.12 (1 H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 7.22 (1 H, s), 7.41 (1 H, d, J = 6.9 Hz), 7.44–7.48 (2 H, m), 8.21 (1 H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 9.47 (1 H, s).

3.3. General Procedure for Preparation of Compounds 4a–d

1-[2-(3-Fluoroanilino)anilino]-3-fluoro-4,6-dinitrobenzene (4a). Zinc powder (40 g, 615 mmol) was added portionwise into a mixture of 2a (17 g, 73 mmol) in THF (250 mL) and glacial acetic acid (18 mL, 315 mmol) at room temperature. After filtration, DFDNB (14.9 g, 73 mmol) and triethylamine (7.4 g, 73 mmol) were added to the filtrate (3a); the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 9 h, and was concentrated to dryness. The residue was washed with ethanol and filtered to give 19.81 g of 4a in 70% yield as a red solid. Mp: 170–171 °C. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ: 6.50 (1 H, d, J = 14.1 Hz), 6.60 (1 H, t, J = 8.7 Hz), 6.69–6.78 (2 H, m), 7.08–7.22 (2 H, m), 7.32–7.38 (3 H, m), 7.99 (1 H, s), 8.88 (1 H, d, J = 7.5 Hz), 9.99 (1 H, s).

1-[2-(3-Chloroanilino)anilino]-3-fluoro-4,6-dinitrobenzene (4b). Compound 4b was synthesized in a similar manner as described for 4a to provide 1.21 g of an orange solid, yield 30%. Mp: 145–147 °C. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ: 6.49 (1 H, d, J = 14.1 Hz), 6.82 (1 H, d, J = 7.5 Hz), 6.90 (2 H, m), 7.12 (2 H, m), 7.34 (3 H, m), 7.97 (1 H, s), 8.87 (1 H, d, J = 8.1 Hz), 9.97 (1 H, s).

1-[2-(3,4-Difluoroanilino)anilino]-3-fluoro-4,6-dinitrobenzene (4c). A mixture of 2c (23 g, 91.9 mmol) and 10% Pd/C (2.3 g) in ethanol was shaken at room temperature under a hydrogen atmosphere (40 psi) for 2 h. After filtration, DFDNB (18.75 g, 91.9 mmol) and triethylamine (9.29 g, 91.9 mmol) were added to the filtrate (3c); the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 15 h, filtered, and washed with ethanol to give 34.82 g of 4c in 94% yield as an orange solid. Mp: 185–186 °C. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 5.59 (1 H, s), 6.65 (1 H, d, J = 12.9 Hz), 6.72 (1 H, d, J = 9.0 Hz), 6.83–6.90 (1 H, m), 7.04–7.13 (2 H, m), 7.29–7.37 (3 H, m), 9.17 (1 H, d, J = 7.5 Hz), 9.60 (1 H, s).

1-[2-(3,4-Dichloroanilino)anilino]-3-fluoro-4,6-dinitrobenzene (4d). Compound 4d was synthesized in a similar manner as described for 4a to give 5.9 g of an orange solid, yield 65%. Mp: 210–211 °C. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 5.60 (1 H, s), 6.47 (1 H, d, J = 13.2 Hz), 6.83 (1 H, dd, J = 8.7, 2.4 Hz), 7.07 (1 H, d, J = 2.7 Hz), 7.12–7.17 (1 H, m), 7.29–7.37 (4 H, m), 9.14 (1 H, d, J = 8.1 Hz), 9.61 (1 H, s).

3.4. General Procedure for Preparation of Compounds 5a–d

1-[2-(3-Fluoroanilino)anilino]-3-(2-methoxy-3-pyridyl)amino-4,6-dinitrobenzene (5a). A mixture of 4a (3.09 g, 8 mmol), 3-amino-2-methoxypyridine (0.99 g, 8 mmol), triethylamine (0.81 g, 8 mmol) and THF (50 mL) was refluxed for 31 h. After being cooled to room temperature, the mixture was concentrated in vacuo, CH₃OH was added to the residue, and the solid obtained was filtered to give 3 g of 5a as a red solid in 77% yield. Mp: 180–182 °C. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 3.92 (3 H, s), 5.78 (1 H, s), 6.19 (1 H, s), 6.62 (3 H, m,), 6.70–6.85 (1 H, m), 6.99 (1 H, t, J = 7.4 Hz), 7.09–7.27 (3 H, m), 7.47–7.29 (2 H, m), 7.98 (1 H, d, J = 4.6 Hz), 9.30 (1 H, s), 9.40 (1 H, s), 9.68 (1 H, s).

