Skip to main content
PMC home page
International Journal of Molecular Sciences logoLink to International Journal of Molecular Sciences
. 2018 Nov 9;19(11):3537. doi: 10.3390/ijms19113537

OsYSL13 Is Involved in Iron Distribution in Rice

Chang Zhang 1, Kamran Iqbal Shinwari 1, Le Luo 2, Luqing Zheng 1,*
PMCID: PMC6274735  PMID: 30423990

Abstract

The uptake and transport of iron (Fe) in plants are both important for plant growth and human health. However, little is known about the mechanism of Fe transport in plants, especially for crops. In the present study, the function of yellow stripe-like 13 (YSL13) in rice was analyzed. OsYSL13 was highly expressed in leaves, especially in leaf blades, whereas its expression was induced by Fe deficiency both in roots and shoots. Furthermore, the expression level of OsYSL13 was higher in older leaves than that in younger leaves. OsYSL13 was located in the plasma membrane. Metal measurement revealed that Fe concentrations were lower in the youngest leaf and higher in the older leaves of the osysl13 mutant under both Fe sufficiency and deficiency conditions, compared with the wild type and two complementation lines. Moreover, the Fe concentrations in the brown rice and seeds of the osysl13 mutant were also reduced. Opposite results were found in OsYSL13 overexpression lines. These results suggest that OsYSL13 is involved in Fe distribution in rice.

Keywords: distribution, iron, OsYSL13, rice, transporter

1. Introduction

Iron (Fe) is one of the essential microelements for both plants and humans. It exists in multiple redox states and has vital roles in diverse physiological processes such as the photosynthesis, respiration, chlorophyll biosynthesis, production, and scavenging of reactive oxygen species [1,2]. Plant growth will be inhibited and the yield will be reduced under Fe deficiency [1,3]. For humans, Fe deficiency is one of the most common forms of micronutrient malnutrition (MNM) in the world, and it results in around 0.8 million deaths (1.5% of the total) each year (WHO publications, http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/micronutrients). Apart from its beneficial functions, Fe also can become toxic when present in excess [4]. In order to keep Fe at a suitable concentration in plants, multiple transporters, including the yellow stripe-like (YSL) transporter family, are involved in Fe absorption, translocation, distribution, and storage [2,5,6,7].

There are eighteen yellow stripe-like (YSL) members in rice and eight members in Arabidopsis thaliana, which can be divided into four sub-family groups [5]. OsYSL2, 9, 15, and 16 and AtYSL1, 2, and 3 belong to Group I. They have the highest sequence similarity to ZmYS1, which is responsible for Fe(III) absorption in maize [8,9]. Most of them participate in Fe homeostasis for their Fe(III)-deoxymugineic acid (DMA) and/or Fe(II)-nicotianamine (NA) transport activity [10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21]. It has been reported that OsYSL2 played a crucial role in long-distance Fe translocation and accumulation in grains [13,14]. OsYSL9 is essential for Fe translocation from the endosperm to embryo [20]. OsYSL15 takes part in Fe uptake [12,17]. OsYSL16 is also involved in Fe homeostasis at the seedling stage, while the exact mechanism is unclear [15,18]. Besides, OsYSL16 located in the phloem transports copper (Cu)-NA from the old tissues to the new developing ones [22,23]. AtYSL1 is involved in long-distance Fe translocation and delivery to the seeds [16]. Furthermore, reduced concentrations of Fe, Cu, and zinc (Zn) in the seeds of the atysl1atysl3 double mutant were found [10]. AtYSL2 may also be involved in Fe homeostasis for its expression pattern and transport activity, while more physiological data are still lacking [11,19].

OsYSL5, 6 and AtYSL4, 6 belong to Group II. OsYSL6 is a manganese (Mn)-NA transporter with an unclear subcellular localization. It was reported that growth inhibition was more severe in the osysl6 mutant than that in the wild type under the Mn excess condition [24]. An increased Mn concentration in the leaf apoplastic solution and a decreased one in the symplastic solution were found in the osysl6 mutant, suggesting that OsYSL6 was responsible for the detoxification of excess Mn [24]. AtYSL6 is located at the chloroplast envelop and takes part in Fe translocation out of the chloroplasts for the increased Fe concentration in the chloroplasts of the atysl4atysl6 double mutant [25]. AtYSL4 may also have a similar function to AtYSL6 [25]. Besides, another study reported that AtYSL4 and AtYSL6 were located in the vacuole membranes and the internal membranes resembling endoplasmic reticulum [26]. Similarly, both of them reported that the atysl4atysl6 double mutant was more sensitive to Fe excess, although their transport substrates were still unknown [25,26]. Group IV consists of 7 YSL members in rice, including OsYSL1, 3, 4, 7, 8, 17, and 18. Among them, OsYSL18 was the only one gene that has been reported. OsYSL18, an Fe(III)-DMA transporter, is mainly expressed in the flower and may be involved in Fe translocation in the reproductive organs [27].

The remaining members belong to Group III. However, few studies focus on their function about micronutrient homeostasis. Among these members, OsYSL13 was found to be induced in the roots under Fe deficiency by microarray analysis [28]. In this study, the role of OsYSL13 in Fe homeostasis was investigated by examining its expression pattern and analyzing Fe concentrations in the T-DNA insertional mutant and overexpression lines of OsYSL13.

