Table 4.

Summary on potential photocatalysts applied for indoor VOCs removal.

Photocatalyst	Preparation/Coating Method	Configuration	Compounds	Light Source	ηremoval (%)	Ref.
TiO2	Sol-gel	F	Acetone, toluene p-xylene	UV lamp, 254 nm	77–62 (3 L/min)	[95]
TiO2	Electrochemical	F	Acetaldehyde	UV	99+ (110 min)	[93]
TiO2	Sol-gel	F	Toluene	Black light	52 (3.6 L/min)	[86]
TiO2	Plasma deposited	F	m-Xylene	UV lamp	99+ (30 min)	[94]
TiO2−xNx	Calcination	P	Toluene	Visible light	99+ (3000 min)	[82]
TiO2−xNx	Hydrothermal	P	Acetaldehyde	Fluorescence	-	[98]
C-TiO2	Hydrothermal	P	Toluene	Visible light	60+ (120 min)	[106]
C-TiO2	Hydrothermal	P	Toluene	Visible light	20 (120 min)	[107]
CNT-TiO2	Hydrothermal	P	Styrene	UV-LED, 365 nm	50 (20 mL/min)	[108]
Pt/TiO2	Photo-deposition	P	Benzene	Black light, 300–420 nm	100 (100 mL/min)	[99]
Ln3+-TiO2	Sol-gel	P	Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene	UV, 365 nm	22–79	[109]
Ce-TiO2	Sol-gel	F	Toluene	Visible light	90	[110]
Fe-TiO2	Sol-gel	P	p-Xylene	Visible light—LED	22 (5 min)	[111]
Fe-TiO2	Sol-gel	P	Toluene	Visible light	99+ (120 min)	[88]
In(OH)3	Ultrasound radiation	P	Acetone, Benzene, Toluene	UV lamp, 254 nm	99+ (5 h)	[104]
β-Ga2O3	Chemical deposition	P	Benzene	UV-lamp, 254 nm	60 (20 mL/min)	[105]
Ag4V2O7/Ag3VO4	Hydrothermal	P	Benzene	White fluorescent lamp	99+ (120 min)	[84]
Pt/WO3	Photo-deposition	P	DCA, 4-CP, TMA	Visible light, >420 nm	99+ (3 h)	[112]
Pd/WO3	Calcination	P	Acetaldehyde, toluene	Fluorescence/visible light	99+ (3 h)	[26]

DCA: dichloroacetate; 4-CP: 4-chlorophenol; TMA: tetramethylammonium; P: powder; F: film.