1-[2-(3-Chloroanilino)anilino]-3-(2-methoxy-3-pyridyl)amino-4,6-dinitrobenzene (5b). Compound 5b was synthesized in a similar manner as described for 5a to give 2.59 g of a red solid, yield 51%. Mp: 151–153 °C. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 3.80 (3 H, s), 5.82 (1 H, s), 6.68 (1 H, dd, J = 8.1, 1.5 Hz), 6.77 (1 H, brs), 6.81 (1 H, dd, J = 8.1, 1.5 Hz), 6.98 (2 H, m), 7.14 (1 H, t, J = 8.1 Hz), 7.22 (3 H, m), 7.53 (1 H, dd, J = 7.8, 1.5 Hz), 7.88 (1 H, brs), 8.03 (1 H, dd, J = 8.1, 1.5 Hz), 9.01 (1 H, s), 9.51 (1 H, brs),9.56 (1 H, brs).

1-[2-(3,4-Difluoroanilino)anilino]-3-(2-methoxy-3-pyridyl)amino-4,6-dinitrobenzene (5c). Compound 5c was synthesized in a similar manner as described for 5a to afford 8.92 g of an orange solid, yield 88%. Mp: 201–203 °C. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ: 3.78 (3 H, s), 5.76 (1 H, s), 6.53 (1 H, d, J = 8.7 Hz), 6.66–6.73 (1 H, m), 6.92–6.97 (2 H, m), 7.13–7.23 (4 H, m), 7.52 (1 H, d, J = 7.5 Hz), 7.78 (1 H, s), 8.01 (1 H, d, J = 5.1 Hz), 9.00 (1 H, s), 9.49 (1 H, s), 9.54 (1 H, s).

1-[2-(3,4-Dichloroanilino)anilino]-3-(2-methoxy-3-pyridyl)amino-4,6-dinitrobenzene (5d). Compound 5d was synthesized in a similar manner as described for 5a to give 4.0 g of a yellow solid, yield 74%. Mp: 220–221 °C. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ: 3.83 (3 H, s), 5.76 (1 H, s), 6.66 (1 H, d, J = 7.8 Hz), 6.93 (1 H, d, J = 5.1 Hz), 6.99–7.03 (2 H, m), 7.23–7.32 (4 H, m), 7.51 (1 H, d, J = 6.6 Hz), 7.95 (1 H, s), 8.01 (1 H, d, J = 6.6 Hz), 8.99 (1 H, s), 9.49 (1 H, s), 9.54 (1 H, s).

3.5. General Procedure for Preparation of Compounds 7a–d

5-(3-Fluorophenyl)-3-imino-2-(2-methoxy-3-pyridyl)amino-3,5-dihydrophenazine (7a). A mixture of 5a (2.99 g, 6.1 mmol) and 10% Pd/C (0.3 g) in methanol and THF was shaken at room temperature under a hydrogen atmosphere (40 psi) for 15 h. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum and the residue 6a was dissolved in methanol. The result solution stirred at room temperature under air for 18 h. The mixture was filtered to give 1.72 g crude 7a as a red solid in 69% yield. Compound 7a was taken to the next step without further purification.

5-(3-Chlorophenyl)-3-imino-2-(2-methoxy-3-pyridyl)amino-3,5-dihydrophenazine (7b). Zinc powder (1.63 g, 25 mmol) was added portionwise into a mixture of 5b (2.53 g, 5 mmol) and glacial acetic acid (0.86 mL, 15 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (300 mL) at room temperature. The mixture was stirred until the color turned to light green and then filtered and washed with CH₂Cl₂. The filtrate was concentrated, and the residue was treated with water and made alkaline with ammonia. The solid was filtered, washed with water, and then dissolved in anhydrous methanol. The solution was stirred under air overnight. The solid formed was filtered to give 2.01 g crude 7b in 94% yield, which was taken to the next step without further purification.