2. Results

2.1. Expression and Subcellular Localization of OsYSL13

OsYSL13 consists of six exons and five introns (Figure 1a), encoding a protein of 724 amino acids. OsYSL13 shares 51% sequence similarity to ZmYS1 and is predicted as a membrane protein with 14 transmembrane domains by SOSUI program and TMHMM2.0 (Figure 1b).

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Open in a new tab

Sequence analysis of rice yellow stripe-like 13 (OsYSL13) in rice. (a) The gene structure of OsYSL13. The cDNA of OsYSL13 was cloned from the cDNA library of Oryza sativa cv. Nipponbare and its sequence were consistent with the sequence published in the GenBank/EMBL databases (accession number Os04g0524500). Exon, intron, and 5′ and 3′ untranslated region (UTR) were shown. The T-DNA was inserted into the first exon. (b) Predicted transmembrane domains of OsYSL13 by TMHMM2.0. There were 14 transmembrane domains in OsYSL13.

In order to investigate the potential function of OsYSL13, subcellular localization was determined by the transient expression of the sGFP-OsYSL13 fusion protein in the rice leaf protoplasts and onion (Allium cepa) epidermal cells. GFP fluorescence signal was mainly observed in the plasma membrane (Figure 2a,b), which was located outside of the chloroplast (Figure 2a). The results suggested that OsYSL13 was involved in intercellular transport but not intracellular transport of metal.

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Open in a new tab

Subcellular localization of OsYSL13. (a,b) Subcellular localization of OsYSL13 in the rice leaf protoplasts (a) and onion epidermal cells (b). sGFP-OsYSL13 construct was transiently transformed into the rice leaf protoplasts and onion epidermal cells. Fluorescent signals were observed 16 h after transformation. The red autofluorescence represents the location of the chloroplasts, and the green signal indicates the position of GFP or GFP-OsYSL13 fusion protein. The white box shows the relative position of GFP-OsYSL13 fusion protein and chloroplast. Scale bars = 15 and 60 μm in a and b, respectively.

It has been reported that OsYSL13 was up-regulated by Fe deficiency in the roots [28]. In order to examine the expression pattern of OsYSL13 in response to different Fe levels, the quantitative real-time PCR was performed. As expected, OsYSL13 was induced by Fe deficiency both in the roots and shoots (Figure 3a,b). The expression level of OsYSL13 under Fe excess was similar to that under normal condition (Figure 3a,b). These results suggest that OsYSL13 is involved in Fe homeostasis. Different tissues at the vegetative growth, flowering, and grain filling stages were also sampled for the tissues-specific expression analysis of OsYSL13. Higher relative expression level of OsYSL13 was found in the leaf blades and sheaths at all the three stages mentioned above, as compared with the expression of OsYSL13 in the roots at vegetative growth (Figure 3c). Furthermore, OsYSL13 was expressed highly in the leaf blades in comparison with the leaf sheaths at the vegetative growth and grain filling stages (Figure 3c). Among different stages, the expression of OsYSL13 in the leaf blades was increased with the age of plants (Figure 3c). For more detailed analysis, the relative expression level of OsYSL13 in the different leaves (from leaf 2 to leaf 4) was tested. The results showed that OsYSL13 was more highly expressed in the older leaves than the younger leaves (Figure 3d).

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Open in a new tab

Expression analysis of OsYSL13. (a,b) Expression of OsYSL13 in the roots (a) and shoots (b) under different Fe concentrations. Plants were grown for 7 days in 1/2 Kimura B nutrient solution with different Fe concentrations. 0, 2, and 20 μM FeSO4 were used as − Fe, + Fe, and ++ Fe treatments, respectively. The roots and shoots were collected for analysis. Relative expression level of OsYSL13 was compared with the expression under normal nutrition condition (2 μM FeSO4). (c) Tissue-dependent expression of OsYSL13. Different tissues at the vegetative growth, flowering, and grain filling stages were sampled. Plants were grown in 1/2 Kimura B nutrient solution for 4 weeks and then transplanted to soil. Expression relative to the roots at the vegetative growth stage was shown. (d) Expression of OsYSL13 in the different leaves. Plants were cultured in normal nutrient solution for 7 days. Leaf 4 was the youngest leaf. Different leaves (from leaves 2 to 4) were sampled for analysis. Relative expression level of OsYSL13 was compared with the expression in leaf 4. The expression was determined by quantitative RT-PCR. OsActin1 was used as an internal control. Data were means ± SD (n = 3). Means with different letters were significantly different. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a subsequent Duncan′s test was performed (p < 0.05).

