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. 2014 Oct 13;19(4):561–575. doi: 10.2478/s11658-014-0212-6

Regulation of lncRNA expression

Zhuomin Wu 1, Xiaoxia Liu 1, Li Liu 1, Houliang Deng 1, Jingjing Zhang 1, Qian Xu 1, Bohong Cen 1, Aimin Ji 1,✉
PMCID: PMC6275606  PMID: 25311814

Abstract

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are series of transcripts with important biological functions. Various diseases have been associated with aberrant expression of lncRNAs and the related dysregulation of mRNAs. In this review, we highlight the mechanisms of dynamic lncRNA expression. The chromatin state contributes to the low and specific expression of lncRNAs. The transcription of non-coding RNA genes is regulated by many core transcription factors applied to protein-coding genes. However, specific DNA sequences may allow their unsynchronized transcription with their location-associated mRNAs. Additionally, there are multiple mechanisms involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of lncRNAs. Among these, microRNAs might have indispensible regulatory effects on lncRNAs, based on recent discoveries.

Keywords: lncRNAs, Mechanisms, Dynamic expression, Chromatin state, Transcription factor, Specific DNA sequence, microRNA, Post-transcriptional regulation

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Abbreviations used

ADAR

adenosine deaminase

Ago2

argonaute 2

AP-1

activating protein-1

CDR1

cerebellar degeneration-related protein 1

DNMT

DNA methyltransferase

ESC

embryonic stem cell

HBV

hepatitis B virus

HCC

hepatocellular carcinoma

HCG

high CpG

HDAC3

histone deacetylase 3

hnRNP I

ribonucleoprotein I

LCG

low CpG

lincRNAs

large intergenic non-coding RNAs

lncRNAs

long non-coding RNAs

MEG3

maternally expressed gene 3

MEN β

multiple endocrine neoplasia β

miRNAs

microRNAs

pancRNAs

promoter-associated non-coding RNAs

PRC2

polycomb repressive complex2

SRF

serum response factor

TFBS

transcription factor binding sites

TSS

transcription start site

UCA1

urothelial carcinoma-associated 1

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