5-(3,4-Difluorophenyl)-3-imino-2-(2-methoxy-3-pyridyl)amino-3,5-dihydrophenazine (7c). Compound 7c was synthesized in a similar manner as described for 7a to give 6.46 g of a red solid, yield 86%. Compound 7c was taken to the next step without further purification.

5-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-3-imino-2-(2-methoxy-3-pyridyl)amino-3,5-dihydrophenazine (7d). Compound 7d was synthesized in a similar manner as described for 7b to afford 0.8 g of a red solid, yield 24%. Compound 7d was taken to the next step without further purification.

3.6. General Procedure for Preparation of Compounds 8–25

To a solution of 7a–d (1.0 equiv.) and amine (2.0 equiv.) in dioxane was added glacial acetic acid (0.2 equiv.), then the mixture was stirred and heated at 110 °C in a sealed tube for 10–20 h. The mixture was concentrated under vacuum, and the residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel, using petroleum ether/ethyl acetate to afford target products 8–25.

5-(3-Fluorophenyl)-3-isopropylimino-2-(2-methoxy-3-pyridyl)amino-3,5-dihydrophenazine (8). Red solid. Yield 83 mg (37%). Mp: 198–199 °C. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 1.11 (6 H, brs), 3.42–3.50 (1 H, m), 4.04 (3 H, s), 5.29 (1 H, s), 6.47 (1 H, d, J = 8.1 Hz), 6.93 (2 H, brs), 7.10–7.20 (4 H, m), 7.37 (1 H, t, J = 8.1 Hz), 7.69–7.76 (2 H, m), 7.81–7.86 (2 H, m). ¹³C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 23.5, 49.4, 53.7, 89.3, 100.1, 113.8, 116.5 (d, J = 22.3 Hz), 116.8, 117.0 (d, J = 20.6 Hz), 122.9, 124.8, 124.9, 127.6, 128.2, 131.4, 132.6, 132.7, 134.6, 135.5, 138.8, 138.9, 142.9, 150.6, 151.3, 155.5, 165.2 (d, J = 249.3 Hz). HRMS (ESI-TOF⁺): m/z [M + H]⁺ calcd for C₂₇H₂₅FN₅O: 454.2038; found: 454.2043.

5-(3-Fluorophenyl)-3-(4-tetrahydropyranyl)imino-2-(2-methoxy-3-pyridyl)amino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine (9). Red solid. Yield 100 mg (41%). Mp: 190–191 °C. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 1.67 (4 H, brs), 3.41–3.50 (3 H, m), 4.01–4.04 (5 H, m), 5.26 (1 H, s), 6.50 (1 H, d, J = 8.1 Hz), 6.90–6.94 (1 H, m), 6.97 (1 H, s), 7.09–7.22 (4 H, m), 7.38 (1 H, t, J = 8.7 Hz), 7.69–7.76 (2 H, m), 7.81–7.86 (2 H, m), 9.06 (1 H, s). ¹³C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 33.3, 33.4, 53.5, 53.7, 65.7, 89.0, 100.3, 113.9, 116.5 (d, J = 22.3 Hz), 116.8, 117.1(d, J = 20.6 Hz), 123.1, 124.4, 124.8, 127.8, 128.3, 131.2, 132.6, 132.7, 134.8, 135.6, 138.7, 138.9, 142.6, 150.9, 151.2, 155.3, 165.2 (d, J = 249.3 Hz). HRMS (ESI-TOF⁺): m/z [M + H]⁺ calcd for C₂₉H₂₇FN₅O₂: 496.2143; found: 496.2152.