2.2. Phenotypic Analysis of the osysl13 Mutant and OsYSL13 Overexpression Lines

To evaluate whether OsYSL13 was involved in Fe homeostasis, a T-DNA insertion line (RMD_04Z11MA04) of OsYSL13 was obtained from the rice-mutant database [29]. The T-DNA was inserted into the first exon of OsYSL13 (Figure 1a). There was no transcript of OsYSL13 in this line, suggesting that it is a knocked-out mutant (Figure 4a). In addition, the OsYSL13-expressed complementation lines in the mutant background, and the OsYSL13 overexpression lines in the wild type background were also generated. The transcript of OsYSL13 was detected in the two independent complementation lines used in this study (Figure 4a). The expression of OsYSL13 increased significantly among these overexpression lines obtained, except for the overexpression (OX) lines 2, 6, and 7 (Figure 4b). Among them, line 1 increased the most and line 4 increased the least (Figure 4b). Line 3 and line 5 were chosen for further research.

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Open in a new tab

Expression identification of OsYSL13 in the T-DNA insertion line (RMD_04Z11MA04), complementation and overexpression lines. (a) Expression of the full length OsYSL13 transcript in the wild type, T-DNA insertion line (RMD_04Z11MA04) and two independent complementation lines. (b) Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of OsYSL13 in the wild type and overexpression lines. Relative expression level of OsYSL13 was compared with the expression in the wild type. Means with different letters were significantly different. ANOVA with a subsequent Duncan′s test was performed (p < 0.05). Data were shown as means ± SD (n = 3). All plant materials were grown in normal nutrient solution for 7 days. The roots were sampled for analysis. OsActin1 was used as an internal control.

Plant materials, including the osysl13 mutant, the complementation lines (Line 1 and 2), wild type and OsYSL13 overexpression lines (OX3 and OX5) were hydroponically cultivated in nutrient solution with or without 2 μM FeSO4 for 10 days. There was no significant difference on the length or biomass of the roots and shoots, as compared with their corresponding wild type under both Fe deficiency and sufficiency (Figure S1). Interestingly, leaf 4 of the osysl13 mutant, which was closest to the youngest leaf (leaf 5), was greener than that in its wild type during Fe deficiency, while the opposite result was found in the OsYSL13 overexpression lines (Figure 5a). Moreover, the soil and plant analyzer development (SPAD) value of leaf 4 was higher in the osysl13 mutant and lower in the OsYSL13 overexpression lines during Fe deficiency, compared with their corresponding wild type (Figure 5b,c). Fe homeostasis may be disordered in the osysl13 mutant and OsYSL13 overexpression lines. The SPAD values of the other leaves under Fe deficiency and all leaves under Fe sufficiency were similar to their corresponding wild type (Figure 5b–e). SPAD values cannot reflect the Fe content quantitatively. The leaves with similar SPAD values, which were at high levels, may still have different Fe concentrations. Thus, Fe concentrations in the different leaves were analyzed.

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Open in a new tab

Phenotypic analysis of the osysl13 mutant, the complementation lines (Line 1 and 2), wild type and OsYSL13 overexpression lines (OX3 and OX5). (a) The fully expanded leaves of the plant materials during Fe deficiency (shown in the left) and sufficiency (shown in the right). Plants were grown in nutrient solution with or without Fe for 10 days. There were 5 leaves in each of these plant materials and the fifth leaf was not fully expanded. Scale bars = 0.5 cm. (b–e) The soil and plant analyzer development (SPAD) values of different leaves. (b,d) SPAD values of the different leaves in the osysl13 mutant, wild-type, and complementation lines during Fe deficiency (b) and sufficiency (d). (c,e) SPAD values of different leaves in the OsYSL13 overexpression lines and wild type during Fe deficiency (c) and sufficiency (e). The SPAD values were measured by the portable chlorophyll meter. It was difficult to measure the SPAD values of the unexpanded leaves. Significant differences compared with the wild type were determined by ANOVA (* p < 0.05). Data were shown as means ± SD (n = 3).

2.3. Physiological Functional Analysis of OsYSL13 in Fe Homeostasis

To gain additional insight into the function of OsYSL13, Fe concentrations in the roots and different leaves were determined. Higher Fe concentrations were found in the old leaves, and lower Fe concentrations were found in the youngest leaf of the osysl13 mutant under both Fe deficiency and sufficiency, compared with its wild type and two independent complementation lines (Figure 6a,b). Opposite results were found in the OsYSL13 overexpression lines (Figure 6c,d). These results suggest that OsYSL13 is involved in Fe distribution to the youngest leaf. Besides, the Fe concentrations in the roots of osysl13 mutant were reduced under both Fe deficiency and sufficiency, compared with its wild type and two independent complementation lines (Figure 6a,b). However, there was no significant difference in Fe concentrations in the roots between the OsYSL13 overexpression lines and wild type (Figure 6c,d).

Figure 6.

Figure 6

Open in a new tab

Fe concentrations analysis at the vegetative stage. (a,b) Fe concentrations in the osysl13 mutant, wild type, and complementation lines during Fe deficiency (a) and sufficiency (b). (c,d) Fe concentrations in the OsYSL13 overexpression lines and wild type during Fe deficiency (c) and sufficiency (d). Plants were grown in nutrient solution with or without Fe for 10 days. The roots and different leaves were sampled for analysis. Fe concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Significant differences compared with the wild type were determined by ANOVA (* p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01). Data were shown as means ± SD (n = 3). DW, dry weight. Conc., concentration.

Many YSL members in rice and A. thaliana were reported to be involved in Fe distribution to the seeds [10,13,16,17,21]. To check whether OsYSL13 plays a role in this process, Fe concentrations in the seeds and brown rice were measured. The results showed that Fe concentrations in the seeds and brown rice of osysl13 mutant were reduced, while these were increased in the OsYSL13 overexpression lines, compared with their corresponding wild type (Figure 7). This indicates that OsYSL13 is also involved in Fe distribution to the seeds.

Figure 7.

Figure 7

Open in a new tab

Fe concentrations analysis at the reproductive stage. (a) Fe concentrations in the brown rice and seeds of the osysl13 mutant, wild-type, and complementation lines. (b) Fe concentrations in the brown rice and seeds of OsYSL13 overexpression lines and wild type. Seeds were harvested from rice grown in soil. Fe concentrations were determined by ICP-MS. Significant differences compared with the wild type were determined by ANOVA (* p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01). Data were shown as means ± SD (n = 3). DW, dry weight.

3. Discussion

In rice, Fe is taken up by iron-regulated transporter 1 (IRT1), natural resistance associated macrophage protein 5 (NRAMP5), and YSL15 from rhizosphere [12,17,30,31,32]. Then, it is transferred to the shoots by long distance translocation, and YSL2 is involved in this process [13,14]. YSL9 is implicated in delivering Fe into the embryo during seed development [20]. Mitochondrial iron transporter (MIT) is localized to the mitochondria and takes part in the mitochondrial Fe translocation [33]. Vacuolar iron transporter 1 (VIT1) and VIT2 are localized to the vacuolar membrane and responsible for Fe storage in vacuole [34]. YSL16 and YSL18 were also reported to be involved in Fe homeostasis, while the exact mechanisms were not clear [15,18,27]. In this study, we found that OsYSL13 was involved in Fe distribution in rice.

3.1. OsYSL13 Is Localized to the Plasma Membrane

Our results show that OsYSL13 is localized to the plasma membrane (Figure 2). Similar results were also found in most of the reported YSL members in rice and A. thaliana, except for YSL members in Group II [10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,24,25,26,27]. OsYSL6 has an unclear subcellular localization and takes part in Mn detoxification [24]. AtYSL6 is localized to the chloroplast envelope and is essential for chloroplast Fe homeostasis [25]. AtYSL4 maybe have the same subcellular localization and function as AtYSL6 [25]. Other YSL members reported are localized to the plasma membrane and play critical roles in microelements absorption and/or translocation, while their expression pattern in response to different nutritional statuses is not all the same [10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,24,25,26,27].

3.2. OsYSL13 Is Involved in Fe Distribution to the Youngest Leaf

AtYSL1-3 are reduced during Fe deficiency, and AtYSL4, 6 are induced by Fe excess [11,16,19,21,25]. Unlike the reported YSL members in A. thaliana, OsYSL2, 9, 15, and 16 are induced by Fe deficiency [12,13,14,15,17,18,20,22,24]. In this study, OsYSL13 was also found to be induced during Fe deficiency (Figure 3a,b). YSL members in rice and A. thaliana may play different roles in response to Fe starvation. Moreover, OsYSL13 was highly expressed in the leaves, especially in the leaf blades (Figure 3c). Higher expression level of OsYSL13 was found in the older leaves than in the younger leaves (Figure 3d), which was similar with the expression of OsYSL16 (Figure S2). It was reported that OsYSL16 was involved in Cu distribution among the younger leaves [22]. Higher concentrations of Cu were found in the older leaves, and lower concentrations of Cu were found in the younger leaves of the osysl16 mutant compared with the wild type [22]. Disruption of OsYSL13 resulted in increased Fe concentrations in the old leaves and reduced Fe concentrations in the youngest leaf during both Fe deficiency and sufficiency (Figure 6a,b). In addition, overexpression of OsYSL13 led to opposite results (Figure 6c,d). This indicates that OsYSL13 is involved in Fe distribution to the youngest leaf.

3.3. OsYSL13 May Be Involved in Fe Accumulation in the Roots

Same transporter expressed in the different tissues may also take part in different translocation process. OsYSL16 was highly expressed in the leaves and node I, and it was involved in Cu distribution to the younger leaves and panicles [22]. Besides, OsYSL16 was also highly expressed in the rachilla, palea, and lemma, and it was essential for Cu distribution to the stamens [23]. It was reported that OsFRDL1 was expressed in the roots and node I, and it was responsible for Fe root-to-shoot translocation and Fe distribution to the reproductive organs [35,36]. OsYSL13 was not only expressed in the leaves, it was also expressed in the roots (Figure 3c). Lower Fe concentrations in the roots were found in the osysl13 mutant under normal nutrition and Fe deficiency, compared with the wild-type and two independent complementation lines (Figure 6a,b). OsYSL13 may be also involved in Fe accumulation in the roots. However, Fe concentrations were not increased in the roots of OsYSL13 overexpression lines (Figure 6c,d). Opposite results were not always found between the mutant and overexpression lines. For example, Fe concentrations in the seeds and shoots of OsYSL2i and OsYSL2 overexpression lines were both lower, while the Fe concentrations were both higher in the roots [13]. Some unknown mechanisms may be involved.