5-(3-Chlorophenyl)-3-isopropylimino-2-(2-methoxy-3-pyridyl)amino-3,5-dihydrophenazine (10). Red solid. Yield 110 mg (33%). Mp: 215–217 °C. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 1.11 (6 H, d, J = 6.0 Hz), 3.46 (1 H, m), 4.04 (3 H, s), 5.27 (1 H, s), 6.45 (1 H, m), 6.91 (2 H, m), 7.15 (2 H, m), 7.27 (1 H, m), 7.38 (1 H, s), 7.64 (2 H, m), 7.68 (1 H, m), 7.83 (2 H, m), 8.90 (1 H, brs). ¹³C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 23.5, 49.4, 53.7, 89.4, 100.1, 113.8, 116.8, 122.9, 124.8, 124.9, 127.3, 127.6, 128.2, 129.4, 130.1, 131.4, 132.3, 134.6, 135.5, 136.7, 138.7, 138.8, 142.9, 150.6, 151.2, 155.5. HRMS (ESI-TOF⁺): m/z [M + H]⁺ calcd for C₂₇H₂₅ClN₅O: 470.1712; found: 470.1696.

5-(3-Chlorophenyl)-3-cyclopropylimino-2-(2-methoxy-3-pyridyl)amino-3,5-dihydrophenazine (11). Red solid. Yield 149 mg (46%). Mp: 211–214 °C. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 0.84 (4 H, m), 2.72 (1 H, m), 4.03 (3 H, s), 5.54 (1 H, s),6.44 (1 H, m), 6.90 (2 H, m), 7.17 (3 H, m), 7.38 (1 H, s), 7.66 (2 H, m), 7.74 (1 H, m), 7.80 (2 H, m). ¹³C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 10.1, 32.9, 53.7, 89.8, 100.2, 113.9, 116.8, 124.4, 124.7, 127.1, 127.2, 127.8, 128.3, 129.3, 130.1, 132.3, 134.6, 136.7, 138.6, 138.9, 142.2, 142.7, 150.9, 153.5, 155.4, 161.0. HRMS (ESI-TOF⁺): m/z [M + H]⁺ calcd for C₂₇H₂₃ClN₅O: 468.1586; found: 468.1573.

5-(3-Chlorophenyl)-3-cyclobutylimino-2-(2-methoxy-3-pyridyl)amino-3,5-dihydrophenazine (12). Red solid. Yield 142 mg (42%). Mp: 205–208 °C. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 1.75 (2 H, m), 2.07 (2 H, m), 2.20 (2 H, m), 3.93 (1 H, m), 4.04 (3 H, s), 5.08 (1 H, s), 6.50 (1 H, m), 6.93 (2 H, m), 7.17 (3 H, m), 7.38 (1 H, s), 7.69 (3 H, m), 7.84 (2 H, m). ¹³C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 16.1, 32.0, 53.7, 54.9, 90.9, 100.3, 113.9, 116.8, 123.1, 124.8, 127.4, 127.8, 128.3, 129.4, 130.1, 131.2, 132.2, 134.2, 135.6, 136.7, 138.7, 138.9, 142.6, 142.8, 151.2, 151.4, 155.4. HRMS (ESI-TOF⁺): m/z [M + H]⁺ calcd for C₂₈H₂₅ClN₅O: 482.1742; found: 482.1703.

5-(3-Chlorophenyl)-3-cyclohexylimino-2-(2-methoxy-3-pyridyl)amino-3,5-dihydrophenazine (13). Red solid. Yield 62 mg (49%). Mp: 197–201 °C.¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 1.10 (3 H, m), 1.28 (2 H, m), 1.53 (3 H, m), 1.68 (2 H, m), 2.98 (1 H, m), 3.94 (3 H, s), 5.12 (1 H, s), 6.55 (2 H, m), 6.81 (1 H, s), 7.11 (3 H, m), 7.55 (2 H, m), 7.81 (5 H, m), 9.00 (1 H, s). ¹³C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 23.8, 25.4, 33.0, 53.6, 56.9, 88.7, 100.1, 113.9, 117.4, 122.8, 124.0, 124.1, 127.8, 127.9, 128.0, 128.2, 129.0, 130.0, 131.0, 132.9, 134.2, 135.1, 135.3, 138.2, 138.5, 141.5, 150.1, 150.3. HRMS (ESI-TOF⁺): m/z [M + H]⁺ calcd for C₃₀H₂₉ClN₅O: 510.2061; found: 510.2059.

5-(3-Chlorophenyl)-3-(4-tetrahydropyranyl)imino-2-(2-methoxy-3-pyridyl)amino-3,5-dihydrophenazine (14). Red solid. Yield 308 mg (86%). Mp: 203–206 °C. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 1.75 (4 H, m), 2.85 (1 H, m), 3.43 (2 H, m), 3.96 (2 H, m), 4.04 (3 H, s), 5.27 (1 H, s), 6.53 (1 H, m), 6.90 (2 H, m), 7.17 (3 H, m), 7.38 (1 H, s), 7.64 (2 H, m), 7.74 (1 H, m), 7.84 (2 H, m), 9.08 (1 H, s). ¹³C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 34.2, 53.5, 53.8, 66.9, 89.1, 100.4, 113.9, 116.7, 124.4, 124.7, 127.1, 127.2, 127.8, 128.3, 129.3, 130.1, 132.3, 134.6, 136.7, 138.6, 138.9, 142.2, 142.7, 150.9, 153.5, 155.4, 161.0. HRMS (ESI-TOF⁺): m/z [M + H]⁺ calcd for C₂₉H₂₇ClN₅O₂: 512.1848; found: 512.1838.

5-(3,4-Difluorophenyl)-3-isopropylimino-2-(2-methoxy-3-pyridyl)amino-3,5-dihydrophenazine (15). Red solid. Yield 270 mg (80%). Mp: 229–231 °C. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 1.13 (6 H, d, J = 6.9 Hz), 3.45–3.53 (1 H, m, J = 6.3 Hz), 4.04 (3 H, s), 5.28 (1 H, s), 6.43 (1 H, d, J = 7.5 Hz), 6.89–6.93 (2 H, m), 7.13–7.25 (4 H, m), 7.49–7.59 (1 H, m), 7.68 (1 H, d, J = 7.2 Hz), 7.81–7.84 (2 H, m), 8.92 (1 H, s). ¹³C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 23.5, 23.6, 49.5, 53.7, 89.2, 100.1, 113.5, 116.8, 118.8 (d, J = 17.8 Hz), 120.0 (d, J = 18.5 Hz), 123.1, 124.8, 124.9, 125.8, 127.7, 128.3, 131.4, 133.7, 134.7, 135.5, 138.9, 142.9, 151.0 (dd, J = 251.8, 12.0 Hz), 151.2, 152.0 (dd, J = 252.6, 13.2 Hz), 155.5. HRMS (ESI-TOF⁺): m/z [M + H]⁺ calcd for C₂₇H₂₄F₂N₅O: 472.1943; found: 472.1937.

5-(3,4-Difluorophenyl)-3-cyclopropylimino-2-(2-methoxy-3-pyridyl)amino-3,5-dihydrophenazine (16). Red solid. Yield 233 mg (yield 71%). Mp: 213–214 °C. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 0.86 (2 H, d, J = 2.7 Hz), 0.93 (2 H, d, J = 6.0 Hz), 2.77 (1 H, m), 4.01 (3 H, s), 5.54 (1 H, s), 6.42 (1 H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 6.86 (1 H, s), 6.99 (1 H, m), 7.12 (4 H, m), 7.52 (1 H, m), 7.66 (1 H, d, J = 8.1 Hz), 7.82 (2 H, m), 8.58 (1 H, s). ¹³C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃): δ: 10.2, 33.0, 53.7, 89.7, 100.1, 113.5, 116.8, 118.9 (d, J = 17.9 Hz), 120.0 (d, J = 18.3 Hz), 123.1, 124.7, 125.1, 125.9, 127.7, 128.2, 131.6, 133.7, 134.5, 135.7, 139.0, 142.7, 151.0 (dd, J = 254.5, 13.1 Hz), 151.4, 151.9 (dd, J = 252.9, 13.5 Hz), 155.5. HRMS (ESI-TOF⁺): m/z [M + H]⁺ calcd for C₂₇H₂₂F₂N₅O: 470.1787; found: 470.1762.