3.4. OsYSL13 Is Involved in Fe Distribution to the Seeds

Rice is one of the major food crops in the world. It is important to improve the Fe concentrations in rice, especially for the grains. However, Fe concentrations in the grains ranged slightly under different Fe levels in soil and culture solution [37]. Identification of the transporters involved in Fe distribution to the seeds will be helpful to enhance Fe concentrations in the grains by transgenic technology. It has been reported that OsYSL2, OsYSL15, AtYSL1, and AtYSL3 are all essential for Fe distribution to the seeds [10,13,16,17,21]. The Fe concentrations were decreased in the seeds of OsYSL2i, atysl1 mutant, atysl1atysl3 double mutant, and OsYSL2 overexpression lines driven by the CaMV35S promoter [10,13,16,21]. Besides, higher Fe concentrations were found in the seeds of OsYSL15 overexpression lines [17]. Moreover, the polished rice with a high Fe concentration was produced by overexpression of OsYSL2 driven by the rice sucrose transporter 1 (OsSUT1) promoter [13]. OsYSL9 is responsible for Fe translocation from the endosperm to embryo [20]. In this study, lower Fe concentrations were found in the seeds and brown rice of the osysl13 mutant, while higher Fe concentrations were found in the OsYSL13 overexpression lines (Figure 7). Like these YSL members mentioned above, OsYSL13 is also involved in Fe distribution to the seeds.

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Plant Materials

A T-DNA insertion line (RMD_04Z11MA04) of OsYSL13, its wild-type rice (Oryza sativa cv. Zhonghua 11), and two transgenic complementation lines were used in this study. In addition, OsYSL13 overexpression lines were also produced. The T-DNA insertion line was acquired from the rice mutant database [29]. Primers used for T-DNA insertion line genotyping and the generation of transgenic lines are shown as Table S1. The sequence of complementation includes a ~2.5 kb promoter region, coding region, and ~0.5 kb downstream region. The full length of OsYSL13 cDNA sequence was also amplified for the overexpression. pDONR was used as the entry vectors. pEarleyGate 301 and pGWB2 were chosen as final recombination for the complementation and the overexpression of OsYSL13, respectively [38,39]. These fragments were first recombined into pDONR and finally recombined into pEarleyGate 301 and pGWB2, respectively. The resultant plasmid was transferred to Agrobacterium tumefaciens (strain EHA105). Transformation to callus (the T-DNA insertion mutant for complementation and Oryza sativa cv. Nipponbare for overexpression) was carried out as described previously [40]. More than 10 lines were obtained, and two of them were chosen for further research.

4.2. Growth Conditions

Seeds were soaked in water for three days at 30 °C in darkness and then transferred to a net floating on 0.5 mM CaCl2 solution. On the day 8, CaCl2 solution was replaced by one-half-strength Kimura B solution (pH 5.5). On the day 11, the seedlings were transferred to a 1.2-L plastic pot containing the nutrient solution with different treatments. All seedlings were grown in a greenhouse at 28 °C to 32 °C. The nutrient was renewed every 2 days. The nutrient solution used contained following macronutrients: (mM), (NH4)2SO4 (0.18), MgSO4·7H2O (0.27), KNO3 (0.09), Ca(NO3)2·4H2O (0.18), and KH2PO4 (0.09); and micronutrients (μM), MnCl2·4H2O (0.5), H3BO3 (3), (NH4)6Mo7O2·4H2O (1), ZnSO4·7H2O (0.4), FeSO4·7H2O (2 or free), and CuSO4·5H2O (0.2). After four weeks of growth, the seedlings were transplanted to a 15-L plastic pot filled with rice paddy soils in a greenhouse at Nanjing Agricultural University (Nanjing, China).

4.3. Gene Expression Analysis

To check the expression pattern of OsYSL13 in response to different Fe conditions, 10-day-old seedlings were exposed to solution with different Fe concentrations (0, 2, 20 μM FeSO4) for 1 week. Then, the seedlings were collected as the roots and shoots. For the tissue-specific expression analysis, 3-, 14-, and 16-week-old plants were prepared to reveal the expression level of OsYSL13 during the vegetative growth, flowering, and grain filling stages, respectively. Different tissues, including root, basal node, leaf blade, leaf sheath, node I, panicle, and seed, were sampled at these stages accordingly. Moreover, different leaves at the vegetative growth stage were also sampled for a detailed expression pattern analysis of OsYSL13. Total RNA was extracted by using TaKaRaMiniBEST Universal RNA Extraction Kit (TaKaRa, Dalian, China) and then converted to cDNA by using TaKaRaPrimeScript™ 1st Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (TaKaRa, Dalian, China). The expression of OsYSL13 was measured by quantitative real-time PCR, and the primers used are listed in Table S1. Mastercycler ep realplex (Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany) was used for quantitative real-time PCR. Specific cDNAs were amplified by SYBR® Premix Ex TaqTM (TaKaRa, Dalian, China). OsActin1 (LOC_Os03g50885) was used as an internal control. ΔΔCt (cycle threshold) method was used to calculate the relative expression of OsYSL13. Three biological replicates were taken for performing the experiment.