5-(3,4-Difluorophenyl)-3-cyclobutylimino-2-(2-methoxy-3-pyridyl)amino-3,5-dihydrophenazine (17). Red solid. Yield 300 mg (78%). Mp: 200–201 °C. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 1.70–1.82 (2 H, m), 2.03–2.20 (4 H, m), 3.81–4.04 (1 H, m), 4.04 (3 H, s), 5.08 (1 H, s), 6.46 (1 H, d, J = 7.5 Hz), 6.89–6.93 (2 H, m), 7.12–7.23 (4 H, m), 7.50–7.59 (1 H, m), 7.69 (1 H, d, J = 7.5 Hz), 7.82–7.84 (2 H, m). ¹³C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 16.1, 32.0, 53.7, 54.9, 90.7, 100.3, 113.6, 116.8, 118.8 (d, J = 17.7 Hz), 119.9 (d, J = 18.1 Hz), 123.2, 124.7, 124.9, 125.8, 127.8, 128.4, 131.3, 133.6, 134.2, 135.6, 138.9, 142.7, 151.0 (dd, J = 251.1, 11.8 Hz), 151.1, 151.3, 151.9 (dd, J = 253.4, 13.7 Hz), 155.4. HRMS (ESI-TOF⁺): m/z [M + H]⁺ calcd for C₂₈H₂₄F₂N₅O: 484.1943; found: 484.1933.

5-(3,4-Difluorophenyl)-3-cyclohexylimino-2-(2-methoxy-3-pyridyl)amino-3,5-dihydrophenazine (18). Red solid. Yield 330 mg (81%). Mp: 218–219 °C. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 1.23–1.79 (10 H, m), 3.14–3.20 (1 H, m), 4.03 (3 H, s), 5.26 (1 H, s), 6.45 (1 H, d, J = 7.5 Hz), 6.88–6.93 (2 H, m), 7.11–7.25 (4 H, m), 7.49–7.58 (1 H, m), 7.69 (1 H, d, J = 7.5 Hz), 7.80–7.84 (2 H, m). ¹³C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 24.2, 25.9, 33.5, 33.6, 53.7, 57.4, 89.4, 100.1, 113.5, 116.8, 118.8 (d, J = 17.8 Hz), 119.8 (d, J = 18.1 Hz), 123.0, 124.5, 124.9, 125.8, 127.7, 128.3, 131.4, 133.7, 134.6, 135.6, 138.7, 142.8, 150.4, 151.0 (dd, J = 251.5, 11.9 Hz), 151.3, 151.9 (dd, J = 252.6, 13.5 Hz), 155.4. HRMS (ESI-TOF⁺): m/z [M + H]⁺ calcd for C₃₀H₂₈F₂N₅O: 512.2256; found: 512.2263.

5-(3,4-Difluorophenyl)-3-(4-tetrahydropyranyl)imino-2-(2-methoxy-3-pyridyl)amino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine (19). Red solid. Yield 240 mg (59%). Mp: 255–256 °C. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 1.65–1.68 (4 H, m), 3.46–3.55 (3 H, m), 4.05 (5 H, m), 5.25 (1 H, s), 6.46 (1 H, d, J = 9.0 Hz), 6.90–6.95 (2 H, m), 7.13–7.24 (4 H, m), 7.51–7.60 (1 H, m), 7.71 (1 H, d, J = 7.5 Hz), 7.81–7.85 (2 H, m), 9.08 (1 H, s).¹³C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 33.2, 33.4, 53.3, 53.8, 65.5, 88.9, 100.3, 113.7, 116.8, 118.7 (d, J = 19.7 Hz), 119.9 (d, J = 18.1 Hz), 123.3, 124.3, 124.8, 125.7, 127.9, 128.4, 131.2, 133.5, 134.9, 135.6, 138.8, 142.8, 150.9, 151.0 (dd, J = 251.4, 13.6 Hz), 151.9 (dd, J = 252.8, 13.4 Hz), 155.3. HRMS (ESI-TOF⁺): m/z [M + H]⁺ calcd for C₂₉H₂₆F₂N₅O₂: 514.2049; found: 514.2042.