4.4. Subcellular Localization

To investigate the subcellular localization of OsYSL13, full-length cDNA fragment of OsYSL13 was amplified by PCR from the rice cDNA library, using the primers provided in Table S1. To generate sGFP (synthetic Green Fluorescent Protein)-OsYSL13 fusion protein, the fragment was cloned into pBluescript SK vector behind GFP. The termination codon of GFP was removed. The onion epidermal cells and rice protoplasts were used for the transient expression of the resultant plasmid and 35S-sGFP control vector as previously reported [22,41]. Finally, GFP fluorescence signal was observed with laser confocal microscope (UltraVIEW VOX, PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA).

4.5. Measurement of SPAD Values

The portable chlorophyll meter (SPAD-502; Konica Minolta Sensing, Osaka, Japan) was used to measure the SPAD values of the fully expanded leaves, which can reflect the relative content of chlorophyll. Three biological replicates were used.

4.6. Determination of Fe Concentrations

Plant materials were grown in nutrient solution with or without 2 μM FeSO4 for 10 days. Samples were washed with 5 mM CaCl2 three times. After that, the roots and different leaves were harvested. Besides, the brown rice and seeds from plant materials grown in soil were also collected for the determination of Fe concentrations. A mixture of concentrated HNO3 and HClO4 (87:13, (v/v)) was used for plants digestion according to Zhao et al. [42]. The Fe concentrations were measured by ICP-MS. Three biological replicates were used.

4.7. Statistical Analysis

SPSS statistical software (17.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for statistical analysis. Data were exhibited as means ± SD (n = 3). Significant differences were determined by ANOVA (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001).

4.8. Accession Number

Sequence data from this article can be found in the GenBank/EMBL databases under accession number Os04g0524500 for OsYSL13.

5. Conclusions

The youngest leaves are the developing leaves which are not fully expanded. Microelements translocation driven by the leaf transpiration cannot satisfy the nutritional requirements for the youngest leaves. Our results showed that OsYSL13 was involved in Fe distribution from the old leaves to the youngest leaves and seeds. As a novel transporter required for Fe distribution to the seeds, OsYSL13 can be used as a candidate target for iron biofortification in rice.

Abbreviations

ANOVA analysis of variance
DMA deoxymugineic acid
ICP-MS inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
IRT iron-regulated transporter
MIT mitochondrial iron transporter
MNM micronutrient malnutrition
NA nicotianamine
NRAMP natural resistance associated macrophage protein
OX overexpression
SPAD soil and plant analyzer development
sGFP synthetic green fluorescent protein
SUT sucrose transporter
VIT vacuolar iron transporter
YSL yellow stripe-like
Open in a new tab

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary materials can be found at http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/19/11/3537/s1.

Click here for additional data file. (503.3KB, pdf)