5-(3,4-Difluorophenyl)-3-(4-methoxycyclohexyl)imino-2-(2-methoxy-3-pyridyl)amino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine (20). Red solid. Yield 432 mg (84%). Mp: 214–215 °C. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 1.26 (2 H, m), 1.40 (2 H, m), 1.73 (2 H, m), 2.05 (2 H, m), 3.16 (1 H, m), 3.27 (1 H, m), 3.36 (3 H, s), 4.03 (3 H, s), 5.26 (1 H, s), 6.46 (1 H, d, J = 7.5 Hz), 6.92 (2 H, m), 7.15 (3 H, m), 7.22 (1 H, m), 7.53 (1 H, m), 7.69 (1 H, d, J = 8.1 Hz), 7.82 (2 H, m), 8.94 (1 H, brs). ¹³C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 29.3, 29.5, 30.8, 53.7, 55.8, 56.9, 78.2, 89.2, 100.2, 113.6, 116.8, 118.7 (d, J = 18.0 Hz), 119.9 (d, J = 18.9 Hz), 123.2, 124.7, 125.7, 127.8, 128.4, 131.4, 133.5, 134.7, 135.6, 138.8, 142.7, 151.0 (dd, J = 252.5, 13.7 Hz), 151.1, 151.9 (dd, J = 252.2, 13.5 Hz), 155.4. HRMS (ESI-TOF⁺): m/z [M + H]⁺ calcd for C₃₁H₃₀F₂N₅O₂: 542.2362; found: 542.2338.

5-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-3-isopropylimino-2-(2-methoxy-3-pyridyl)amino-3,5-dihydrophenazine (21). Red solid. Yield 130 mg (68%). Mp: 245–247 °C. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 1.13 (6 H, d, J = 6.3 Hz), 3.50 (1 H, m), 4.03 (3 H, s), 5.29 (1 H, s), 6.43 (1 H, d, J = 6.3 Hz), 6.89 (1 H, s), 6.93 (1 H, m), 7.10–7.23 (3 H, m), 7.49 (1 H, d, J = 2.4 Hz), 7.68 (1 H, m), 7.80–7.84 (3 H, m). ¹³C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 23.6, 49.5, 53.7, 89.3, 100.1, 113.6, 116.8, 123.1, 124.8, 125.0, 127.7, 128.3, 128.6, 131.3, 133.1, 134.3, 134.5, 135.3, 135.5, 136.8, 138.9, 142.9, 150.4, 151.2, 155.5. HRMS (ESI-TOF⁺): m/z [M + H]⁺ calcd for C₂₇H₂₄Cl₂N₅O: 504.1853; found: 504.1852.

5-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-3-cyclopropylimino-2-(2-methoxy-3-pyridyl)amino-3,5-dihydrophenazine (22). Red solid. Yield 120 mg (65%). Mp: 215–217 °C. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 0.86–0.96 (4 H, m), 2.80 (1 H, m), 4.00 (3 H, s), 5.54 (1 H, s), 6.41 (1 H, d, J = 8.7 Hz), 6.86 (1 H, s), 6.91 (1 H, m), 7.10–7.28 (3 H, m), 7.51 (1 H, d, J = 2.1 Hz), 7.65 (1 H, m), 7.80–7.83 (3 H, m). ¹³C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 10.3, 33.1, 53.7, 89.8, 100.0, 113.6, 116.8, 123.1, 124.6, 125.2, 127.7, 128.2, 128.8, 131.4, 133.2, 134.3, 135.4, 135.7, 136.8, 139.0, 142.7, 151.4, 152.2, 155.4. HRMS (ESI-TOF⁺): m/z [M + H]⁺ calcd for C₂₇H₂₂Cl₂N₅O: 502.1317; found: 502.1316.

5-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-3-cyclobutylimino-2-(2-methoxy-3-pyridyl)amino-3,5-dihydrophenazine (23). Red solid. Yield 167 mg (65%). Mp: 216–219 °C. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 1.81 (2 H, m), 2.08 (2 H, m), 2.22 (2 H, m), 3.95 (1 H, m), 4.05 (3 H, s), 5.11 (1 H, s), 6.47 (1 H, d, J = 7.5 Hz), 6.91 (2 H, m), 7.17 (2 H, m), 7.23 (1 H, m), 7.50 (1 H, d, J = 2.1 Hz), 7.69 (1 H, d, J = 7.5 Hz), 7.84 (3 H, m), 8.79 (1 H, brs). ¹³C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 16.1, 32.0, 53.7, 54.8, 90.8, 100.3, 113.7, 116.8, 123.2, 124.7, 124.9, 127.8, 128.4, 128.6, 131.1, 131.3, 133.0, 134.0, 134.3, 135.3, 135.6, 136.7, 139.0, 142.8, 151.1, 151.2, 155.4. HRMS (ESI-TOF⁺): m/z [M + H]⁺ calcd for C₂₈H₂₄Cl₂N₅O: 516.1352; found: 516.1322.