Author Contributions

C.Z. and L.Z. conceived and designed the experiments; C.Z., K.I.S. and L.L. performed the experiments; C.Z., K.I.S. and L.Z. analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31470347 and 31770269); and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (KJQN201512 and KJQN 201536).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  • 1.Broadley M., Brown P., Cakmak I., Rengel Z., Zhao F. Function of nutrients: Micronutrients. In: Marschner P., editor. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. 3rd ed. Academic Press; San Diego, CA, USA: 2012. pp. 191–248. [Google Scholar]
  • 2.Kobayashi T., Nishizawa N.K. Iron uptake, translocation, and regulation in higher plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 2012;63:131–152. doi: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042811-105522. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3.Mori S., Nishizawa N., Hayashi H., Chino M., Yoshimura E., Ishihara J. Why are young rice plants highly susceptible to iron deficiency? Plant Soil. 1991;130:143–156. doi: 10.1007/BF00011869. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 4.Connolly E.L., Guerinot M.L. Iron stress in plants. Genome Biol. 2002;3:1–4. doi: 10.1186/gb-2002-3-8-reviews1024. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5.Curie C., Cassin G., Couch D., Divol F., Higuchi K., Le Jean M., Misson J., Schikora A., Czernic P., Mari S. Metal movement within the plant: Contribution of nicotianamine and yellow stripe 1-like transporters. Ann. Bot. 2009;103:1–11. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcn207. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6.Hall J.L., Williams L.E. Transition metal transporters in plants. J. Exp. Bot. 2003;54:2601–2613. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erg303. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7.Palmer C.M., Guerinot M.L. Facing the challenges of Cu, Fe and Zn homeostasis in plants. Nat. Chem. Biol. 2009;5:333–340. doi: 10.1038/nchembio.166. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8.Roberts L.A., Pierson A.J., Panaviene Z., Walker E.L. Yellow stripe1. Expanded roles for the maize iron-phytosiderophore transporter. Plant Physiol. 2004;135:112–120. doi: 10.1104/pp.103.037572. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9.Curie C., Panaviene Z., Loulergue C., Dellaporta S.L., Briat J.F., Walker E.L. Maize yellow stripe1 encodes a membrane protein directly involved in Fe(III) uptake. Nature. 2001;409:346–349. doi: 10.1038/35053080. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10.Chu H.-H., Chiecko J., Punshon T., Lanzirotti A., Lahner B., Salt D.E., Walker E.L. Successful reproduction requires the function of Arabidopsis yellow stripe-like1 and yellow stripe-like3 metal-nicotianamine transporters in both vegetative and reproductive structures. Plant Physiol. 2010;154:197–210. doi: 10.1104/pp.110.159103. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11.DiDonato R.J., Roberts L.A., Sanderson T., Eisley R.B., Walker E.L. Arabidopsis Yellow Stripe-Like2 (YSL2): A metal-regulated gene encoding a plasma membrane transporter of nicotianamine-metal complexes. Plant J. 2004;39:403–414. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2004.02128.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12.Inoue H., Kobayashi T., Nozoye T., Takahashi M., Kakei Y., Suzuki K., Nakazono M., Nakanishi H., Mori S., Nishizawa N.K. Rice OsYSL15 is an iron-regulated iron(III)-deoxymugineic acid transporter expressed in the roots and is essential for iron uptake in early growth of the seedlings. J. Biol. Chem. 2009;284:3470–3479. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M806042200. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 13.Ishimaru Y., Masuda H., Bashir K., Inoue H., Tsukamoto T., Takahashi M., Nakanishi H., Aoki N., Hirose T., Ohsugi R., et al. Rice metal-nicotianamine transporter, OsYSL2, is required for the long-distance transport of iron and manganese. Plant J. 2010;62:379–390. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2010.04158.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14.Koike S., Inoue H., Mizuno D., Takahashi M., Nakanishi H., Mori S., Nishizawa N.K. OsYSL2 is a rice metal-nicotianamine transporter that is regulated by iron and expressed in the phloem. Plant J. 2004;39:415–424. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2004.02146.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15.Kakei Y., Ishimaru Y., Kobayashi T., Yamakawa T., Nakanishi H., Nishizawa N.K. OsYSL16 plays a role in the allocation of iron. Plant Mol. Biol. 2012;79:583–594. doi: 10.1007/s11103-012-9930-1. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 16.Le Jean M., Schikora A., Mari S., Briat J.F., Curie C. A loss-of-function mutation in AtYSL1 reveals its role in iron and nicotianamine seed loading. Plant J. 2005;44:769–782. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2005.02569.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17.Lee S., Chiecko J.C., Kim S.A., Walker E.L., Lee Y., Guerinot M.L., An G. Disruption of OsYSL15 leads to iron inefficiency in rice plants. Plant Physiol. 2009;150:786–800. doi: 10.1104/pp.109.135418. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 18.Lee S., Ryoo N., Jeon J.S., Guerinot M.L., An G. Activation of rice yellow stripe1-like 16 (OsYSL16) enhances iron efficiency. Mol. Cells. 2012;33:117–126. doi: 10.1007/s10059-012-2165-9. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 19.Schaaf G., Schikora A., Haberle J., Vert G., Ludewig U., Briat J.F., Curie C., von Wiren N. A putative function for the Arabidopsis Fe-phytosiderophore transporter homolog AtYSL2 in Fe and Zn homeostasis. Plant Cell Physiol. 2005;46:762–774. doi: 10.1093/pcp/pci081. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 20.Senoura T., Sakashita E., Kobayashi T., Takahashi M., Aung M.S., Masuda H., Nakanishi H., Nishizawa N.K. The iron-chelate transporter OsYSL9 plays a role in iron distribution in developing rice grains. Plant Mol. Biol. 2017;95:375–387. doi: 10.1007/s11103-017-0656-y. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 21.Waters B.M., Chu H.-H., DiDonato R.J., Roberts L.A., Eisley R.B., Lahner B., Salt D.E., Walker E.L. Mutations in Arabidopsis Yellow Stripe-Like1 and Yellow Stripe-Like3 reveal their roles in metal ion homeostasis and loading of metal ions in seeds. Plant Physiol. 2006;141:1446–1458. doi: 10.1104/pp.106.082586. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 22.Zheng L., Yamaji N., Yokosho K., Ma J.F. YSL16 is a phloem-localized transporter of the copper-nicotianamine complex that is responsible for copper distribution in rice. Plant Cell. 2012;24:3767–3782. doi: 10.1105/tpc.112.103820. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 23.Zhang C., Lu W., Yang Y., Shen Z., Ma J.F., Zheng L. OsYSL16 is required for preferential Cu distribution to floral organs in rice. Plant Cell Physiol. 2018 doi: 10.1093/pcp/pcy124. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 24.Sasaki A., Yamaji N., Xia J., Ma J.F. OsYSL6 is involved in the detoxification of excess manganese in rice. Plant Physiol. 2011;157:1832–1840. doi: 10.1104/pp.111.186031. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 25.Divol F., Couch D., Conejero G., Roschzttardtz H., Mari S., Curie C. The Arabidopsis Yellow Stripe Like4 and 6 transporters control iron release from the chloroplast. Plant Cell. 2013;25:1040–1055. doi: 10.1105/tpc.112.107672. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 26.Conte S.S., Chu H.H., Chan-Rodriguez D., Punshon T., Vasques K.A., Salt D.E., Walker E.L. Arabidopsis thalina Yellow Stripe1-Like4 and Yellow Stripe1-Like6 localize to internal cellular membranes and are involved in metal ion homeostasis. Front. Plant Sci. 2013;4 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00283. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 27.Aoyama T., Kobayashi T., Takahashi M., Nagasaka S., Usuda K., Kakei Y., Ishimaru Y., Nakanishi H., Mori S., Nishizawa N.K. OsYSL18 is a rice iron(III)-deoxymugineic acid transporter specifically expressed in reproductive organs and phloem of lamina joints. Plant Mol. Biol. 2009;70:681–692. doi: 10.1007/s11103-009-9500-3. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 28.Itai R.N., Ogo Y., Kobayashi T., Nakanishi H., Nishizawa N.K. Rice genes involved in phytosiderophore biosynthesis are synchronously regulated during the early stages of iron deficiency in roots. Rice. 2013;6 doi: 10.1186/1939-8433-6-16. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 29.Zhang J., Li C., Wu C., Xiong L., Chen G., Zhang Q., Wang S. RMD: A rice mutant database for functional analysis of the rice genome. Nucleic Acids Res. 2006;34:745–748. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkj016. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 30.Kobayashi T., Itai R.N., Nishizawa N.K. Iron deficiency responses in rice roots. Rice. 2014;7 doi: 10.1186/s12284-014-0027-0. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 31.Ishimaru Y., Suzuki M., Tsukamoto T., Suzuki K., Nakazono M., Kobayashi T., Wada Y., Watanabe S., Matsuhashi S., Takahashi M., et al. Rice plants take up iron as an Fe3+ phytosiderophore and as Fe2+ Plant J. 2006;45:335–346. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2005.02624.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 32.Ishimaru Y., Takahashi R., Bashir K., Shimo H., Senoura T., Sugimoto K., Ono K., Yano M., Ishikawa S., Arao T., et al. Characterizing the role of rice NRAMP5 in manganese, iron and cadmium transport. Sci. Rep. 2012;2 doi: 10.1038/srep00286. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 33.Bashir K., Ishimaru Y., Shimo H., Nagasaka S., Fujimoto M., Takanashi H., Tsutsumi N., An G., Nakanishi H., Nishizawa N.K. The rice mitochondrial iron transporter is essential for plant growth. Nat. Commun. 2011;2 doi: 10.1038/ncomms1326. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 34.Zhang Y., Xu Y.H., Yi H.Y., Gong J.M. Vacuolar membrane transporters OsVIT1 and OsVIT2 modulate iron translocation between flag leaves and seeds in rice. Plant J. 2012;72:400–410. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2012.05088.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 35.Yokosho K., Yamaji N., Ueno D., Mitani N., Ma J.F. OsFRDL1 is a citrate transporter required for efficient translocation of iron in rice. Plant Physiol. 2009;149:297–305. doi: 10.1104/pp.108.128132. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 36.Yokosho K., Yamaji N., Ma J.F. OsFRDL1 expressed in nodes is required for distribution of iron to grains in rice. J. Exp. Bot. 2016;67:5485–5494. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erw314. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 37.Yoneyama T., Ishikawa S., Fujimaki S. Route and Regulation of zinc, cadmium, and iron transport in rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) during vegetative growth and grain filling: Metal transporters, metal speciation, grain Cd reduction and Zn and Fe biofortification. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015;16:19111–19129. doi: 10.3390/ijms160819111. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 38.Earley K.W., Haag J.R., Pontes O., Opper K., Juehne T., Song K.M., Pikaard C.S. Gateway-compatible vectors for plant functional genomics and proteomics. Plant J. 2006;45:616–629. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2005.02617.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 39.Nakagawa T., Kurose T., Hino T., Tanaka K., Kawamukai M., Niwa Y., Toyooka K., Matsuoka K., Jinbo T., Kimura T. Development of series of gateway binary vectors, pGWBs, for realizing efficient construction of fusion genes for plant transformation. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 2007;104:34–41. doi: 10.1263/jbb.104.34. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 40.Chen S.Y., Jin W.Z., Wang M.Y., Zhang F., Zhou J., Jia O.J., Wu Y.R., Liu F.Y., Wu P. Distribution and characterization of over 1000 T-DNA tags in rice genome. Plant J. 2003;36:105–113. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2003.01860.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 41.Min K.Y., Lim S.H., Kim M.J., Ye S.J., Lee M.G., Ha S.H. Improvement of the fluorescence intensity during a flow cytometric analysis for rice protoplasts by localization of a green fluorescent protein into chloroplasts. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2014;16:788–804. doi: 10.3390/ijms16010788. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 42.Zhao F., McGrath S.P., Crosland A.R. Comparison of 3 wet digestion methods for the determination of plant sulfur by inductively-coupled plasma-atomic emission-spectroscopy (ICPAES) Commun. Soil Sci. Plan. Anal. 1994;25:407–418. doi: 10.1080/00103629409369047. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

Click here for additional data file. (503.3KB, pdf)

Articles from International Journal of Molecular Sciences are provided here courtesy of Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)

RESOURCES