5-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-3-(4-tetrahydropyranyl)imino-2-(2-methoxy-3-pyridyl)amino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine (24). Red solid. Yield 140 mg (67%). Mp: 232–233 °C. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 1.61–1.72 (4 H, m), 3.48–3.52 (3 H, m), 4.04 (5 H, m), 5.26 (1 H, s), 6.47 (1 H, d, J = 7.8 Hz), 6.90–6.94 (1 H, m), 6.95 (1 H, s), 7.13–7.23 (3 H, m), 7.49 (1 H, s), 7.70 (1 H, d, J = 7.2 Hz), 7.81–7.85 (3 H, m). ¹³C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 33.3, 53.3, 53.8, 65.5, 89.1, 100.3, 113.7, 116.8, 123.3, 124.4, 124.8, 127.9, 128.4, 128.5, 131.0, 131.2, 133.1, 134.4, 134.7, 135.4, 135.6, 136.7, 138.8, 142.6, 150.9, 155.3. HRMS (ESI-TOF⁺): m/z [M + H]⁺ calcd for C₂₉H₂₆Cl₂N₅O₂: 546.1875; found: 546.1874.

5-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-3-(4-methoxycyclohexyl)imino-2-(2-methoxy-3-pyridyl)amino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine (25). Red solid. Yield 100 mg (45%). Mp: 215–217 °C. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 1.23–1.51 (4 H, m), 1.73–2.10 (4 H, m), 3.15–3.29 (2 H, m), 3.37 (3 H, s), 3.78 (3 H, s), 5.27 (1 H, s), 6.48 (1 H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 6.90–6.93 (2 H, m), 7.12–7.24 (3 H, m), 7.49 (1 H, d, J = 2.1 Hz), 7.70 (1 H, d, J = 7.2 Hz), 7.79–7.84 (3 H, m). ¹³C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 29.3, 29.4, 30.7, 53.7, 55.8, 56.8, 89.3, 100.2, 113.7, 116.8, 123.2, 124.7, 124.8, 127.8, 128.4, 128.5, 131.1, 131.2, 133.0, 134.4, 134.5, 135.3, 135.6, 136.7, 138.8, 142.7, 151.0, 151.1, 155.4. HRMS (ESI-TOF⁺): m/z [M + H]⁺ calcd for C₃₁H₃₀Cl₂N₅O₂: 574.2129; found: 574.2128.

4. Conclusions

A systematic structure-activity relationship study was conducted based on riminophenazine pharmacophore containing a 2-methoxypyridylamino group at the C-2 position. This side chain was identified as having potent antituberculosis activity and less lipophilicity in our previous study. Although the number, type and position of the halogen atoms on the phenyl ring at the N-5 position have no significant impact on the antituberculosis activity, the halogen substitution pattern appears important for cytotoxicity. The 3,4-dihalogen substitution pattern displayed significantly lower cytotoxicity. Compound 15 exhibited good pharmacokinetic properties, low skin pigmentation potential and excellent efficacy in vivo and warrants further evaluation. Our observations indicate that novel riminophenazine derivatives with a 2-methoxypyridylamino moiety as the promising pharmacophore have the potential to deliver a new drug candidate for the treatment of TB and MDR-TB.

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary materials can be accessed at: http://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/19/4380/s1.

Author Contributions

Haihong Huang, Dali Yin, Zhenkun Ma, Yu Lu and Christopher B. Cooper conceived and designed the study. Dongfeng Zhang, Yang Liu, Chunlin Zhang and Hao Zhang performed the chemical experiments. Bin Wang, Jian Xu and Lei Fu performed the biological experiments. The manuscript was written and revised by Dongfeng Zhang, Haihong Huang and Zhenkun Ma.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.